 Er ffordd, fel y gallwch chi'n amdod i'n ei dda i'n gwybod fel y dweud o'i ei ddoch bwyd yn byw'r gwybod i gyd, ac yn ymdindwch, i'n rhan o'n effaith mewn ni ddodio, felly oedd James i sylfa arall felly peirion. Rydym cael ei ddweud i gweithio maen nhw'n eitw'r newid a phobl yn viaethol, a'u hyd o ffordd o'n mynd i bwysig a phobl i'r mynd i'n ffyrdd, a'u bwysig i ob Shibell yma, o'r cangwch i ddweud. a dych chi'n dweud yma y gweithio'r cyllid yn y ffaith llwyddo ar y 22 ym 10, ond mae'r ddau yn gwybod. Wrth gwrs, nid oeddwn i ddim yn ymlaen, ond mae'r ymdweud yng nghymru, o'r ddau cyfrifedol, o'r cyfrifedol, o'r cyfrifedol, o'r cyfrifedol. Rwy'n cael ei gweithio'r ddau yn gwneud eich ddau'r rolygiadau eich ddau? Rwy'n cael ei ddau'r ddau'r cyfrifedol, ac mae'n dweud. Rwy'n cael ei gweithio. yr ydych yn credu bod yn gweld ddechrau. Yn gyfyrdd yn enw i dda, asti yw bod wedi bod yw'r Ysgrifennol Mae Macer, yw yw ddweud yma, yw'r Ysgrifennol Mae Macer, yw'r Ysgrifennol Mae Macer, ac dogwmpodd wrth ymlaen nhw am gallwch bod yng Nghymru Llywodraeth Llywodraeth, ympall ymlaen sy'n gallu gwybod llôl, a'r Sefowl Mae Macer, ar y cyfael a'r Gwladau Rhaeddaeth, yn ddweud i ymdyn nhw'n gweithio ythosedd fel hwn ddweud o'i ddweud y bydd y mynd? Efallai y ysgolf Llaethau Maen, ddweud o mersiol ysgolfydd, a'i amser i ymdyn nhw'n gydych chi'n gallu gradwyr o'r Gysmos, o'r ddechrau ei remed, ond genny'n gondol gwaith a chymd iawn a ddych chi'n ddweud. Agech y modd yn mynd i ddweud o ddweud sy'n gweithio i ddweud, deall i ddweud i'r wazin er mwyn o ddweud. So ydych yn gwneud o gynnwys, ydych i'ch gweithio a gweithio a gweithio i gweithio, y dyfodol y gweithio y tîm sy'n gyfoeth oedd yn ddeud. Yn ddych chi'n gwybod wedi'u'i gwahoddiad i'ch gweithio'n gweithio, yw dyfodol i gweithio a'r gynghwyl yn gweithio i'ch gweithio i gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'r ceisio cyflwyno cyhoeddiadau yn gwneud o'ch gweithio i'ch gweithio i gweithio, fel y cwmhysiwngau cyllidau. A y Ddech chi'n gyfaelio cyffin iawn, byddwn yn amlwg o theid amser o cynhyrch yng ngwyfyr ddech chi'n ymgyrch, ac y troheu, dylai, cael ei wneud yn y rhoi wedi ei wneud yn mynd i adonbwy. Rydyn ni'n gafodd ar hyn o dystopion ac eu dypion o sylfaethol, a'n gydag, cael siŵn i ni i ni'n gydag pethau yn ymchwilol. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'n cael hwn o dŷch ymweld maen nhw'n cyfais, fel yr ym ранol i niutraffu gyda'n hefyd, mae'r iawn wedi'i ddweud ymlaen i'n meddwl sy'n digwydd. Fy wnaeth yma'r ffordd iawn, rydyn ni'n gwneud ar y Cyлиn Llywodraeth, a rydyn ni'n meddwl am dynnu'n meddwl ar y 5th bydd, ond rydyn ni'n meddwl yma, rydyn ni'n meddwl yw'r eich gweithio, rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r ffordd iawn, ar gyfer gweld, ond rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r ffordd iawn, a'r mynd i'r ffordd iawn i'r modda i'r bydd. wedi bod yn llawer byddai'n grifiannym o'r byw peth yn allan fod lle i fyw'r hunain a'r unig byddai, felly mae'n bwysig yn rhan o'r byw peth eich rhan o'r byw peth yn ll yog o'r beth o'r protected i'r Fyllty. El ehol o'r pwysig yn fwy o theriannol, o'r byw peth, a'r bufysig maen nhw'n llwg yn gweithio i'r byw. Ac mae'n gyflaen i'r hwn eich bod yn saithio'n ddweud i'r hynny am ffasgau hefyd. Ond yn dduod ychydig iawn, bydd eich gweithio'n gweithio'n ddweud i'ch bod gwerthu'n fanyddol ac iddo hon yn ochr, fy Cynghwil cyntaf, i'r cydechrau. Felly ond y fkerch, fyddai'r sech 320. A'r bai gael eich tunnag yw'r gwaith, rwynt mynd i'r gweithio cerdd mwy gynorth. Mae'n ffordd, mae'n ddweud sy'n ddweud yn hollwch. Mae'n gofyn ar y gallwn, yn cael ei ddweud yn ddweud. Yn cael y gallwch whenidau, ac mae'r parwysig, mae'n gwirionedd, mae'n gwirionedd. Mae hyn yn ystod o'r ddweud. Mae hynny'n gwirionedd yn cael ei ddweud. Mae'n gwirionedd yn hollwch yn mynd o'r gweithio o ffyrdd, ac mae'n ddweud i'r gwirionedd yn hollwch o'r ddweud. Mae'n ddweud i'r ddweud yn hollwch. ond ond y casRIF wneud hynny i gael ffordd DAF-Lion gyda gysylltu'i gwahanol. Dwi'n meddwl i'r amser sy'n meddwl i'r meddwl cyfrifiad. Felly ar y ledlod, yefyd, yn paraigwau. Mae'n meddwl i'r meddwl i mewn bod yn mynd yn rhaniaidd. Mae'r meddwl i'r meddwl i'r meddwl i'r meddwl i gwynedd a'r meddwl yn gofyn oedd wedi bod drwy'n rhaniaidd. Mae gennym mheidiol digital. mae'r ffordd yn cyflaed eich hunain yn ymolio a ffordd yn y blaenu gwkeld i'r fforddiau yng nghymddol yma, oherwydd mae'r ffordd dros y cyflaed yn blaenu gwkeld ac mae'r ffordd yn cyflaed yn cyflaed, yn i dda ar y hwn, mae'n mynd â hyn ymolio yn cyflaed yn y cyflaed, ac mae hyn yn brop, i gefnod ar gyfer Google, mae'r ffordd yn bwyl i gwybod, ond mae'n bwyl ynóg ynlineg69. Felly, ac yn ymwylo i gweithio eich ffordd? if it's done well, you don't even notice it. It's hard to recognise it because it's out of sight and out of mind. And maintenance isn't just as cool as making new things. If you make new things, you get attention, you stand on stages giving talks, but keeping stuff running, cleaning equipment, looking after communities, be that online or offline, looking after relationships, repairing equipment. All these things tend not to get you much attention, much interest, Even though makers do need the things that they use to be maintained as well. All of our businesses and organisational forms and investment tend to be biased towards making new stuff. It's much easier to say, I'm going to make a business to make new things and sell them than it is to say, I'm going to have a business that's going to look after stuff and care for it and keep it in use. Starting a new innovation project in a company with a high growth business model is really straightforward. But starting a social enterprise or co-op that might be building for the long term, creating something that we looked after for five years or ten years is much harder. We do have some encouraging things, there are more commons models, things like creative commons and digital content that are starting to make it easier to think about business models that sustain stuff, but it's still a little bit more challenging than you'd think. And there's also something about culture. We don't value maintenance like we do invention. We don't recognise maintainers like we do makers. And think of all the different places where maintenance happens in our world, repairing infrastructure, fixing stuff that breaks, finding places where older items might still be valued even if they're not valued where they are now, matching bits of broken goods that are needed for spares elsewhere and stewarding shared resources so that communities can benefit from them. We've got to really design for that and we don't always do that in our culture today. We think innovation is like magic light bulb moments, but technology is not the same as innovation. Innovation is just a small piece of what happens with tech. We're very preoccupied with novelty, but it fails to account for the support of technologies that are in widespread use. And it obscures how many of the things around us are really old. So in his book Shock of the Old from 2007, the historian David Edgerton talks about technology and use and finds that a lot of common objects like electric fans and many bits that you might find in cars have been unchanged for a century or more. When you think about that sort of broader perspective, you can really see that maintenance is out there even for tech stuff. It's just we don't think about it. We think that innovation stories are white guys and garages in California, but people around the world are working with technology, different technologies, and they're thinking about them in different ways. They're thinking not just about production but about repair and reuse. So while novel objects tend to preoccupy the most privileged parts of society, folks in other places who are less privileged are thinking less about novelty and more about keeping essential things running. And the most remarkable tales of cunning and effort and care in maintaining technologies are happening elsewhere, perhaps not so much in our world. And we tend to forget infrastructure as well. Infrastructure is this really unglamorous term, the kind of word that would have vanished from our dictionaries longer ago if it wasn't so socially important. But if we talk about infrastructure as more, we move away from the technical matters, the deeper questions, the moral implications. Some of you were in the ethical software talk earlier talking about how civil engineering developed greater practices of ethics after things like bridges failed. That's something which we're still thinking about now in society. Train crashes, bridge failures, urban flooding, these are manifestations of things that are not working right in our infrastructure because we don't necessarily think about the ongoing bits of stuff we need. Instead, we get distracted by flashy new things. And whether we're thinking about infrastructure or all technology rather than new things, it reminds us of all of the work that keeps the world going every day. The central fact of our very industrial civilization is labour. It's work, and a lot of that labour falls into maintenance. It's not innovation labour, and innovators and inventors are a tiny slice of the world, maybe 1%. So we need to think about maintenance and distribution as well. And another important part of technological labour, if we're going to think about tech which we tend to do at EMF, is the people who are using the product. They are also labouring. I mean, it's quite different from the labour we see elsewhere. So, a quick spin through a variety of things that we need to maintain today because nothing comes without its world. This is from Donna Haraway. No object comes without the need to maintain it. And so we need to think about the life cycle of the object of how we look after it throughout. Some of the objects we might think about, community spaces like maker spaces, this is Cambridge makespace, community assets. I've grabbed a slide of open benches because I know there was a lightning talk about it earlier, but things like benches, someone has to look after them to keep them maintained, keep them all working. Communities themselves need maintenance. Online or offline, communities don't just happen. People don't just thrive together without some effort. And so, for instance, reddit moderators play a huge role in making sure that reddit, which we can debate how well they do it in different subreddits, but it's a labour that has to get done. It's maintaining the community. Open source needs maintenance too. I picked open SSL as a classic example of an open source project where there weren't actually many people maintaining it and we didn't realise until everything went wrong with Heartbleed and then suddenly we think, wow, I need to be thinking more about this. Someone has to look after this stuff. Standards, something else you may not think needs maintaining. We tend to think about tech standards like Wi-Fi 802.11, but there's also small standards that come in all parts of our lives. The standard sizes for screws or the standard sizes for envelopes that we've got here. Standards are critical. They help us to have confidence in the world around us for food or goods or whatever. The internet. I just put this here because it's a really big question. It maintains the internet. If we followed an internet packet from my phone all the way to my friend's phone in Australia, think of all the systems it goes through and what labour is being used to maintain all of those different stages all the way through that we're so dependent on. Stuff like Wikipedia. There's a lot of maintenance that goes into this, both looking after the content and keeping it organised so people can find it. And of course infrastructure, as we've talked about. It's easy to assume in a rich country like the UK or American infrastructure maintenance just happens, but if you think about the potholes you've probably encountered in your world, they're pretty bad here in the UK and in the US. Infrastructure is in a really bad state right now. The American Society of Civil Engineers has recently said that 17% of American dams, and you'll note that dams are pretty big and important bits of infrastructure, are high hazard potential due to neglect of maintenance in those dams. Our lovely developed western rich economies we're not looking after our infrastructure very good. So a few random thoughts on maintenance. Who maintains stuff? Probably more people than you think. In the computer industry there's a bit of research which is presented at the Maintainers Conference in America that software maintenance, so things like fixing bugs and distributing upgrades can account for more than 60% of the total software costs. And in one study they found 70% of engineers were actually maintaining things rather than designing new ones. Maintenance can be blue colour, we can think of mechanics and plumbers and janitors and electricians, but it can also be white colour, like the IT crowd, or white jacket maintenance, like dentists, dentists as a maintainer. And our obsession with the sort of technological novelty tends to hide all of these other forms of labour away, including things like housework. Women disproportionately keep life on track for most of us. And domestic labour has huge financial implications, but is very rarely counted in how we think about how the economy works. So in 1983, Ruth Swartz Cowan in her book More Work for Mother talks about how new technologies, like vacuum cleaners and washing machines, actually fitted into women's ceaseless labour in the home. And one of her more famous findings was that these housekeeping technologies actually increased women's labour of what length of cleanliness was acceptable, increased, so they weren't actually labour saving at all. And who pays for maintenance in open source? So something like open SSL until recently, perhaps the answer was nobody. It's being done by volunteers around the edges. But maintenance is also big business. If you're a big engineering company like General Electric or Boeing, you're making heavy investments in tools and procedures for maintaining all of the systems and machines that you use, because breakdown means a huge loss of income. And even in digital industries companies like Amazon and Netflix are actually doing a lot of maintenance as well because customers are only happy when things keep working. So you need to maintain before it breaks rather than maintaining afterwards. But it is tough to find business models for that given our focus on making things and selling them. This is a quote from a book called The True Cost of Maintenance. In places where you maintain stuff, it goes wrong. Maintenance can often look like a burden. It's a cost. It's not something that you really want to do. And the traditional approach of management is to try to trim that cost down. And we maintain things at different times. When we pause in their use we might maintain something on a regular cycle like we service our car every year. Or we maintain stuff when it breaks. So it's quite different kinds of maintenance timings like that. And how we learn to maintain is interesting too. Young farmers in America used to be trained maintenance how to look after their equipment as part of training as a farmer. And home economics classes used to teach you how to look after and repair stoves and fridges. We seem to have forgotten some of those things in more recent educational programmes. And as we said earlier things have maintained often more in poorer contexts where there's less option of getting something new. Or places where supply chains are limited so you don't have a choice. This is just a session from the academic conference in the state, which I liked, during the cycle of maintenance our different kinds of maintenance are interconnected. In this case in the world of elevators. And cost of maintenance is quite a lot. It's good. I'm just going to spin through this. And maintenance being safely critical is interesting. This is a study of mining safety which actually found that the maintainers themselves are most at risk. Those doing the work are not always helpful. If I step on to what's happening next in maintenance, I just want to share this. Juris is an ethnographer and this idea of maintenance as infrastructure or ontology can start to make a signal that maintainers are other and they are somehow inferior. But maintainers themselves have a rich culture and value in what they do which is worth thinking about. One of my favourite examples of maintenance is from Cambridge. We have a gorilla groundsman who goes around repairing benches cleaning road signs doing gorilla gardening. He's anonymous because his work is semi-legal. I assume it's he. And he's going to be talking at my event shortly. I think it's a really cool thing to do. And also just briefly digital maintenance. This is your classic XKCD. We don't maintain our digital assets. We can lose them forever which is perhaps unexpected. And finally, you can't actually maintain things forever either. Fairphone is not going to be maintaining Fairphone 1 because it just becomes impossible after a certain point. And there's been ideas about whether we should talk in advance about when we will stop maintaining things perhaps putting expiry dates on internet of things products. So I've already touched on some of the things that are making maintenance easier these days so I'll spin through this super quickly. New business models like leasing is really helpful and crowdfunding can also be a way of looking after things. This is leasing genes in case you've not seen it. It's part of a circular economy business. Make spaces and repair cafes make it easier to look after stuff. We've got greater access to tools as well for tool libraries. The average power drill in the UK is used for a total of 13 minutes in its entire lifetime so we really don't all need our own power drills so it makes sense instead to loan tools which gives greater access to more people. The internet also gives us access to information for parts for information on how to maintain things as well and it helps us co-ordinate. This is another example from Do's Liverpool where they have a somebody should system on GitHub that helps them co-ordinate volunteer maintenance of the space. So, what is next? There are many amazing individuals and projects so we're trying to maintain repair, reuse and sustain all parts of our world and they're in the public sector and the private sector and they're volunteers and they're in co-ops and collectives and too often they're invisible. So, as you're going about your world think about who's maintaining it and think about whether or not you could help them or recognise them or even just say thank you for the maintenance work that's making your life easier. I think this is a quote from Lee Vinsel who set up the Maintainers Conference in America. Innovation speak sort of worships as a change but actually why are we changing things? Why are we moving new things? Thinking about maintenance helps us talk instead about questions where we can ask more about what we want out of the technologies and the things that we're making. What do we really care about? What kind of society do we want to live in? And so, I'm organising a festival of maintenance. It's on the 22nd of September and it's going to be a celebration of those who maintain different parts of our world and how they do it. Recognising this often hidden work of maintenance, of stewardship, of custodianship of tending the things that matter. It's a whole day full of short talks and debates with a diverse range of maintainers, community managers, repairers and stewards and the people who look after them. This is a tiny fraction of our awesome range of speakers. We've got the guerrilla groundsmen coming. I don't even know who he is but I have faith he's going to show up and talk anonymously. We've got folks talking about digital maintenance. We've got folks talking about building facilities maintenance. We've got people comparing innovation and maintenance way more competently than me. All sorts of things. We're doing really lively so do check it out. There's lots of information online. We've got a couple more speakers still to announce and tickets are just £12 at the moment because we want to make sure this is an event that's accessible to the kind of people that do work in maintenance. So yeah, do come along and join us and hopefully this will be part of an ongoing dialogue where we can start to think more about the role of maintenance in our world as well as making because making is cool too but maintaining stuff is important and we should try to say thanks a little bit more often to those who maintain our world. Thank you all. Thank you very much. I need a gorilla groundsman for my garden because the current groundsman is not just not cutting it. We have time for questions if anyone has. You have no idea how bright it is up here. You're just like a wall of light. Whereabouts is the festival of maintenance going to be held? It's in central London at the University of London Union which is near UCL, Bloomsbury sort of area. It's going to be a super informal day. Really chill so do come along. Any more for any more? Such a good audience, sticking out late on a Sunday. They're good to come here. This feels very virtuous coming to this talk at all when they could just be in the back. We know that most of these people maintain us from our sample at the beginning so they're all obviously interested. Cool.