 Nanopharmaceuticals based on nanomaterials and nanotechnology are used for drug delivery, nanodrugs and nanotherapies, in vivo imaging, in vitro diagnostics, biomaterials, and active implants. The importance of nanoscience and nanotechnology in China is increasing, and the scientific community should educate the public about the changes this new era will bring. This review focuses on advances in research and development of nanomaterials, nanotechnology, and nanopharmaceuticals in China, specifically anti-cancer drugs and biological evaluation studies of nanomaterials. This article was authored by Chan Xiaolu.