 Dear students, in this module, we are going to talk about the conflict perspective. In our previous module, we discussed the structural functionalist perspective, which maintains that there must be social order in society, there must be restoration of peaceful society, and all the groups and group members in the society are perpetually or continuously struggling to maintain the social order in society. However, conflict perspective disagrees to this point of view and says that there is a continuous struggle for resources in the society that would ultimately lead to the conflicting situation. The conflict theoretical perspective views the society as a struggle between groups which are competing for resources and power. In this, we see that the groups in the society compete for power and resources for each other. Conflict perspective mostly talks about the economic system, such as a capitalistic economic system in which two classes are continuously in a struggling situation, which is a proletariat class or a working class that is exploitative, exploited, and the bourgeois class or the elite class who have a means of production can exploit the working class in such a position. So, this is a continuous struggle between two classes, which maintain conflict perspective that inequality is basically the binding force that keeps a society together. When we look at it from this point of view, when we look at it from an economic point of view, it becomes much easier to understand it because the rest of the institutions also have a continuous conflicting situation. But there is a little bit of a covert situation in the economic system, which we don't see in the other systems. For example, in the education system, we also see that people compete for a continuous competition. People compete for very limited positions. Those who compete for it go to privileged positions and those who are not able to compete go on a journey. So, conflict perspective in a nutshell, this approach emphasizes the importance of power and inequality in shaping all these social relationships within the society. If we talk about the Pakistani society, that applies to studying the struggle between different groups that may include ethnic groups, religious groups, or different classes within the Pakistani society for different resources and power. For example, when we talk about the political structure, different political parties are continuously in struggle in the struggle of power. As a result of the struggle of power, conflict is also created. This conflict is also created by violence. So, when we look at society from a conflict perspective, we look at human behavior and particularly its social structure, we will see that the society keeps reproducing inequality. Sociologists focus on this through conflict perspective so that they can analyze it through critical point of view and understand it.