 All right, dear colleagues, good morning, good afternoon, or good evening depending where you're joining us from today. Welcome to this side event on enabling technologies, advancing human infrastructure. My name is Yanar Randa and I am the director of the Engineering Global Development Group at ASME and also serve as the president of Engineering for Change. It is my privilege today to welcome you to the side event of the sixth annual multistakeholder forum on science, technology, and innovation for the sustainable development goals. As I mentioned, we will be diving today into the topic of fostering STI ecosystems for impact and I will be one of your moderators for today. Today's event was co-organized by our long-term partners at the International Telecommunications Union and the UN's major group for children and youth. I'd like to extend my sincere thanks to both ITU and UN's MGCY for co-designing this side event and collaborating with us over the years. Today's event will be documented by our colleagues at UN MGCY and key recommendations and actions will be integrated in the follow-up report that they sent to the STI forum co-chairs. We're also deeply grateful for the support of the permanent mission of Montenegro to the United Nations whose ambassador is joining us today. I'd like to thank you all for your partnership and advocacy for the role of science, technology, engineering, and innovation in creating a cleaner, healthier, more sustainable world for us all. The side event will be recorded and archived on E4C site and our YouTube channel. Both of the URLs are listed on the slide. If you have any questions, comments, or recommendations for future topics and speakers, I encourage you to contact the E4C team at webinarsandengineeringforchange.org. And if you're following us on Twitter today, please join the conversation with our dedicated hashtag. Now, a very important housekeeping items before we get started. We'd like to take a moment to practice using Zoom. Having said that, we know that Zoom has probably been a very big part of your lives in the past year, but we'd like to invite all of you to please type now in the chat window what part of the world you are joining us from today. So I'll go ahead and get us started. There we go. I'm coming to you from Brooklyn, New York. I see folks already putting in. We have Florida and Delft, New Jersey and Wales, Ohio and Munich, faster than I can read them, Washington, D.C. and Bogota, Gujarat, and Argentina, Stuttgart, Columbus, Paraguay, Poland, Toronto, my hometown, very good. Welcome, welcome, everyone. It's such a pleasure to have you all with us today from around the world. Welcome from Seoul to Arizona, to University of Nigeria, Nigeria, and to Boston, USA and Paris, France. Brilliant. We're so happy to have you all here. So just as a reminder, please use the chat window to type any remarks that you have for your fellow attendees, any remarks you wanna share more broadly. If you have any technical issues, you send a private chat to the E4C admin, and you can find that in the dropdown menu. Any questions should be put into the Q&A box so that we can keep track of them for the end of our side event. So thank you so much. And again, welcome, everyone, from Yemen to Nigeria to Portland. It's a full house today with all parts of the world represented. So before we move on to our presenters, I'd like to tell you briefly about ASME and engineering for change. ASME is a nonprofit membership organization which was established in 1880 for enabling collaboration, knowledge sharing and skills development across all engineering disciplines. ASME reaches over 100,000 members in over 140 countries all with a mission of advancing engineering for the benefit of humanity. Now, dating back to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals over a decade ago, UNESCO and ASME both recognize the importance of science, technology, engineering and innovation in sustainable development and specifically the unique roles that engineers needed to play. ASME's investigations found that unfortunately, engineers were largely disconnected from global development efforts, limiting potential impact. In particular, development projects were suffering from insufficient engineering knowledge and systems perspective, resulting in wasted investment or reinvention of the wheel. Engineers had limited access to high quality training, equipping them for the multidisciplinary and cross-cultural skills needed for sustainable development efforts. And few dedicated platforms and robust networks existed to sufficiently enable the technical workforce to contribute their expertise to advancing sustainable development. So the world started a new decade facing massive challenges from climate change to the COVID-19 pandemic to mass migration. These challenges crossed borders and are well beyond the scope of any individual, company, industry, sector or government. Exactly two months ago, we celebrated World Engineering for Sustainable Development Day, which included the launch of the UNESCO follow-up report on engineering for sustainable development to which we were proud to contribute. This assessment showed how far we've come in a decade but also emphasize the critical urgency of achieving the sustainable development goals by 2030 and the vital role of the engineer, particularly in light of the impacts of the pandemic which threatened to derail the progress of addressing the world's most pressing and complex challenges. The report stresses the importance of collaborative efforts as well as drawing greater attention from governments and civil society to the role that engineering can play in international development. UNESCO puts forth an urgent call to action noting that the engineering profession itself needs to be reshaped to address today's pressing issues and to promote a sense of global responsibility. At ASME, we have been dedicated to addressing these issues for over a decade through our engineering global development sector which I am proud to lead. At EGD, we focus on building a pipeline and capacity of technical talent globally to solve urgent challenges and deliver sustainable solutions. Through an ecosystem of platforms and programs delivering knowledge and supporting a global community of change agents. We are training future practitioners and social entrepreneurs focused on hardware-led social innovation as well as providing accessible platforms convening academic institutions, researchers, engineering associations, private sector, NGOs and multilateral agencies around the world around a shared vision to unify around the STGs and pursue concrete joint initiatives to expedite progress. We are stuck fast in our belief that as SDG-17 partnerships for the goals, highlights no one country, organization or individual can achieve these results alone. That belief is what propelled ASME to be a core founder of Engineering for Change over a decade ago along with other leading associations. E4C is a knowledge organization, digital platform and global community of more than one million engineers, designers, development practitioners and social scientists who are leveraging technology to solve quality of life challenges faced by underserved communities. This can include access to clean water and sanitation, sustainable energy, improved agriculture, bridging the digital divide and more. E4C membership is free and provides access to nudes and felt leaders, actionable research, insights on essential technologies and a codified prior database, professional development resources and opportunities to contribute to the sector from jobs to fellowships to volunteers. The global megatrends of shifting demographics, digital connectivity, which has been particularly critical during this pandemic and technological investments are reflected in our members to date. Most of them are from India, followed closely by the United States, Pakistan, Nigeria and the Philippines. They are young, approximately 70% of them are under the age of 35. They are technically trained as engineers, scientists, architects and designers and a significant percentage of them are women. What this data tells us is that young, diverse, technically trained people, particularly in emerging markets are seeking to apply their skills to improve the quality of life in their communities and beyond. Our Dekki long experience in the social sector provides a unique vantage points relative to the SDGs. The SDGs require high impact solutions and to reach them by 2030, we believe that it is imperative that we advance collaborative, interdisciplinary research and action, prepare a technical workforce that is equipped to engage effectively, deliver a systems perspective on the inexplicably interlinked challenges, break down information silos and democratize knowledge and of course advocate for the infrastructure and public leadership to drive implementation at scale. E4C leverages our unique community, digital platform and expertise to achieve this. As a knowledge organization and media platform, we regularly present and unpack timely issues to our global audience. And as a convener of academic nonprofit on the ground organizations, private sector and multilateral agencies, we draw on diverse perspectives to identify research priorities and understand multi sectoral and cross functional topics. To achieve the research objectives determined together with our partners, we assemble and cultivate diverse talent around the globe. We lean on the insights and strategic guidance of our global network of more than a thousand experts in academia, nonprofit, private sector and multilateral agencies. And we integrate our research fellows whom we expose to these urgent issues and train to execute a mix of scholarly work, private sector market research, policy research and qualitative analysis required to deliver the contextual insights needed to propel the sector forward. This approach allows us to simultaneously train exceptional rising professionals worldwide, provide a platform for interdisciplinary cooperation and connect a community of thought leaders and peers from every continent. The result is actionable engineering research that is published in the form of open source reports on E4C's digital platform and serves to inform the sustainability strategies in the private and public sectors alike and catalyze needs driven innovation. This combined with the human structure of a ready and able workforce that is connected across countries, disciplines and sectors. Now it is my pleasure to introduce you to my co-moderator Carolina Rojas who is one of engineering for change fellow alumni and is returning again this year in the capacity of a program coordinator. Carolina also serves as the technical focal point for our co-organizers, the UN's major group for children and youth. Carolina? Thank you, Rihanna. It is an honor to be here representing two organizations that I'm very passionate about. Just to give our audience a bit of background about the MPCY, we are the UN General Assembly mandated official formal and self-organized mechanism for young people to engage in the UN system. As a technology focal point, I contribute to science policy efforts. And three years ago, I actually got engaged with the MPCY through E4C in their efforts to involve E4C fellows with the UN system. And this year, I have the pleasure to be once again an E4C fellow coordinating five projects funded by the Outlaws Foundation. I'll be working mainly for SDG 13 climate change. Thank you again. And I hope everyone enjoys the panel. Thank you so much, Carolina. Carolina represents the many young professionals around the world that are seeking to apply their technical skills for good and finding E4C through a variety of channels. This year alone for our 2021 fellowship, over 650 interested applicants from 80 countries applied. We reviewed 358 considered applications from 59 countries, just to select 50 fellows from 22 countries. It is my pleasure to officially welcome the 15 credible fellows that make up the 2021 cohort this year. Today is their official first day. Typically we would be in New York City attending the SDI forum in person, but today they are joining us at the site event from around the world. To the E4C welcome fellows, I encourage you to type in a brief introduction to the chat now. And again, I welcome you to our cohort. The 2021 fellows will join our growing network of multidisciplinary global change agents representing 46 nationalities and a gender balance that is still unfortunately aspirational in most engineering classes and professional settings. These incredible individuals represent the science, technology and innovation ecosystem and how an ICT platform can be leveraged to train a global workforce necessary to achieve the SDGs and beyond. With that being said, I'd like to now turn to our long-term collaborators at the United Nations Specialized Agency for Information and Communication Technologies, ITU, and welcome the Deputy Secretary, Mr. Malcolm Johnson to share a few remarks. Mr. Johnson is a seasoned information and communication technology executive who has served in multiple senior management positions at ITU, the United Kingdom's Office of Communications, the Radio Communications Agency, amongst others. He is a chartered engineer, a fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, an honorary professor of Amateur University and an academician of the International Telecommunications Academy. Welcome Mr. Malcolm Johnson, the floor is yours. Thank you very much, Hannah. And congratulations on all the wonderful work you're doing on E4C, wonderful to see that. So good morning, good afternoon, good evening to everyone, wherever you happen to be. Welcome, and thank you for joining us. ITU is very pleased to be a co-organiser of this event together with ASME and UNMGCY. And I would like to thank Ambassador Malika Pajanovic-Durisic and the Montenegro mission to the UN for supporting this event. The pandemic has illustrated as never before the critical role of enabling technologies in achieving the SDGs. That's through developing human infrastructure, strengthening partnerships, innovation, and building back better for a more sustainable world. This is something ITU has to lead you and agency for information and communication technology has been long advocating, including since 2007 we've been active in the climate change conferences. Unfortunately, many of the gains in achieving the SDGs have been reversed since the start of the pandemic and countries with low digital technology capabilities are at an increasing risk of being marginalised. This growing digital skills and innovation gap is at the heart of the digital divide and many national policies and strategies even in developed countries often fail to address it. As a result, talent is unfulfilled, small and medium sized enterprises are struggling and the low digital transformation is hampering progress in reaching the SDGs. So the question is how we can foster innovation and ensure that the benefits of the extraordinary advances that are taking place in the fields such as artificial intelligence, internet of things, mobile communications are widely distributed and shared across the world. And this is what we'll be looking at at this session. As for ITU, we maintain the international treaty on the harmonised use of the radio spectrum and satellite orbits and develop associated international technical standards. We also promote best practices in developing countries. International standards are an essential aid for developing countries to build their infrastructure and stimulate economic development. They can drive competitiveness, not just for individual businesses, but for the world economy as a whole by fostering efficiency, effectiveness, responsiveness and innovation. Enabling technologies such as 5G and AI have great potential as we've seen in the pandemic for healthcare, businesses and on education. International agreement on the use of the spectrum and standards is not easy but it's essential to ensure interoperability and to reduce costs through economies of scale. Collaboration is the key word. Collaboration between all stakeholders in the public and the private sectors. This spirit of multi-stakeholder cooperation is reflected in ITU's membership. It's also characteristic of the World Summit on the Information Society. This is a process led by ITU. The need for collaboration, cooperation and coordination across sectors and borders has never been more obvious than during this pandemic. We all need to bring our own specific competencies to the table, pool our resources and avoid duplication of effort to build vibrant digital innovative ecosystems. What is at stake is nothing less than the world's capacity to harness enabling technologies to put the 2030 agenda for sustainable development back on track and ensure that today's digital revolution turns into a development revolution for all. So I congratulate the efforts of ASME and Engineering for Change and look forward to continuing our cooperation with you and all interested stakeholders to bring the benefits of this technology to everyone, everywhere. Thank you. Thank you so much, Mr. Johnson. You are so grateful for those remarks. As I mentioned at the start, E4C has been powered by ASME for over a decade and that would not be possible without visionary leaders and champions like our Executive Director and CEO, Mr. Thomas Costabile. Mr. Costabile oversees the ASME strategy around the organization's core technologies, including manufacturing, bioengineering, robotics, clean energy and pressure technology and programs in codes and standards development, membership conferences, technical publishing, education and professional development and public policy. It's got a full plate. He's a trained mechanical engineer in a native New Yorker who graduated with honors from Manhattan College and has MBA from Long Island University. I'm honored to invite Mr. Costabile to the virtual stage to say a few words. Liana, thank you and hello everyone. On behalf of ASME, I'd like to thank our event co-host, the International Telecommunications Union, Mr. Johnson, thank you again for partnering with us. And I'd like to welcome today's event attendees first from the UN STI forum. Next are engineering for change members, our engineering global development committee members and our funding partners, including Autodesk Foundation. ASME is pleased to join in this important conversation with all of you. The social sector and engineering fields are in a state of evolution and rapid growth all fueled by digital connectivity. Solution development and delivery increasingly spans technical disciplines, cultures and socioeconomic conditions. With the target deadline for sustainable development goals less than a decade away, engineers equipped with the necessary training and high quality information are now more than ever needed on the front line of social change. Mounting evidence demonstrates the critical role that digital platforms and networks play in active engineering talent, accelerating sustainable solutions. As a global multidisciplinary engineering society, ASME takes the STGs very seriously. That's why a decade ago, ASME took a risk and committed resources along with other organizations to focus on addressing the STGs with such a platform and engineering for change was born. ASME is invested in preparing multi stakeholders and multidisciplinary initiatives for the benefit of humanity. We understand we need well-equipped engineers to take on infrastructure challenges both domestically and internationally and I will say to be pandemic ready. As UNESCO reports summarize, no single discipline on its own can present a solution to achieving the STGs because all the goals are integrated and invisible and balance the three dimensions of sustainable development, the economic, social and environmental platforms. A new paradigm for engineering is thus urgently needed. One that goes beyond the traditional division of disciplines and its inter and multidisciplinary approach, enabling engineering to address such highly complex issues as climate change. Our EDG sector trains engineers to handle these issues as we strive to cultivate the new engineer. ASME also values diversity, equity and inclusion and it's an engineering community and the E for C fellows are a great example. As of this year, half of all our fellows are women and represent more than 22 countries, something that we are all pleased about. As UNESCO points out, it's essential that more young people, especially girls, consider engineering as a career. When they see themselves represented in roles such as the E for C fellows who are building a better world, more girls and women will be inspired to pursue STEM careers and use their skills to make a real impact. ASME through its engineering for change platform is preparing multidisciplinary engineers from around the world to work together on the UN's sustainable goals. It's an impactful scalable model over time. We were also committed to tracking our progress using social return on investment models and tools that track key metrics and reveal trends. And the ASME foundation is working to keep the momentum going, leading the campaign for the next generation engineers to fuel education and inspires, careers that matter and ideas that innovate. We invite you to learn more about how you can get involved. I wanna thank all of you again for joining us today and engaging in this important work with us. Yana, thanks for a few minutes this morning and congratulations again back to you. Thank you so much, Mr. Costaville. And last but certainly not least, I'm honored to invite the permanent representative of Montenegro to the United Nations to the virtual stage. We're talking about an aspiring woman engineer. I think she is certainly one for the books. Ambassador Professor Dr. Melita Payanovic-Jukcivic and I apologize Ambassador, I will practice your name is one of the few engineers at the UN and we are grateful for her support on our side event. Dr. Melita Payanovic-Jukcivic received her degree in electrical engineering in Podgorica followed by a master's of science degree and PhD in telecommunications at the faculty of electrical engineering in Belgrade. In addition to serving as the vice dean and the president of the council at the faculty of electrical engineering at the University of Montenegro, she is the founder and director of the research center of ICT and has been cooperating with numerous foreign universities and research centers as a visiting researcher and lecturer. In her research work, she is focused on the area of wireless communications where she has achieved notable results that were published in several hundred scientific papers in international journals and conferences and scientific and professional papers and domestic journals and conferences as well as in a number of books. Welcome Ambassador, the floor is yours. Thank you, thank you very much. Good morning, good afternoon to everyone. I've got to say that I'm very glad that we were able to join you in organizing this side event for this year Science, Technology and Innovation Forum. Thank you to Engineering for Change and the American Society of Mechanical Engineering for having the initiative of this kind. So as you said, as a permanent representative of my country in U.N., I would say I might be a very unique one since I'm an engineer, I'm a researcher, professor in telecommunications engineering and what I was trying to do for years now, it's of course to push this agenda forward as I've been convinced for quite a long time that's there, we are having a number of solutions for the challenges we've been facing not only today but in the past as well. There, I'm usually talking about ICTs having in mind that the spread of ICTs and the global interconnectivity has shown its great potential in accelerating human progress, providing new solutions for development challenges, bridging the digital divide and developing the knowledge societies across areas as medicine, energy, transport, protection of environment. It has also shown an enormous potential to support advancement of gender equality and empower of women and girls in fighting poverty and protecting vulnerable segments of societies. That is why specifically the importance of ICTs is recognized in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development as a crucial enabler in achieving sustainable development goals and as a catalyst for development. Over the past 14 months around the world with all these lockdowns, with various restrictions we have actually witnessed that the access to fixed and mobile digital infrastructure has been playing a vital role in helping companies and citizens to adapt enabling businesses to pursue the activities and individuals to continue working, learning, socializing. Actually, we have already experienced more digital transformation in this period than we have seen it in the last 20 years. While actually the pandemic is a humanitarian crisis that continues to take a tragic toll on people's lives, it is also acting as a catalyst for change, economic, social, personal and corporate on a scale not seen for a long time. Technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence and blockchain are opening new frontiers for productivity while in synergy with high performance computing will hopefully help us in the fight against COVID-19, combining algorithms, biochemistry and molecular screenings potential new molecules that could be used for drugs against this virus are soft. However, not everyone has been able to seamlessly move activities online. For example, 63% of young people at the global level ate from 15 to 24 like internet access of home. Digital divide, which existed long before pandemic was made even worse by this crisis. The fragmentation in digital space is growing, deepening digital divide between developed and developing countries. And that is where UN is having a key role in addressing issues that will create a framework for achieving digital inclusive societies aligned with the efforts who have Agenda 2013 implemented by the end of this decade. In doing so, recovery from pandemic offers a true transfer transformation. Building back better means leaving no one behind but more than ever leaving no one offline. All of us at the forefront of digitalization need to strengthen our collaboration embracing multi-stakeholder and the whole of society approach. In doing so as engineers, we need to be more creative and innovative in offering solutions which will be accessible and affordable. At the same time, it is necessary to significantly increase efforts towards improving digital skills as a prerequisite for better digital inclusion but also as the way for better social and economical empowerment. This forum is just one of the many initiatives showing UN commitment when it comes to its particular responsibility in bringing us all to work together on ensuring better connectivity, digital capacity building and adequate governance. The regular UN General Assembly debates on rapid technological changes and their impacts on SDGs, very active group of friends on digital technologies, secretary general initiatives, the global declaration on digital response to COVID-19 all show a high level of engagement in the UN system. At this point, implementing the digital cooperation roadmap is of critical importance and we should use every opportunity to invite all relevant stakeholders to continue sharing national achievements, strategies, policies, best practices and other engagements in digital transformation, especially those developed and implementing during global pandemic. And there I got to say in my country, Montenegro, I was able to be very proud on my former or current students who stepped forward at the first signs of crisis we experienced in March last year doing and putting forward a number of initiatives trying to help our society to better go through all this what we've been facing for a while. So they started various initiatives like 3D printing of different PPE equipment then making a platform for learning at home, then organizing different kind of competitions on promoting a range of creative ideas for better solutions for business education, health, putting forward several e-commerce platforms and their engineers actually shown how and where their knowledge and their initiatives could be more than important and vital for a society. And I do believe these kind of examples are actually showing that we can be very optimistic while engaging in building an inclusive and safe digital present and future. And we can be certain that many of these adapted new solutions will continue to exist even after the current crisis is over. There is no going back. And that's why we should redouble our efforts in promoting the principle of solidarity and multilateralism and the most effective tool for digital sustainable global action in not only building that together and better but building back more digital. Thank you very much. I do hope that we will be able to discuss a little bit some of the ideas the audience might be having today. Thank you. Thank you. So very much, Ambassador, truly inspired comments and encouraging opening remarks from all of our very important speakers here today. I couldn't agree more that the time is now and there is no going back. So with that, I would like to now transition to our panel discussion. We have invited four accomplished leaders in the technology, engineering and innovation sectors to share their unique experiences and perspectives on the role of enabling technology and advancing human infrastructure. Now, in the context of this particular conversation, we're defining enabling technology as technology supporting the exchange of information, design, data and knowledge, as well as community building. With that, I would like to invite our first speaker, Mr. Alex Wong, who is the Chief of Special Initiatives to the Director of the Telecommunications Development Bureau at ITU, where he is leading GIGA, a joint project between ITU and UNICEF to connect every school to the internet and every young person to information, opportunity and choice. He'll be sharing a little bit about that shortly. Prior to joining the ITU, Alex has worked in both private and nonprofit sectors. He has served as president of CGLA Infrastructure, a US-based company that promotes and develops infrastructure projects around the world. He was a member of the Executive Committee at the World Economic Forum, an international organization for public-private cooperation with a mission to improve the state of the world, where he held several leadership roles, including the development and roll-out of the forum's global systems initiative, heading the ICT, media entertainment, basics and infrastructure industry teams, and related projects, and heading to the center for global industries in Geneva. Additionally, Alex worked in a variety of professional roles at Accenture as a strategy consultant, General Motors as a quality control engineer, and the US National Park Service. Alex is a licensed professional engineer with a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Toronto, and a master's in public administration from Harvard. So I'm going to stop sharing my screen. And Alex, I'm going to turn it over to you to share your slide. Thank you, Iona. And thank you, our colleagues who opened the session. And I'm very pleased and honored to be here. The most important point at the bottom, Iona, was that I'm also a mechanical engineer. So I noticed we're four for four so far in terms of our speakers. So I'm very pleased to represent the ITU here, but in particular, the project that we have called GIGA. So I'm about to put on some slides here as soon as I can figure out how that works. OK, so bear with me while I get to the first slide. So we're very pleased about the project GIGA, which is a joint initiative between ITU and UNICEF. So here we have an example of two UN agencies working together. And actually, we are working directly or indirectly with many other UN agencies. And really, this is an initiative where we thought, how can we work together to basically provide universal connectivity, but via connecting every school in the area, and every young person to information, opportunity, and choice? I'm going to come back to the fact that this is ultimately an infrastructure initiative. And we have many in the audience, I'm sure, who are very familiar with some of the technologies and some of the advances that allow us to now make this a possible effort. I mean, I think this group is all so aware of the statistics in terms of the fact that half the world is still without regular internet access. So let me just stop here on this screen. So this is actually why we launched GIGA. And there's been some innovations recently where we believe this is now possible. First of all, to provide universal connectivity for those of you that are familiar with the topic, one of the biggest barriers is that the network that provides the backhaul is not developed, especially in some of the least developed countries. And so how can we basically create a project that lays the infrastructure to connect every school and in doing so provide the connectivity that where the school can serve as a hub to the surrounding community? So the shot on the right here shows one of the uses of technology of why we think GIGA is now possible. This example is footage of Columbia where using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, we have conducted a survey of the map of Columbia and using, we know how a school looks like. We know a school looks like a square, there's some space around it, typically even a rural school, they all have a same kind of a look and feel. And so using technology as an example of where we can map every school in the country. And on top of that, in this case, show which of the schools that have green, yellow or red connectivity, green meaning there is sufficient connectivity, red meaning no connectivity, yellow meaning it's somewhere in between. That's not actually matching this particular diagram. This diagram is more showing who are the new schools that are located. And we're combining the mapping information with other connectivity technologies that many of you are familiar with that have made connectivity cheaper. We're combining that with some of the new financing instruments that have been developed over the last few years. And we're inspired a lot by GAVI, the global anti-vaccine initiative which develops some very innovative financing models. And we're now using also technology to have accountability. So we can actually track the connectivity is happening. And that's very critical, especially if you're gonna create a business model where you're paying an investor based on delivering a connectivity or showing a donor that you're actually doing what you said you would do. And the focus on schools, I mean, why not? Nobody can argue about connecting a school. The most ubiquitous public access point in every village gives us the laser focus. The project is really then broken into these pillars where we map, we've created the financing structures, we work with the governments to identify the connectivity models and connectivity technologies. And then we use the Giga platform to create partnerships with other UN organizations, including IQ UNICEF but also others, as well as partners to create the content and the services that would sit on top of the connectivity. This little analogy of a railroad is something that we developed to explain that even more clearly, very obvious, building the tracks, laying the infrastructure is really the first part. And then afterwards making sure you have the right software and solutions that ultimately lead to the impact. We have a methodology that we're using in each Giga country. We currently have activities in 10 countries, including the organization of Eastern Caribbean States, which is nine additional countries. And we're working with governments following this approach, essentially again, summarized by mapping the orange or gathering information, assessing the regulatory and connectivity environment, developing the financing models, and then creating the models that be sustainable and using the empower track. So we launched Giga in 2019 in the fall, a bit of the accomplishment so far in terms of how much money has been mobilized and how many countries are involved and how much mapping has been done so far and the different partners that are already on board. I'll stop there, because I want to keep it to five minutes. It's just a bit of a teaser to introduce to you what Giga is. I'm going to put into the chat a link to our ITU last mile connectivity guide. So that's a very specific technical guide to last mile connectivity technologies, which is one of the parts that we are using to deliver the Giga project. Back to you, I want to thank you very much. Thank you, Alex. If there we go, I'm just going to share my screen now to transition to our next speaker. All right, our next panelist is Jean Chia, who is the Head of Portfolio and Investment of the Autodesk Foundation. Jean invested in a portfolio of over 30 organizations using technology for positive social and environmental impact and leads the foundation's impact management function. Since 2015, Jean has overseen the deployment of more than $20 million of charitable capital in grants and impact investment. Jean has two decades of experience working across the public and private sectors in social entrepreneurship, economic development, finance, and strategic operations. Previously, she was the Vice President of Business Operations at DripTech, a for-profit social enterprise focused on improving smallholder livelihoods through low-cost irrigation technology. She started her career as a fellow in the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development, working to revitalize communities across New York City. Jean received an MBA from the Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley and a Bachelor of Science with Honors in Urban Studies from Cornell University. Jean, it's a pleasure to have you with us today and I'm going to turn over the screen to you. Great, thank you, Yana. It's great to be here with everyone today. I'm just going to also share my screen in a sec. Can you all see my screen now? We can. Okay, perfect. Although I am not an engineer, so by training, so I may be breaking the streak so far on the panel, I did also work at the U.S. Park Service. So maybe I'll be starting a new trend on the speakers. But that's just a little bit about myself extra to the bio, but I'm here to mostly talk about Autodesk and Autodesk Foundation, and given the audience here, I think Autodesk probably doesn't need a whole lot of introduction. However, I will just say that for those of you who may not be familiar, we are a technology company based in the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S., but we have a global presence over 11,000 employees all around the world, and we make software tools for architects, engineers, and to help design and create everything in the physical world from products to buildings to infrastructure. And so there are hundreds of products in the Autodesk portfolio, therefore used by millions of people that has impact on billions of lives because it's creating the physical world. And so I think that gives us at the Autodesk Foundation a really unique mandate around impact. So the Autodesk Foundation, our mission is to support the design and creation of innovative solutions to the world's most pressing global challenges. And we bring all the resources of the company to help support that. We do funding and form of grants and impact investments. We provide technology support through our software and through technical training as well as leverage the base about that 11,000 plus employees around the world for pro bono projects. And through partnerships like the one we have for, with Engineering for Change, we support fellows and student interns around the world who have engineering, technical expertise and knowledge to support our portfolio of organizations who are addressing some of these global challenges. Specifically, we support, we have a strategy around three key areas of impact. We're supporting innovations in energy materials specifically to have impact on mitigating climate change. And our success metric there is supporting technologies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 emissions. Our second impact strategy is around promoting health and resilience, specifically in low resource communities, in particular in the global South, who contributed least to climate change, but tend to be the most vulnerable. And then lastly, we support solutions to increase worker prosperity, particularly workforce that are vulnerable to automation through reskilling and in particular, looking at ways to increase wages and income. So I think Yana said that our portfolio is actually about 40 organizations now. I think you mentioned 30, but we're growing constantly and we have some really interesting organizations that are innovating around enabling technologies, one of whom is on this panel, and we're really grateful to be partners with them for multiple years, whether it's in IoT, biometrics, digital platforms that are being applied in the ag value chain and national health systems in providing access to energy. There's just really innovative ways in which these technologies are being used to address global challenges. Just to give you a sense of our impact over the past year, our portfolio of organizations reached 25 million beneficiaries, mitigated 735,000 tons of CO2 and helped create 4,000 jobs. And I'm really excited to also mention that a number of the fellows on the call today are going to be supporting initiatives and projects for our portfolio. So that's been a really exciting partnerships that we've started with U4C and I'm really grateful to be with you all today. Thank you. Thank you so much, Jean. We're equally enthusiastic about our partnership and all the good work that we can do together. So our next panelist is Dr. Tony Amonza, who is the CEO of the Kenya National Innovation Agency. Dr. Tony Amonza has been involved in the technology startup ecosystem in Africa for the past 10 years, founding and running various entrepreneurship programs and accelerators across different sectors, including fintech and mobility. These include the University of Nairobi C4D Lab, the TUMI startup accelerator, the Cisco EDGE accelerator, the Africa Mobility Initiative, and the Nairobi Innovation Week startup program. He has also been a mentor and member of jury of other startup programs. And he has been a faculty member at Strathmore University and the University of Nairobi. Dr. Amonza is interested in the design, adoption and impact of innovative, low-cost and appropriate technologies in developing countries. He has been conducting extensive research and consultancy projects for the past 15 years on technology, innovation, financial inclusion and mobile transactions for various clients ranging from government institutions, international donors to multinationals, and produced numerous products, reports and publications. He's a member of ISACA, our AAAE Board of Trustees of Kenya National Research Fund and the National Commission of Science, Technology and Innovation. Dr. Amonza, I turn it over to you. Thanks very much. I hope I can be hard and I'm also trying to share my screen. It is coming up and you're coming through loud and clear. Wonderful. Thank you very much for inviting me and also to participate in this program and share our experiences all the way from East Africa. So, I want to kind of give you a little bit of a sense of the Kenya National Innovation Agency and how we fit in this particular agenda around engineering and solutions that come out of engineering work. So, to give a little bit of a context on the innovation agency, we call it Kenya. This diagram tries to put it into context where we put our attention. So, through the education system, we're trying to develop talent and it is in our interest to develop the right talent through the studies, the research as well as the interaction to society. And what we try to out of that is ideas. Psychological education and training doesn't stand on its own but it also connects to the industry and societal challenges. And then we come up with potentially good ideas. And then Kenya tries to put attention in ensuring that we have an environment that then creates meaningful solutions through policy interventions, physical infrastructure, partnerships, business support, mentorship, financing, R&D and so forth. Of course, as an agency, we don't quite do every single thing here but we try to create an appropriate environment that then enables these things to happen so that we can potentially get businesses out of this that are potentially scalable and as a result, have socioeconomic impact. So the measure of our success really is how many ideas went to market and that leads us to what is our mission? It is to develop and manage a dynamic national innovation system that facilitates taking ideas to market. So our success really is in how well these ideas get to market. And we've had to immerse ourselves to deeply think through what does it really make as many ideas as possible to get to market. We have our six strategic priorities. Commercialization ranks fairly high in terms of the process that we have to go through to take ideas to market. Of course, funding some of the ideas and also funding the infrastructure that enables that work. Quite a lot of dissemination work, quite a lot of capacity building both internally in terms of the organization as well as institutions, private sector, universities and research centers. We build a lot of partnerships and linkages because we realize we are only good up to a certain extent. And then we promote a lot of policy reforms and legal issues that then enable us to function. At a high level, this is the keywords that you would be associated with when engaging Kenya. And you will see that commercialization and startups really stand out. And as I get into the later stage of the short presentation probably a little bit of Q&A, I would want to emphasize a little bit on the issue of user centeredness because we're learning more and more and more that for commercialization to succeed and our startups to succeed, it's about how well they align themselves to the problems. So how are we doing it? Are there three kind of elements you would see? First is around trying to create an appropriate environment and I've mentioned the legal and commercial issues and the frameworks for promoting an appropriate environment. Then we go to institutions and try to establish and then try to support the establishment of incubation hubs and technology transfer programs and offices. Second is that we've got an element of supporting specific innovations to scale. So we do the scout team thinking through how you might recognize some of them, how might you fund, what kind of partnerships and do you need in order to ensure appropriate coaching and mentorship, thinking through the linkages that you need in order to scale some of these solutions. And then number three is to try and strengthen the interactions because startups don't exist in their own innovations, don't exist in their own. People must learn new skills, people must get more relevant skills, they must have appropriate partnerships, we must have events, people must gather every so and so often. Now in the course of time, probably over the five or so years that I've gone, the number of incubation hubs and accelerators have rapidly grown from about five or so to over a hundred now. Over the next few years, we've got very specific targets in the context of commercialization is to try and support in a sustainable way over a thousand innovations that will come from individual institutions and so on and so forth. And how to do it is to build appropriate partnerships that then enable you to nurture those ideas that they might thrive. In the context of startups, we've got some targets around 10,000 idea stage, 1,000 growth stage and a hundred high impact startups. And we figured out what the impact of startups would be. Now there are some lessons that, and this relates a lot to the discussions today around skills around enabling environment and technologies and so forth. We kind of suffered over time and it's not like we've really addressed it fully, but we see scenarios where people come with a lot of ideas, but then these ideas are looking for problems instead of the other way around. And the second thing is around silo mentality at different levels. It could be all the way from school level, all the way to policy level and so forth. And we try as much as possible to minimize this so that people can synergize and collaborate more. And some of the interventions that we are promoting a lot is around multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary so that we are challenges in 360 degrees and create more sustainable solutions. Problem-based learning is an area we're trying to promote a lot in institutions of higher learning in particular, such that it is more about the problem falling in love with the problem before we fall in love with the ideas or solutions. And then user centeredness, more and more for even engineers in how much they are able to immerse themselves into people's lives as they create the solutions for them. And in the context of COVID-19, we realize that there is disparate need to have an accelerated effort of narrowing the digital inequalities because now it becomes even more obvious that some people are being left behind and we have to have appropriate interventions for that. There are reforms in curriculum as well as the delivery starting with competence-based curriculum and moving up to university level and how the delivery is done, thinking through collaboration, applying digital technologies, relying on resource persons even beyond the country and being as borderless as possible. 15th industrial revolution has become a big thing now in terms of the mindset, trying to cultivate resilience, sustainability and human centeredness. I hope that plays some little foundation for further discussions that we can have. Thank you. Thank you so much, Dr. Amwanza. A lot already to think on there. I can just, there we go. All right. And then of course, last but not least and I realized time is our enemy today but our good friend and colleague, Dr. Evan Thomas, Director of the Morton Center in Global Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder is going to be presenting. Dr. Thomas holds the Morton Center in Dow Chair in Global Engineering at UC Boulder where he is a tenured associate professor jointly appointed in the Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering and the Aerospace Engineering Sciences Departments. And he is also an affiliate faculty in the Environmental and Occupational Health at the Colorado School of Public Health. Evan is currently a member of the NASA and USAID Servier Applied Sciences team. He has a PhD in Aerospace Engineering Sciences from the University of Colorado at Boulder, is a registered professional engineer and has a master's in Public Health from the Oregon Health and Science University. Evan, over to you. Thanks, Yana. So I'll try to be brief. I just want to give a little bit of background of global engineering, a call to action that you've seen reflected in the United Nations Engineering for Sustainable Development Report that Yana just presented earlier today. This is the planet. You've all seen this picture before. A lot of people's first instinct is that this shows where people are. It really shows where rich people are. It shows where people live who are using and benefiting from energy and electricity. But still in 2021, we have nearly half the world's population who still use biomass for daily energy needs. And you can see this reflected in infrared light. We have a billion people who don't have access to safe sanitation or safe drinking water. Two billion people who don't have access to safe sanitation and over three billion people that face at least periodic rural isolation. And as climate change becomes very real and felt, it's impacting low resource communities first. And one of the earliest impacts is changing rainfall patterns. Dry places are becoming drier and droughts are becoming more frequent. And wet places are becoming wetter and floods are becoming more frequent. So how as engineers are we trying to address some of these challenges? Global engineering is a framing that we've been working on with about 40 universities across the United States and industry partners, including the Autodesk Foundation and E4C and ASME, that spans the range from standards development to data analytics to education and it goes all the way to questions of equity, diversity and inclusion. And I'll give a few examples of how we're applying global engineering specifically with Internet of Things technologies. One of our goals is to try to improve monitoring and service delivery for basic services like water, sanitation, energy, infrastructure and transportation so that improved monitoring can lead to better action. One of our flagship initiatives is the Drought Resilience Impact Platform operating in East Africa and led by one of our star PhD students, Dennis Machara who's based in Nairobi. This is Northern Kenya where Dennis and our team are operating where drought is becoming more and more frequent. And as drought hits, people in livestock migrate to groundwater borehole supplies like you see here. These are big groundwater systems serving about 5,000 people on average but about 45% of these are broken, physically broken during peak drought leading to drought emergencies. Our team with Dennis and his team have been installing satellite connected sensors to remotely monitor about 4 million people's water supplies across East Africa. Every one of these dots is a water supply that we're monitoring with satellite connected sensors and we combine this with remote sensing data from NASA to improve drought forecasts, work with the Famine Early Warning System Network whose model you see underneath are water systems on this map and to improve models for groundwater demand so that we can reduce drought emergencies. This work has been supported by the US National Science Foundation, USAID, NASA and our friends at the Autodesk Foundation. We also do this work here in the United States. Here in Boulder, Colorado, where I am all the way out through California, we're in the midst of a mega drought, the first mega drought in 800 years. And as there is less snowfall, less rainfall, there are increasing demands on groundwater here in the Western US. This is the Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Reservation in Southwest Colorado where we're using the same technology to improve water rights and water conservation with the Ute. This is Rwanda where most people use firewood for daily energy needs, and this contributes to one of the leading causes of illness and death in Rwanda, respiratory disease. Another one of our star PhD students, Shantala Irvigiza, who's from Rwanda and is finishing her PhD here at the University of Colorado, developed this technology. It's basically the fanciest smoke alarm you've ever seen. It monitors particulate matter in the home and provides it as feedback to households so that they can respond so that you can open a window or switch cooking fuels or switch stoves to reduce exposure to harmful particulate matter. This is also Rwanda where floods are becoming more and more frequent in the face of climate change. We work with an organization called Bridges Prosperity who are installing over 300 pedestrian foot bridges in Rwanda to try to link isolated communities to basic services like hospitals and schools and markets. And we use a variety of technologies including impact evaluation and remote sensing and cameras monitoring when people are using these bridges and we compare that to things like market days or rainfall events. If we zoom back out again, this is the UNESCO Engineering for Sustainable Development report that we were proud to contribute to. As Yana mentioned earlier, this report highlights two seemingly disparate but very important factors of how we advance progress towards the SDGs. One is technology innovation and the other is diversity, equity and inclusion. The more people from diverse backgrounds that are included in engineering and science and technology, the more innovations we're gonna be able to develop collectively to address the sustainable development goals. Thank you. Thank you so much, Evan. And now we are a bit short on time. We are going to transition to our panel discussion and we will start with a few prepared questions that we have with our moderators and we will ask any of our listeners to please add your questions to the Q&A. I'm going to preface this by saying that time is so short that we're going to try our best to weave in one or two questions but it's unlikely we'll be able to hit everybody's but we do want to capture those questions and be sure to follow up with our panelists. So allow me to get us started. I'm gonna ask a broad question and perhaps we can start with Tony here, relative to trends related to sustainable development goal-driven strategies that you're observing within your sector. I know Kenya has been applying the SDGs broadly and cultivating the Silicon Savannah as it is termed. What are the models and enabling technologies that demonstrate traction in building capacity in Kenya from your perspective? Thanks very much. Probably a couple of points that I think I've seen over the last few years that then are kind of like supporting the acceleration of that set of things. One, things like innovation hubs that I mentioned earlier on, I mean like five years ago there were probably about three, four but now you're dealing with over a hundred spread across the country. And some of them, you know, supported by government or the private sector, others are start-ups by themselves. A classic example of something that I have seen that supports particularly post-school collaboration and enhanced skills and problem-solving, so to speak. The element towards multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity as well as being problem-based in solving challenges. And, you know, we've got common courses in institutions like communication or finance management but now there is attention more and more towards being problem-based across as many disciplines as possible. And even user-centeredness now is starting to become a common course that pretty much as many students as possible should appreciate. Things like business models and value proposition are becoming to, you know, like more and more common in the various levels of education as well as post-education. Thank you so much, Tony. And given that to you highlighted the importance of academic institutions, I might turn it over to Alex to perhaps also add some of his perspectives regarding these SDG-driven strategies within the sector of ICTs and how it relates to your portfolio. Yeah, so I think for, I mean, for Gia, we took it, took the basis which now with COVID-19, I think everyone recognizes that digital connectivity is fundamental to benefit from all the opportunities and all the challenges that countries are facing. So in a way it's very timely because now more than ever has this issue become front profile. And in fact, on April 27th, the president of the General Assembly even had a whole day-long session to devote it to digital development and connectivity. So I think for us we're addressing one of the fundamental challenges. Again, Giga is ultimately about providing or promoting universal connectivity by connecting the schools. So we also want to keep that focus. Connectivity of course is its own SDG goal 9C as I'm sure many of you know. And we want to focus specifically on that and then let all the others come on to the Giga platform to focus on healthcare or employment or all the other services that you need to have. Thanks. Thank you. Thank you, Alex. And continuing on the role of industry stakeholders, I would like to ask Gine, how can enabling technologies be used by industry stakeholders in partnership with academia to prepare the future workforce for the engineering and industry and technology industry? Yeah, you know, I think they're in terms of if you focus on enabling technologies as novel technologies that haven't been widely adopted yet or have been only adopted in limited ways in the countries and regions where the SDGs are extremely important. I think that industry stakeholders like corporates have a role to play in terms of being customers for those technologies or investors in commercializing those technologies. And so I think that an organization like Autodesk and Autodesk Foundation, you know, on the one hand there's the core business side in terms of through development or acquisition of these technologies helping to bring them to market and then on the startup side supporting the innovation landscape through efforts like Autodesk Foundation where predominantly our portfolio are startups or social enterprises at the really early stages of developing these innovations. Thank you, Gine. I would all like to follow up with Tony since you will also work on the intersection between industry stakeholders and academia. What are your thoughts on this topic? Absolutely, yes. I mean, I did mention in my presentation an element of silo mindset and that starts from schools, everyone focused on this particular area of specialization and then when you go even to government or private sector there's an element of a silo mindset but gradually people beginning to appreciate that it's gonna take collaboration to create solutions that are potentially sustainable and impactful. And in the entire pipeline of innovation starting from the clear identification of problems or challenges in society, you need a certain set of skills and until you all the way go to a product that you scale you need a range of skill sets along the way and different organizations have different strengths and capacities that they can pipe in in that entire process in order to make solutions that are potentially scalable. Classic examples is where private sector supports the establishment of innovation hubs in institutions, or where government engages academic institutions in thinking through the appropriate reforms and then facilitating the execution of those reforms. So I think slowly we are all realizing that we're gonna need each other and we have to make various contributions in that entire pipeline. Dr. Amwanza, I think you've teed up our next question incredibly well. So I'm going to pivot to that. I'd like to hear from the other panelists how you would describe what you would describe as a defining strength and weakness in your particular sector and what can you contribute and what would you need from a cross-sectoral partnership that is built around enabling technologies. So I'm going to start with Evan and then we'll go to Jean and Alex. Thanks, Yana. I mean, a strength of engineering is innovation. We can invent technologies. We can test technologies. We can deploy technologies. A weakness is that sometimes we think that technology is gonna save us. And a further weakness is engineers and technologists and even more broadly the global development sector often are unwilling to consider some of the social, political and historical drivers that get us to where we are now. The poorest countries in the world, the places where the SDGs are most imperative as Jean mentioned earlier are not resource constrained or low income by accident or by just a function of where we are in history. These are the same places in the world that have been exploited over centuries. And we don't really like talking about this as engineers. We like to think that fixing water pumps is simply a technocratic issue and not a question of why is the climate changing? Who is changing the climate and who is being impacted by this climate change? Thank you, Evan. Jean? Yeah, I think for this question, they speaking from the perspective of the funder and investor in innovations developed by engineers and inventors. You know, what I see, you know, I won't repeat the strengths because I think Evan captured them really well. I think one challenge that I see is organizations, startups, they have novel solutions that get some traction in the marketplace, but in order to have much more broad impact, they really need to scale through partnerships, not necessarily in the commercial market because, you know, in the regions that we're talking about before trying to have impact on water and sanitation or universal access to internet or to energy, you really need to have deep partnership with government to scale. And I see that as a real challenge for small organizations to figure out how to do that. And I think that that's a silo. That's a challenge. That's where cross sector partnerships are so sorely still needed. And this is definitely no quick solutions. Thank you, Jean. And I acknowledge that we are past time. So I do apologize to our audience and to our panelists if we will allow us an extra five minutes, just to have one more question and we will wrap. Thank you so much. So Alex, I don't know if you wanted to add anything to this. Yeah, I think just adding on that partnerships is critical, but partnerships only work, I believe when you have the sort of intermediary or a facilitator or a platform, whether you're a small company or you're an NGO or an academic institution, you know, to interact with each other and with others and with the government. And so I think this is where the UN has indispensable role to be the impartial trusted actor that can play that role. So very much in Giga, that's exactly step two. And when read the 11 steps is about creating a multi-stakeholder platform in the countries that we're working on with the government, you know, leading that effort, but nonetheless a platform where everybody can engage. So that is part of the plan on how we wanna proceed on Giga. Thanks. Thank you, Alex. And well, we have one last question. And since today we've been talking about the need for preparing the workforce for this sector. I would like to ask our panelists and maybe Evan, you couldn't start. How can engineering education prepare engineers to consider not only the technical aspects of a project, but also short-term and long-term ethical, social, environmental, and economic factors into the design, development, and the deployment of technologies? Should I start, Ayanna? This is, I think this one was directed at Evan first. Okay, great. And it goes off. I thought it was you guys, but then it was me. Thanks, Carolina. I just wanted to briefly mention that we've been thinking through the same question with Yanna, with Jean, through convening 38 universities in North America and industry partners from across the continent, including USAID and the Gates Foundation, and Tetra Tech, and Autodesk, and DAI, and representatives from engineering, and university, trying to figure out what's going on here with the challenges. Evan, I think we're unfortunately having a bit of a connectivity challenge in this instance. Enabling technology is not enabling us right now. Alex, you expressed an interest in adding some thoughts. No, I mean, I was just gonna add, I mean, after now what 30-something years since I did my engineering degree, I would say from an education perspective, and hopefully we have some young engineers out there. I'm a big believer, took me a while to understand that liberal arts is actually not a bad compliment to engineering, because in the end it's about negotiating, and it's the soft skills, and it's being able to look at issues not from the technical perspective. So that's my two cents worth, that there's value to liberal arts degrees, and my wife is a lawyer and she's a lawyer, so I can say that very openly, but I would add that as my own insight, thank you. Thank you so much, and Evan, you're back. Maybe you wanna wrap up your thought and then we're going to have to close out. Just sorry about that, everybody. Global engineering is a field that we've been developing with universities and partners across the North America, and it includes skill-based training, so what are the skills that are most appropriate in the global development setting, and they go beyond what you learn necessarily in your typical undergraduate engineering curriculum, but they also include learning about these historical, social... I true, Evan, I'm so sorry you're... We can see that the bandwidth is failing us today, so I apologize, we're gonna have to gather your thoughts, I think, in written format as we are past time. I do apologize, everyone. Obviously there's so many incredible insights that we're prepared for today and we have run past time. I wanna be respectful of all of your schedules wherever you may need to be next. So with that, I want to thank you all for your thoughtful questions which we've captured and we will follow up with our speakers to answer in a written format, in a follow-up article. I'm sorry we couldn't address them all. I'm very proud of what we've been able to accomplish at E4C over the past decade and especially bringing together the global community of change agents that are assembled here today at the side event. None of this would be possible without the support of ASME's leadership. The ASME Foundation who are working tirelessly to support our work as well. Our amazing partners such as Autodesk Foundation, Expert Networks, sponsors and the small but mighty team that I am privileged to lead. I wanna thank you all for joining us today and give you some best wishes for the rest of the STI forum. We're looking forward to seeing you all virtually here on E4C and our further conversations. Thank you everyone, have a good morning, good afternoon or good evening wherever you may be. Take care. Thank you. Thank you. Bye-bye. Thank you, bye everyone.