 Welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankaray's Academy. Displayed are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and their page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the timestamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description and also in the comments section for the benefit of mobile phone viewers. Now let's move on to the analysis of first news article. This editorial talks about the flaws and exit polls and opinion polls in the context of election. So in this discussion we will see what is exit poll, what is opinion polls and the issues associated with them. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. Now this discussion assumes importance in the wake of recent assembly elections in Bihar and some of the elections in the recent years and also the US presidential election that concluded last week. So first let us know what is meant by opinion poll and exit poll. See an opinion poll is a scientific and representative survey that is designed to measure the views of a particular group. For example views of a country selectors or views of parents or views of trade union members etc. In simple words opinion poll is a method for collecting information about the views or beliefs of a particular given group. It involves a sample of respondents and this sample will represent a larger relevant population and the respondents will be asked a standardized series of questions in a fixed format. The information obtained from an opinion poll will shed light on the views or beliefs of a larger population and also it potentially allows to draw inferences about certain attributes of a larger population. It is important to know about public opinion as it is a critical force in shaping and transforming society. Now if opinion polls are properly conducted then the disseminated survey research it provides the general public an opportunity for its voice to be heard and through the opinion research the public politicians media and other interested groups they will have access to accurate measures of public attitudes and intentions. So when an opinion poll is conducted before election in a country it provides information on which election candidate or which political party has more support. So this is also known as a pre-election survey. Next let us see about exit polls. So exit poll is a post voting poll that is it is a poll conducted after casting of vote that is it is a poll conducted after vote casting for an election is done by the people. So in this poll when people leave the polling station after voting they are asked about how they voted. Such polls are aimed at predicting the actual result on the basis of information collected from these voters after voting. So in short this activity or poll is conducted to try to discover who will win the election. It is conducted by a number of organizations. So from the above discussion you could remember about some of the recently predicted election results posted by various organizations including news reporting organizations and various newspapers. So now a question arise does the predictions come true? The reality is no. This is what the author primarily wants to establish in this editorial through several examples. Let us see some of the examples now. In case of US presidential election the instances of poll predictions based on exit polls or opinion polls becoming false is frequent. Say if you take 2004 US election at that time Democrat John Kerry was running against George W. Bush the Republican. Some pollsters based on exit poll predicted that it would be a close contest between the two and Bush will likely be the winner. Whereas some other pollsters they predicted victory for John Kerry. But in the end George Bush won the elections and it was not a close race. This resulted in the allegations of irregularities in election like possible ghost voters or phantom voters or possible uncounted votes in the election procedure. It is because of the credibility of exit polls. Exit polls were used to be or at least considered to be credible at that time. It was considered credible to such a level that when the actual election results vary from the poll predictions it resulted in widespread protests claiming that there was vote rigging. But the sad reality is now the situation has changed even many experts question that whether poll predictions are still trustworthy. According to Arthur the answer for this is no. Now the poll predictions cannot be trusted. You can easily take the example of recent 2020 presidential election in USA. The exit polls or the opinion polls predicted that the difference in vote share between Mr. Joseph Bidden and Donald will be huge like 8 to 12 percent difference. But we saw the reality the difference in vote shares is just about 3 percent. It was a close context or a close call. So what this simply means is that opinion polls or exit polls have failed to gauge or measure the pulse of the US electorate which is one of the ultimate aims of these polls. So this is the international scenario. So what about our country? See the situation is almost the same. For example if you take the recent Bihar elections the opinion polls mostly predicted a victory by national democratic alliance but they could not guess the vote share. On the contrary if you take exit polls they mostly predicted victory for RJD in the opposition grand alliance but actually NDA 1 not RJD or opposition grand alliance. So it is clear that poll predictions have miserably failed on many historical locations and sometimes they fail to project the winner and sometimes they fail to foresee the margin of victory as well. So what are some of the reasons for this failure? See one of the reasons is selection bias. See generally bias is a type of error that systematically alters results in a certain direction and selection bias is a kind of error that occurs when the researcher decides who is going to be studied. It is usually associated with research where the selection of participants is not randomly done that is samples are not selected randomly. The best example for this is the opinion poll conducted by reputed magazine called literary digest in the 1936 US presidential elections. Whenever opinion polls are discussed this example is often highlighted. See at that time the candidates were Alfred Landon and Franklin Roosevelt. The survey had 24 lakh samples. It predicted 57% vote share for Landon and only 43% for Roosevelt. But in reality Franklin Roosevelt got 62% votes and won the election whereas Landon got only 38%. The reason for this wrong prediction is the selection bias as the magazine sent post cards asking people how they would vote. Now here only affluent people were taken into the study because only they will be having access to a telephone club membership's magazine subscription at that point of time. The samples on which survey was conducted was not randomly selected rather it was a biased selection that skewed the results. The news article states that after the prediction went wrong the magazine refrained from conducting such polls in the future. The next reason for the failure is non-response bias. It happens when there is a significant difference between those who responded to a survey and those who did not respond to a survey. So in this some people refuse to participate and some may simply forget to return the responses to the survey. So therefore in reality election results may vary from the predictions. So like this there are many statistical reasons for the failure of opinion polls or exit polls with respect to elections and this makes poll predictions untrustworthy even from the statistical point of view. So therefore if you want them to be trustworthy certain measures need to be followed by the pollsters. For example they should properly follow the underlying statistical principles in designing sampling and analyzing the data. They should reach remote corners of the country and should cover sensitive booths for the surveys then they should maintain standard 3 percentage points margin of error in survey results then they should make sure samples are random without bias and that samples represent the population by approximately maintaining the proportions across gender, age, income, religion, caste etc. And finally they should publish the methodology for survey and summary statistics across different variables. Now this will make the poll predictions to regain the trust of people. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this editorial article. In this discussion we saw about what is exit poll, what is opinion polls and we saw various issues associated with these polls with examples and why the polls ended in failure in many occasions. Now let's move on to next news article. This news article talks about the decision taken by the central government to regulate OTT platforms or the over the top applications and services. In this context let us understand what OTT platforms are and then we will see the news article. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. See as we know the public internet started in 1980s and it has grown in scope particularly in the last 3 decades. In its current form it has the ability to carry the entire services which are required to be delivered to a consumer of telecom services. Internet allows a telecom subscriber to access almost all the services which are required for information, education and entertainment. So the telecom service providers who are offering fixed and mobile telephony they are currently being overtaken or overwhelmed by online content known as the over the top application and services. We can define a OTT provider as a service provider offering ICT services that is information communication technology services but neither operates a network nor leases network capacity from a network operator. So what do they do instead? They rely on global internet and access network speeds to reach the consumer or the user therefore they are going over the top of a telecom service providers network. So that is why the term over the top. See the services provided under the OTT umbrella they are related to media and communications and based on the kind of services they provide there are basically three types of OTT applications. One messaging and voice services or simply communication services. Two application ecosystems which are linked to social networks and e-commerce and finally video or audio content. Now as we know some best known examples of OTT we can say Skype, WhatsApp, Instagram, Google Talk, e-commerce sites like Amazon, then movie platforms such as Amazon Prime or Netflix. These are some of the examples of OTT. Now coming to the advantages offered by OTT mainly it is very simple for users because users can directly access these applications online from any place at any time using a variety of internet connected consumer devices. Also OTT services related to media and communications are generally free or lower in cost compared to traditional methods of delivery. So with this information related to OTT platforms let us discuss the news article. The news article states that the central government has brought OTT platforms or OTT video streaming service providers under the ambit of union ministry of information and broadcasting. This order has received the presidential signature and it has brought online films, digital news and current affairs content as well under the purview of this information and broadcasting ministry and according to the article till now there is no law or autonomous body governing digital content. At present if you see press council of India looks after the print media. The news broadcasters association take care of TV news channels. Advertising standards council of India is for advertising central board of film certification monitors films and in case of news and entertainment both were being regulated by the cable networks regulation act and coming to online platforms digital content the central government for a long period of time wanted a regulatory mechanism and it is this area which was till now lacked a proper regulatory architecture earlier center asked the platforms to come up with a self regulatory body similar to news broadcasting standards authority. Now this news broadcasting standards authority is an independent body which was set up by news broadcasters association to consider and adjudicate upon complaints about news broadcasts as a result of this last year in 2019 some of the video streaming services signed a self regulatory code this code provides a set of guiding principles for the content on these platforms and it prohibited five types of content one is content which deliberately and maliciously disrespects the national emblem and the national flag number two any visuals or storylines that promotes child pornography then any content that maliciously intends to outrage religious sentiments and content that deliberately and maliciously promotes terrorism and finally any content that has been banned for exhibition or distribution by law or by a court of law but the article says that the government did not support this code and it is also important to note that recently that is in last month Supreme Court of India issued notice to the center and the internet and mobile association of India with reference to a petition to regulate OTT platforms like Amazon Prime Netflix etc now that the order has come it is still not clear how the government will monitor these platforms however it is learned that the program code under the cable TV networks rules 1994 it may serve as a template or a model to frame rules for online content this program code lists several don'ts that channels are required to observe and follow we discussed about this program code under the cable TV networks rules of 1994 in our daily news analysis on September 21 2020 the link for the particular date is provided in the description and also note that earlier in the year 2008 an electronic media monitoring center was set up and it was interested with the work of monitoring content on TV this center it puts out reports on violations of the program code the findings of this center it goes to inter ministerial committee now experts are saying that there is a possibility that this center could also be interested the task by extending their monitoring service to include online content or OTT content as well so these are some of the important information with reference to the analysis of this news article in this analysis we saw about what do you mean by OTT platforms why they are called over the top platforms then we saw about the recent government order and why such an order was brought at the first place the developments related to that and the possibilities of regulation of online or OTT content now let's move on to the analysis of next news article this news article talks about the new production linked incentive scheme of government of India to give a boost to the manufacturing sector in this context let us see some facts about the manufacturing sector in our country and also about the new initiatives of the government to boost growth in the manufacturing sector the syllabus relevant is highlighted here for your reference see in Indian economy we know that agriculture employs more than 40% of the workforce contributing around 16 to 18 percentage of GDP the service sector is the most dynamic aspect of Indian economy as it contributes around 55 to 60 percentage of India's GDP however employing less than one third of country's labor force now while industry sector contributes around 27 to 29 percentage of GDP the manufacturing sector which comes within the industry contributes just around 17% of GDP now this contribution is actually less if we view in terms of growth and employment prospects and since this sector that is the manufacturing sector is crucial for employment generation and for the economic development the government has recognized that to spread the benefits of economic growth to the poor India must develop the manufacturing sector therefore for this various initiatives are being taken by the government to boost this sector now we know about the make in India program announced by the government with objective to place India on the world map as a manufacturing hub it also aimed at giving global recognition to the Indian economy and further the government aims to create 100 million new jobs in the manufacturing sector and to increase the share of manufacturing sector to 25 percentage of GDP by the year 2022 under this program now let's see some of the other recent initiatives taken in this regard to boost the manufacturing sector in February 2019 Union cabinet passed a national policy on electronics which envisaged to create 400 billion US dollar electronics manufacturing industry in our country which is to be achieved by the year 2025 in August 2019 government of India permitted 100% FDA in contract manufacturing through the automatic route in March 2020 government approved production linked incentives for large scale electronics manufacturing of this scheme is an outcome and output oriented scheme where the incentives will be paid only if the manufacturers produce goods so the March 2020 PLA scheme proposed production linked incentive to boost domestic manufacturing and to attract large investments in mobile phone manufacturing and in specified electronic components of these specified electronic components included components related to assembly testing marking and packaging units together called as 80 MP units in the same month the union cabinet approved financial assistance to the modified electronics manufacturing cluster scheme for the development of world-class infrastructure along with common facilities and amenities through electronics manufacturing clusters now this scheme is called as EMC 2.0 two months later in May 2020 government increased FDA in defense manufacturing under the automatic route from 49 percentage to 74 percent then it was also informed that under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushalvika Shiojana 1.0 close to 20 lakh candidates were trained and around 2.62 lakh got placements and the next phase of this Shiojana that is during the period 2016 to 20 around 52 lakh candidates received training and more than 12 lakh got jobs by June 2019 and also under the mid-term review of foreign trade policy 2015 to 20 government increased export incentives which are available to labor intensive MSME sectors by 2 percentage in April 2020 government extended the incentives to be provided for one more year that is up to March 31 2021 and today's news states that the government has released or unveiled a new PLA scheme to encourage domestic manufacturing investments in 10 more key sectors and these sectors include food processing telecom electronics textiles speciality steel automobiles and auto components solar PV modules and white goods say air conditioners LEDs then pharmaceutical products like complex generics anti-cancer and anti-diabetic trucks in vitro diagnostic devices and special empty capsules the estimated outlay for the scheme will be about 1.46 lakh crore over the next five years the selection of sectors here has been based on job creation then linkages with global value chain then sunrise sectors and the larger principle of Atman Ibar self-reliant India also know that this scheme will be implemented by concerned ministries or departments the final proposals for individual sectors of this PLA scheme will be appraised by expenditure finance committee and will be approved by the cabinet and any new sector for PLA will require fresh approval of the cabinet and we should note that the recently introduced PLA scheme for 10 key sectors which you have now discussed is in addition to already notified PLA schemes in three sectors the existing sectors are mobile manufacturing and specified electronic components critical key starting materials or drug intermediaries and active pharmaceutical ingredients then manufacturing of medical devices the new PLA scheme it's implementing agencies and the outlets are given here for a reference so these are some of the information with reference to this news article in this news article we saw about some information pertaining to manufacturing sector in our country we saw about recent initiatives of the government to boost growth in manufacturing sector and in particular about the production linked incentive scheme of the government of India which was extended to 10 more key sectors now let's move on to next news article analysis this news article talks about a report of a study conducted by Ericsson we all know that before COVID-19 the idea of working from home was mainly a theoretical proposition although very rarely it was practiced but less than a year later working from home has suddenly become a new normal for many of the world's office workers the pandemic has acted as a digital tipping point which allowed people to work from their homes so in this regard Ericsson industry lab conducted a study called us the dematerialized office in the study white-collared employees in 16 countries representing the views of around 133 million employees were interviewed to gather their expectations about the future workplace the report tells that the virtual office experiences could become reality by 2030 in this context let us see some of the major points mentioned in the report first the report states that nearly 6 in 10 people who are interviewed they predict or foresee a permanent increase in online meetings and they say that they need tools so as to support better remote interaction secondly almost half of the respondents they want a digital work station which allows full sense presence at work from anywhere thirdly as many as 77 percentage indicate that internet of senses for business use would make companies more sustainable now here internet of senses means shift from a screen-based internet connectivity to an immersive experience that results from our senses being connected in everyday life now this is achieved by sensory connectivity through artificial intelligence augmented reality virtual reality 5g and automation for example you can imagine that you are sitting in your kitchen and thinking about a dinner party then the room will start to change music will start playing softly and plain kitchen tiles will change to bright patterns the table will be virtually covered with a woven cotton cloth flowers lit candles and exotically decorated plates will get arranged and everything happens just with a thought the table fills up with ingredients from a digital store whose freshness and smell could be verified even before ordering it might appear as a science fiction now but soon may become a reality coming to the report it states that internet of senses will most likely be used for marketing and sales and this could be achieved to engage customers more immersively by the year 2030 and internet of senses technology could also be used inside companies and 73 percent of senior managers believe that food in the company canteen can be digitally enhanced to taste like anything by the year 2030 and this opens up for optimization of both cost and perceived quality and 66 percent think that by 2030 technology will enable them to sense even when a colleague is upset so these are some of the major findings of the report while some of the world's technology clusters are preparing for more online meetings more work from home basis jobs there are also some disadvantages like how participatory decision making could be taken with a lot of disadvantages in online meetings etc and how team spirit could be fostered and there are several other disadvantages associated with work from home however some technology clusters are preparing and this report states that these could become a reality by the target year of many of the sustainable development goals 2030 now let's move on to the next part of the discussion now this news article talks about the important role played by air traffic safety electronics personal in aviation in this context let us discuss about these personal and their significance see air traffic safety electronics personal are those who have proven competence in the installation operation and maintenance of CNS ATM system that is of communications navigation and surveillance system and air traffic management system now these systems they employ digital technologies like satellite navigation systems and there will be various levels of automation as well source to have a seamless global air traffic management system now their objective is to promote or to encourage implementation of seamless global air traffic management system so that that system will enable aircraft operators to meet their planned times of arrival and departure and the systems will also help them to adhere to their preferred flight profiles with minimum constraints and without compromising the levels of safety and these personal the air traffic safety electronics personal they play a very significant role in safe operation of communications navigation and surveillance and air traffic management systems national regulations will define the requirements with respect to age knowledge experience skill and attitude for these personal they have wide scope of activities which are classified in two three one is the scope of operational activities now here it includes supervision monitoring control and reporting of technical services in real time they will be supported by electronic systems and equipment for CNS ATM now second is the scope of maintenance activities this includes preventive maintenance corrective maintenance modification and updates of supporting electronic systems and equipment for CNS ATM the final is the scope of installation activities this includes project management specification conception validation and upgrade of supporting electronic systems and equipment for communication navigation surveillance and air traffic management systems so their scope is with reference to operational activities maintenance activities and installation activities as per the article in India air traffic safety electronics personal they come under communication navigation and surveillance department in the airports authority of India in addition to the core area of communication navigation and surveillance these personal are also involved in many other areas for example they maintain the airport system electronics like x-ray baggage inspection systems explosive trace detectors then inline baggage handling systems handheld metal detector etc so despite the significant role they they were known lesser however they are the backbone of safe air navigation the news article related to these personal appear today because today November 12 is remembered as international air traffic safety electronics personal day you know that there is international federation of air traffic safety electronics associations and this federation it unites professional associations of these personal from around the world and it is recognized as an observer by international civil aviation organization which is a specialized agency of united nations the federation promotes safety efficiency and regularity in international air navigation it also assists and advices in the development of electronic systems to maintain safe orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic one another objective is to uphold a high standard of knowledge and professional efficiency among these personal so these are some of the information about the less known air traffic safety electronics personal in relation to aviation sector now let's move on to next part of the discussion we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session this question is with reference to exit poll two statements are given they're asking which of the above statements are correct first statement the term exit poll has been defined by the representation of the people act 1951 the second statement election commission notifies the time period in which neither exit poll shall be conducted nor the results of exit polls shall be published in connection with the general election or a by election see both these statements are correct if you see section 126 capital A of rpa 1951 you can find the definition of exit poll and clause 1 deals with the second statement correct answer option see both 1 and 2 now see this question you may pause the video and read the description the question asks which of the following best describes the above scenario the correct answer for this question is option be internet of sense ericsson's recent study published in the dematerialized office states that by around 2030 these things could become a reality this question is with reference to OTT platforms two statements are given they're asking which of the above statements are correct first statement an OTT service provider offers ICT services by either operating a network or leasing network capacity from a network operator the statement is incorrect because OTT provider neither operates a network nor leases network capacity instead they rely on global internet and access network speeds to reach the consumer first statement is incorrect second statement in India digital news and online current affairs content are presently governed by news broadcasters association this statement is also incorrect because nba takes care of tv news channels not online platforms so second statement is also incorrect according to the recent government order these things come under the purview of regulatory architecture under union ministry of information and broadcasting correct answer option be neither one or two now this question is with reference to the dematerialized office report recently seen in news it was conducted to gather expectations of the white-collar employees around the world about the future workplace this statement is incorrect as it was conducted by ericsson industry lab correct answer option a one only this question is with reference to recently approved production linked incentive scheme two statements are given they're asking which of the statements are incorrect first statement it is a scheme to provide a boost to agriculture production in India aimed at doubling the farmers income by 2022 the statement is incorrect it deals with manufacturing sector second statement the scheme was announced as part of hathman arbar barath this statement is correct here the incorrect statement is statement one so the correct answer is option a one only two main questions under gs paper three has been given here for your practice you may write the answers and post it in the comment section with this we come to the end of today's the hindu news analysis if you like the video click the like button comment share and subscribe to shankarae's academy youtube channel for more updates and content on civil service exam preparation