 I welcome you all to this course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. I also welcome you to this lecture. In this lecture we are studying Hal Sandhi which is a consonant Sandhi. We have noted that there are two types of Hal Sandhi, Ekasthanika, Ekadesha where there is one substituent which is replaced by one substitute. And we also have Ekasthanika, Dvyaadesha where we have one substituent which is replaced by two substitutes. Ekasthanika, Ekadesha is what we are studying currently and this can be also classified further under two namely Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and also Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. The Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha can be explained using the diagram in the following manner. We have A plus B in the Samhita mode where A comes immediately before B and B comes immediately after A. B is Paran and in the environment of B now A is substituted by C. So Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha this is what is C after all Paranimittaka Ekasthanika and Ekadesha. A plus B is the input, C plus B is the output. And amongst them currently we are studying Shchutva Sandhi and we also have studied the Sutra Sto Shchunash Chuhu but it is important for us to study Sto Shchunash Chuhu once again in this lecture as well. Sto Shchunash Chuhu has got three words, Sto Ho which is 6 slash 1 of Stu, Stu is made up of Sir and Two. Two stands for Tabarga, Tabarga means the five consonants, Tathadhadna. So Sto Ho 6 slash 1 means in place of Stu. The other word is Shchuna which is 3 slash 1 of Shchu, Shchu consists of two elements Sh and Chu, Chu refers to Chavarga that is Chha, Chha, Chha, Chha and Ye. So Chuna means in association with or in combination of. The third word in the Sutra is Shchuhu 1 slash 1 of Shchu which is once again Sh and Chu refers to Chavarga that is Chha, Chha, Chha, Chha, Ye. Shchuhu then means substitute Shchu. All this put together the Sutra means in the close proximity of sounds Samhitaayam in the combination of Shchu that is Sh and Chu that is Chavarga that is Chha, Chha, Chha, Chha, Ye. In place of Stu, Sh and Chu, Tu is Tabarga that is Tathadhadna, substitute Sh and Chu that is Chavarga that is Chha, Chha, Chha, Chha, Ye. I repeat in the close proximity of sounds in the combination of Shchu in place of Stu substitute Sh and Chu. So in this Sutra we also notice the principle of correspondence playing an important role also known as Yathasankhya in Paninian grammar. In this Sutra Yathasankhya relation exists between the sets of Sthani or Kariya and Adesha or Kariya. Yathasankhya relation does not exist between the sets of Nimitta and Sthani and Nimitta and Adesha. This can be shown in the following manner where we have Shchu plus Sir as the input, Shchu is the Nimitta, Sir is the Kari or Sthani and in place of Sir, Sh is the substitute which occurs in the first position. So Shchu plus Sir is the input and Shchu plus Shchu is the output. Similarly, you have Shchu plus N as the input and N is substituted by the fifth sound in the Chha class that is Ye. So Shchu plus Ye is the output. Similarly, you have Sir plus Shchu where now the order is reversed Sir plus Shchu and Sir is substituted by Shchu. So we have Sir plus Shchu as the output. Then Sir plus Shchu and Sir will be substituted by Chha which is the first in the set of Chavarga. So we have Sir plus Shchu as the input and Sir plus Shchu as the output. Similarly, Sir plus Shchu as the input and Sir plus Shchu as the output. Using the principle of correspondence or Yathasankhyan Nyaya. So we have these examples in which we have Tathadadhana as the Kari or the Sthani followed by Shchu first Sir. So Sir is acting as the Paranimitta, Tathadadhana is the Sthani which appears before Sir and now in place of Tathadadhana we have Chachhajaya as the substitute and then there is the principle of correspondence that works. So in place of Tachha is the first substitute which is the first in the class and Shchu is the right hand side environment. Tathadadhana will be substituted by Chha, the by Jha, the by Jha and the by Nya in the environment of Shchu, Chha, Jha, Jha and Nya. Let us now look at each one by one. First let us take Tathadadhana plus Chha where Tathadadhana is the Sthani or the Kari followed by Chha as the environment and 8 440 applies and the output generated is Chachhajaya plus Chha. We have already seen the examples where Tathadadhana is followed by Shra and the output generated is Chachhajaya followed by Shra. So we have Tathadadhana plus Chha as the input. The first example Tathadadhana plus Chha over here where Tathadadhana appears at the end of the Pada, Chha appears at the beginning of the second Pada. So now this Tathadadhana is substituted by Chha. So we have Tathadadhana plus Chha then this Chha will be substituted by Chha and then it will be changed to Chha and so we will have Tathadadhana plus Chha. So Tathadadhana this is the output. Then we have Agnimath plus Chha where Thadadhana will be substituted first by Thadadhana then this Thadadhana will be substituted by Chha and then this Chha will be substituted by Chha and then finally we will get the form Agnimath Chha. Similarly Pura Bhidha plus Chalati where the is substituted by Jha as is shown here and then this Jha will be substituted by Chha and then finally we will get Pura Bhidha Chalati. This is what is happening in the other cases as well. Similarly you have Yudha plus Chha and first this Dha will be substituted by Dha and then this Jha will be substituted by Jha and this Jha will then be substituted by Chha and you will get the form Yutchana Yutchana. Similarly you have Rajan plus Chakram and this Na is followed by Chha so now this Na will be substituted by Nya and so we will have the form Rajain Chakram. In all these cases we observe that Th, Th and Dha they are all first substituted by Dha and then this Dha gets substituted by Jha. Similarly we have Thadadhana followed by Chha these are the template examples and so we have Sath plus Chhaidha. Once again Tha is substituted by Dha, Sath plus Chhaidha then Dha gets substituted by Jha, Saj Chhaidha then Jha gets substituted by Chha so we have Sath Chhaidha that is Sath Chhaidha. Then we have Math plus Chhatra where Tha is substituted first by Dha and then next this Dha is substituted by Jha then Jha by Chha so we have Math Chhatra finally Math Chhatra. Then we have Marudh plus Chhaya and this Dha is substituted by Jha so we have Marudh Chhaya Jha is substituted by Chha and finally we have Marudh Chhaya then we have Yudh plus Chhatra this Dha is substituted by Dha first Dha substituted by Jha and then Jha by Chha so we have Yudh Chhatra that is Yudh Chhatra finally we have Sun plus Chhatra and this is an example of Pada and external Sandhi Sandhi in between two Padas so Sun plus Chhatraha and this Nha will be substituted by Nha so we have Sai Chhatraha that is Sai Chhatraha as the output. Then we have Tathadadhana plus Jha and the output generated is Chachha Jha Jha Nha plus Jha so we have the compound example Sat plus Jhana so Tha coming at the end of this word and Jha coming at the beginning of this Adarpada this is a compound so Samhita is obligatory and so this Tha will be then substituted by Dha Sat plus Jhana and this Dha will be substituted by Jha Sat plus Jhana that is Satjhana similarly Math plus Jhara Tha will be substituted by Dha first and then Dha will be substituted by Jha and so we will have Madjhara then we have Tadha plus Jha where Dha is substituted by Jha so we have Tadjha plus Jha that is Tadjha similarly Yudha plus Jhana and Yudha has Dha at the end followed by Jha this is a compound so now Dha will be first substituted by Dha then this Dha by Jha and finally we will get the form Yudha similarly San plus Jha and here we have Nha substituted by Nha so we have San Jha Sai Jha in all these four cases we observe that Tha Tha and Dha first gets substituted by Dha the Sutra Jalaam Chashontai applies over here and substitutes these sounds by Dha and then this Dha gets converted into Jha is substituted by Jha then we have the template example Tha Tha Dha Dha Nha plus Jha and the output generated is Chacha Jha Jha Nha plus Jha so we have Sath plus Jhasha there are not many words in Sanskrit that begin with Jha so we have Sath plus Jhasha an example of a compound where Tha is first substituted by Dha then this Dha by Jha and here 8 440 applies so we have Sath plus Jhasha that is Sath Jhasha as the derived output next we have Math plus Jhasha and the Sutra applies that is 8 239 Jalaam Chashontai so Tha is substituted by Dha so we have Math plus Jhasha then 8 440 applies and then the next substitute is Math plus Jhasha that is Math Jhasha then we have Uddh plus Jhara next example where Dha is substituted by Jha by the application of 8 440 and we get Uddh plus Jhara that is Uddh Jhara then we have Uddh plus Jhara Jha Uddh ends in Dha Jhara begins with Jha so now first 8 239 applies and substitutes Dha by Dha so we have Uddh plus Jhara Jha here 8 440 applies and substitutes this Dha by Jha so we have Uddh plus Jhara Jha we join it together and we get Uddh Jhara Jha similarly Sai plus Jhara Jha this is an example of Sandhi between two padas Sai sun plus Jhara Jha and so we get Nha substituted by Nha so we have Sai plus Jhara Jha Sai Jhara Jha and finally we have Tathadadhana followed by Nha and the output generated is Chacha Jha Jha followed by Nha so we have examples Sat plus Yungo Vey Yungo Vey is a very rare form in fact there are no words beginning with Nha in Sanskrit Yungo Vey is the past perfect of the verbal root Ngong Shabde so that is what is used over here so we have Sat plus Yungo Vey and here Sat gets substituted by Dha Dha gets substituted by Jha here the sutra applies and then Jha gets substituted by Nha so we have Sai Yungo Vey as the finally derived form similarly Math plus Yungo Vey Jalaam Jashwanty applies and first we have Math plus Yungo Vey Dha is substituted by Jha over here by the application of this particular sutra at 440 Math plus Yungo Vey then this Jha is substituted by Nha by another sutra and we have My Yungo Vey as the finally derived output then we have Uddh plus Yungo Vey Dha is substituted by Jha and then Jha is substituted by Nha Dha is substituted by Jha by 8 440 and Jha is substituted by Nha a nasal by another sutra which we shall see later on which is Yaronu Nasi Kenu Nasi Kova so we have Ui plus Yungo Vey Ui Yungo Vey as the derived output then we have Uddh plus Yungo Vey and then Jalaam Jashwanty applies first you get Uddh plus Yungo Vey then this Dha is substituted by Jha Ujh plus Yungo Vey and then Jha is substituted by Nha so we have Nha in Yungo Vey that is the finally derived form finally we have Sun plus Yungo Vey and this Nha is directly substituted by Nha so we have Sun Yungo Vey Sun Yungo Vey as the finally derived output we have observed that in most of the cases Jalaam Jashwanty plays an important role in these derivations what Jalaam Jashwanty means is the following it means that at the end of a pada and we had all the examples of this kind there weren't any other examples even within a pada then we had two types of examples one as part of a sentence and one as part of a compound so at the end of a pada Jhal means all consonants minus the fifth consonant and Sir Her together this Jhal is substituted by Jash Jash is the third consonant now this Sutra 8239 obviously is arranged before 8440 and therefore 8239 applies first and in most of the cases substitutes 1 2 3 and 4 of 2 into its third consonant namely Dha then this Dha becomes an input to 8440 and then this Dha is substituted by Jha of the set of the substitute namely Chhu this is very interesting and this is what we note even though the Sutra says Sthu is to be replaced by Chhu the internal derivation process of Ashtadhyay dictates that Sthu be replaced by Dha in the first cases and then this Dha gets replaced by Jha which is part of Chhu in case of the right hand side environment of the fifth consonant of Chhu that is Nya then this becomes output of 8440 and this output becomes an input of 8445 which is Yaro no nasi ke no nasi ko va and then this substitutes the third and the fifth of two that is the Nna by the fifth of Chhu that is Nya given this interrelation of rules part of 8440 enjoys redundancy this will be the case in case of other rules dealing with the Halsandhi which we shall see later on arrangement of such rules dealing with Halsandhi in the Asit Dha Kanda in which rules are non-existent for the subsequent rules this is a hallmark of Paninian grammar of the treatment of Halsandhi all the examples of this Halsandhi are those of external Sandhi that is Sandhi between two Padas either as part of the sentence or as part of the compound no internal Sandhi environment is such that it fulfills the conditions of application of 8440. Next after having finished the Shchitva Sandhi we proceed to study the Shchitva Sandhi in the next lecture. Thank you for your patience.