 Welcome to the 2022 Joel Lecture. I'm really pleased that we've been able to put this one on because, as you all know, we couldn't have one last year. And to make up for that, we haven't got one professor tonight, but we have two, a professor of two subject areas. So I think it's going to be a little bit different from our usual discussions and talks over the Joel Lecture. But I see a few new faces in the audience and I feel really I should explain a little bit about why it's the Joel Lecture and exactly what the Joel Lecture is. So I'm just going to show you, this is the total by the way of my slides, I'm just going to show you one slide which kind of summarises what went on. It might be a bit crowded so I need to sort of explain what's on this slide. This blue bar here represents things that went on at the Middlesex Hospital and its medical score. And this blue bar down here represents what went on at University College Hospital and its appropriate medical score. And the story of the Joel chair really starts back around about 1745 when the Middlesex Infirmary was established. It was established in two small houses in Woodmill Street, which is just off Tottenham Court Road. And for about eight years it remained there and then the hospital was rebuilt in Mortimer Street and was there until 2005 when they knocked it down and made it into some very expensive flats. In between all of that various activities took place and this is an important day. 1792 is when the Middlesex started to specialise in cancer treatment and the Joel chair is very much tied up with the ideas of cancer treatment. And it was established with a total sum of £400 in those days which now represents around about £30,000 to establish one ward that would treat cancer patients for the poor. And then we move on to the establishment of the Middlesex Hospital medical score. And the reason the Middlesex developed medical score was because somebody over the other side of the road, i.e. UCL, its appropriate medical score, had just got started and they would begin it to steal the students. So in order to avoid that happening the medical score was established. Having said that, people were being trained from a very early establishment of the Middlesex Hospital. Then I got this rather long period in which lots of interesting things went on and I'll say just a word or two about these two gentlemen in a moment. But in this area clearly something happened which was quite important in the discovery of x-rays and radar activity which is again very relevant to the treatment of cancer. 1912, the Middlesex Medical School received £250,000 which in today's money is around about £35 million to establish four chairs and the associated laboratories that would help towards the treatment and the development of understanding of cancer. And those were called the Bernato-Joel laboratories and in fact when I joined the Middlesex which was a long time ago, they actually joined the Bernato-Joel laboratories. And in 1912 they were left a very large amount of money and in 1913 the first hospital physicist was established at the Middlesex Hospital. He then became the first Joel Chair in 1920. So the Joel Chair using the money that was given by the Bernato-Joel family to establish these four chairs, the Joel Chair was established there. And it is believed to be the first chair of medical physics or physics associated with medicine in the world. So it's a relatively novel situation and hence the reason why we celebrate it once a year. We then move up to 1986 when the two medical schools, University College and Middlesex merged together and hence the Joel Chair moved to University College because the merging of those two medical schools brought that back together. But where did all this money come from? And I just want to briefly turn you where this money came from to give us this equivalent of £30 million. But it is quite an interesting story. These two guys were born in about 1850 in the east end of London and in order to make money they used to entertain people in pubs and associated sort of areas. They would carry out songs and dances, they would entertain people in any sort of way they could in order to get some money. In 1867 diamonds were discovered in South Africa. Some young lad of 15 years old was scrubbing around in the river of his father's farm, came across a very shiny rock and that would be discovered in diamonds. Four years later these two guys decided they could take their entertainment to South Africa to entertain the miners that were looking after trying to get diamonds out of the mines. They go there and 17 years later they managed to build up their own diamond company and they sold out to De Beers for £5.3 million. That's equivalent to £750 million today. So it was quite a feat coming out of the money that they then invested in gold mining and made even more money. It's not, unfortunately, a very happy story because various other members of the family were involved in this and there were lots of arguments and a lot of people dying for reasons which people were not too clear. But the net result is that the middle sex managed to get this large amount of money if you co-create the Gerald Share and we now celebrate that Gerald Share. I'm going to invite Adam to come and give us a talk tonight because it's a slightly different talk, I understand. We've got music, we've got manuscripts, not the normal run of the mill for medical physics, but what I think we're going to learn is how you can use medical physics to look at other much more interesting films. They also are things that don't move, really, which is an advantage because sometimes patients move around, which is a bit tricky. Adam, please come and give us a 2022 Gerald Share. Thank you, Robert. Thank you for inviting me to give this talk. You've set me up on a slightly the wrong thread to begin with because these things do move, particularly when you put them in a room like this which is hot and sweaty. These parchment scrolls are going to hate me in here, so I apologise. Robert explained how I've currently got a dual appointment, so my background is in medical physics, but part-time vacancies became available in UCL's Institute for Sustainable Heritage. I'm now spending my time between those two roles. It's particularly nice for me to stand here and see people from medical physics and from heritage and from some of the medical and heritage institutions that I've worked with in the audience. Like Robert said, I'm going to try and talk about how I've tried to combine two different areas of science, how I've used medical physics in heritage and started to come back the other way as well. I've spent a while working out how best to frame this talk, what the narrative should be, but then Tabitha, who you'll meet later on, offered to bring some of the objects that we've imaged, and that seemed like too good an opportunity to miss. I've largely based the talk about some interesting case studies, but I've tried to pull out the narrative of the prosfertilisation of ideas between medical physics and heritage science. Some of these connections are weak, some of them are strong, but I'll try and pull out these connections. What you see on the screen here is just an example image from each area, which you will meet again later on. You've got optical imaging of the neonatal grain on the left, and you've got some images, some drawings by Leonardo da Vinci on the right. Robert mentioned this, and I thought it was worth looking briefly at how I came to be in a position where I can combine medical physics and heritage science. I can tell this through two stories. I've got the traditional academic career pack, which a lot of people here wouldn't be able to tell. I did my first degree in medical physics in Cardiff, and one of the reasons I chose Cardiff was that I was determined I didn't want to live and work in London. The first moment of that story is that your plans don't always work out as you intend them to do. I ended the excellent Grinier training scheme, which is a two-year hospital-based medical physics scheme, where you trained to be a hospital medical physicist, but then included a master's which I did in Bristol and Exeter. My master's project was in ultrasound, and I did that in Bristol with people like Peter Wells, Mike Hallowell, Doug Follett, who a lot of people here will know. Peter Wells gave one of these dual lectures earlier on in the series. Looking back now, it was certainly one of the best places in the country to learn ultrasound, and probably one of the best places in the country to learn medical physics research. I probably didn't make as much of it at the time as I could have done, but I did realise that my heart was in research more than it was in clinical medical physics. I applied for a PhD here at UCL with David Holder and Richard Bafford in Electrical Impedance Tomography of Brain Functions. What you can see on the right-hand side here is slices through the head going from top to bottom, from bottom to top. The bright bit is where we were stimulating the brain with light and showing that the brain responds in such a way that it can be picked up by measuring the electrical conductivity. I then stepped sideways into diffuse optical imaging and managed to get an EPSRC Advanced Research Fellowship where we were looking at combining optical imaging with other anatomical imaging techniques. That's probably about 15 years ago, and that's research which is still ongoing now. It's still an unsolved problem. I then got the fabulous Challenging Engineer Award, which was pretty much a pot of money to spend on what I wanted to do. It was great. I really use this in two areas. The picture in the middle is one I used in the interview. It's taken from one of our optical breast images. The contrast here is optical absorption of light by blood. You can see an increase in optical absorption where the tumour is. It's such a happy coincidence that the physical parameters that we measure, whether it's optical absorption or x-ray parameters, tend to correlate with what the doctors want to know. What we actually want to know isn't the optical absorption of light. It's the tumour. It's the probability that that pixel corresponds to a tumour or not. I was wondering how we could move in the direction of imaging the biology of tissue rather than the physical properties of tissue. It turns out that this concept is probably better developed in heretic science than it is in medical physics. Some of the colleagues in Institute for Sustainable Heritage are taking measured parameters from environmental monitoring and using that to predict the lifetime of objects in a collection, when they're going to decay, when you should start to worry about them. That is using the same concept. It's taking the physical or chemical measurements and using that to predict the actual parameters of interest. I also use the Challenge Engineering Award to diversify away from diffuse optical imaging into a number of areas, and two areas became my main research themes, one being radiotherapy and one being heritage imaging, and I'll talk about those later on. I said I have two ways of describing my career path, and I'm going to embark on the next one, which is somewhat of an indulgence, but if you can't indulge yourself in a drill lecture, when can you indulge yourself? This is my alternative career as an expedition leader. I've helped to lead a number of youth expeditions to various parts of the world, and I can talk about how they have fed back into my science. This was taken in a forest reserve in Kenya where I joined a group of people tracking the social behaviour of colobus monkeys. You can see the monkeys in the tree here. We were the first group to recognise all the monkeys in the troop by name, so we could follow them through the forest and write down who was doing what to whom as the day progressed. On the right, I'm snorting along a colobeef and macking out degradation due to a lot of fishing, and both these led indirectly to publications and contribution to real scientific projects. Looking back to get photos of these, crocodile speech had much more heavily than I realised. On the left, we're working on a crocodile farm weighing the crocodiles and making sure the big ones don't eat the little ones by putting them into a pen for the bigger ones. On the right, this is in St Lucia reserve in South Africa where the crocodiles were diminishing in size. They were starving and it was felt that there might have been a mercury poisoning. We had some help. We had people who knew about crocodiles to capture crocodiles and take a blood sample. It turns out we found the biggest crocodile ever measured in this national park. As the resident scientist, I was the person writing down the dimensions and the size. We couldn't measure away because it was too big. These tricks normally involve some expeditions in the desert involving camels, which led to a real highlight of my teaching earlier this year. For a number of years, I've been teaching human thermodynamics on tennis's physics of the human body module. I've used a clip where a camel's snout is dissected and they show the heat exchange mechanism in a camel. That clip was presented by Simon Watt. Simon, I found, is now a member of staff in this department. I don't recommend seeing Simon. Simon's not here, but he's a member of staff in this department. Earlier on this year, I did this teaching, I showed this film, and then Simon joined me and we were able to discuss how he did the film and why he did those camels and just expanded on that. In what I thought was a really exciting way, I'm not sure that students enjoyed it as much as I did. We're trying to do a bit of science on the expeditions as well. This is taking ticks from a camel. Some of the camels treated with one anti-tick medicine and another treated with another anti-tick medicine. During the expedition, we sampled ticks to find out whether one medicine worked better than the other or not. On the right, this has got an interesting story around it. We came across this abandoned church. The broken dishes clearly abandoned in a hurry with some recent graves out of the back. It clearly had some recent trauma. The graffiti at the back, it could be intentional, I'd be thinking about this, but the writing at the back says, watun ym ni, which means people of peace. We have no idea what had happened to leave this church in this situation. The young people who were encouraged to do field work might be in scientific field work, how we're sending them to astronomy, photography and things like that. One of the young people chose to write a story about this, exploring one possible series of events that might have happened to the church being left in this state. That put me in mind of some work we're doing now in a new master's programme on heritage, evidence, foresight and policy, where we're looking at how heritage can be used to think about the future and one method that can be used is by using speculative fiction and writing stories that explore what might happen in the future. It's really nice for me to see that reflected between this traditional world and my new heritage world. That's probably what you didn't come to hear about. What you did come to hear about is me talking about medical physics and heritage science. I've clustered things into groups and the first topic I'm going to loosely call scientific photography. The first thing I'm going to talk about is radiotherapy, partly because it brings out some interesting concepts, but also because of this being the Joel lecture and the Joel legacy being set up for cancer. In radiotherapy we want to deliver a dose of radiation that's sufficient to kill the tumor, while at the same time delivering a small enough dose elsewhere so that side effects are minimised and are acceptable. This needs some careful quality assurance. It's a high precision delivery of radiation. A lot of testing of the machines. This can take a long time, so we start looking alternative way of doing quality assurance by taking photographs of the light emitted by a radiotherapy beam. Radiotherapy in that your lecturers, electrons, protons, these are unvisible, none of them emit light. What are we actually doing here? In this case we're shining a beam of electrons into the top of a tank of water. We're changing the energy of the electrons and as the energy increases you can see penetrates further into the water. Electrons are invisible but we're taking photographs of it, so what's going on? It turns out that the electrons have got such high energy they travel almost at the speed of light in a vacuum. They travel faster than the speed of light in water. If you travel faster than the speed of light in water you emit light. This is Cherenkov radiation and it's the same physics that makes a nuclear active glow blue. What we've seen is the glow from electrons travelling faster than the speed of light. If we take these photographs and we analyse them and study them we can work out the range, we can work out how far the electrons travel and not that energy against the distance in red our images and in black the standard measurements. We can come pretty close to the acceptable measurements for penetration of electrons in radiotherapy. This looks superficially similar but we've got a beam coming from the left-hand side here or protons this time rather than electrons. Protons don't travel fast enough to emit Cherenkov light. Instead of shining through a tank of water we've shown them through a scintillator. That's a plastic block with some chemicals in it which emit light when they're hit by radiation. It looks the same but the physics is a little bit different. I can actually show you an example of scintillation using this, which is a bottle of atomic water and if I shine my ultraviolet torch through there you should be able to see the blue glow through the atomic water. The quinine in the atomic water scintillates and that's the same physics as what we're using to measure the penetration of this proton beam. Again if we change the energy we get different penetrations and we can plot out the intensity and work out how far the protons are travelling into the scintillator. What you really want to do in radiotherapy if you want to make big impact is work with x-rays because most radiotherapy is done using x-rays. This is a particular x-ray system called a cyber knife where the linear accelerator, the device that produces the x-rays is on a robot arm and it can target the tumor from all directions from 50 and 60 degrees in all ways. A user image for treating tumors in the brain there might be 200-300 beams all converging on this tumor at the same time. Doing quality control of this is really hard and what we started looking at is whether we can record a video as this beam passes through the scintillator block and use that to work out whether the geometry of the beam is correct and appropriate. This is just a picture showing our camera looking at the block of scintillator in the treatment room. It turns out this is a bit more complicated than you think it might be. What we do is just looking at the simple case now we've got a single beam coming in from the top and we can measure along the middle of the beam and as we do so we measure the brightness and we plot the dose delivered which is the equivalent to the brightness against death and you can see we now no longer get a good agreement between our image and the standard measurements. The blue line from our image diverges. So something's going on here it took us a while to work out what's going on but what's going on here is that we're shining x-rays into a scintillator block so we're seeing scintillation light but we are also liberating electrons that travel faster than the speed of light so we've got both scintillation light and Cherminkoff light going on at the same time and that makes the mass of separating the two out much harder. So Jeremy O'Camper is a PhD student at the moment looking at ways of separating out the scintillation light from the Cherminkoff light either by using a physical experimental method or by training a machine learning algorithm to recognise the difference between the different forms of light. So that's some scintillation it's using photography to look at radiotherapy now let's use photography to look at objects. This is our multispectral imaging system we've got a camera here looking down for a filter wheel onto the objects which are illuminated by computer controlled lighting where we can change the wavelength. The next image is looks rather boring but that's because it's using ultraviolet light which neither my camera nor your eyes are sensitive to. So you've seen very little light coming from the light panels here but what you can see is a bright reflection coming from the object that we're looking at that's scintillation again we call it fluorescence in this context but that shows that the ultraviolet light can activate the paper and we can then image that as an extra piece of information. So we illuminate with ultraviolet light and then we step through the wavelengths of the illumination panels one at a time and we illuminate with 16 different wavelengths. So a normal photograph that you might take with your camera has got three wavelengths in it it's got red, green and blue. Here we've got something with 16 or 20 wavelengths so we get a lot more information about the colour we also use ultraviolet so we can get fluorescence and you'll see we get further into the red we eventually get infrared which allows us to see a little bit deeper into the object that we're looking at. So the first object I'm going to talk about is this music manuscript which can be provided I've got to say the biggest thanks come to Sarah, Katie and people from Special Collections who have brought these wonderful objects to look at but the one I'm going to talk about first is this one on the front here and you can see afterwards we've come to have a look that the bottom part of it is almost completely illegible it's just erased and I've blown it up here you really can't see what's going on here but when we image it with our 16 wavelength system and use a statistical technique called principle component analysis you can start to pull out the musical notation and also some writing down here but we might have to identify the writing that's saying libero me domine de morte eterna which is part of a Catholic prayer not only have we identified the writing we've also identified the music and now we're going to pass over to Tabitha who is kindly going to play it and I think we can claim we can't claim this in the world premiere because Tabitha has played this before in a previous workshop but we can probably claim this and the second time this has been heard in about 800 years It would have been some but I'm quite bad at singing it Thank you Tabitha, sorry for the distractions The next thing I want to talk about is another one of the things that he quite early on This was reading the name of a person who buried in an ancient Egyptian coffin This was work mainly done by Kerry Jones who was going to be here but she's ill and hasn't been able to make it unfortunately but this was on the ABC news report with Palab Ghosh so I'm going to let Palab and Kerry tell this story The hieroglyphics found in the tombs of the pharaohs show the lives of the ancient Egyptians but the paintings are what the rich and powerful wanted the people to know they are the propaganda of their time but now there's a wealth of information about ordinary people being discovered using a new scientific technique With a specially modified camera researcher Kerys Jones takes photos of a mummy's case at Chiddingsden castle in Kent You can't see anything with a naked eye but using infrared a name is revealed Ahora Erit Heraru a common name in ancient Egypt it's a Stephen or David of its time It was amazing everyone in the room gasped and people jumped up and ran to the computer because in that one image you could read it So the people at Chiddingsden castle have now changed their display to present the name of the person of the copper which was really nice Another highlight was this opportunity to image the drawings by Leonardo da Vinci which was brought to us by Alan Donathon in the audience here These are properties of the royal collection so I do need to add this rather good copyright notice The first object I'll talk about is this drawing of an arm This is a study for a painting of the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and the Lamb which is in the Louvre and I managed to see both the drawing that we studied and the painting that it's a study for in Leonardo exhibition in the Louvre Museum and you can see this arm being here So when we image this we focused in, this is Kerrith again focusing particularly on this part of the arm here and one of the interesting things we saw this was taken under red light and you don't see much that you don't see under normal lighting but under infrared light you get a little bit more penetration infrared light travels a little bit further into the paper travels beyond the first layer of drawing and you can see this line here which corresponds to the outline of her arm so that suggests that Leonardo drew the arm first and then afterwards drew on the drapery rather than doing the drapery first which to be fair it's what I would have done but Leonardo probably knows more about these things This is another to the naked eye somewhat underwhelming drawing this is a silver point drawing drawn by a silver mid pen on a roughened paper You can see a bit of a shadow of something going on down here but it's not clear what but if we image this under ultraviolet light and look at the fluorescence you see much more detail of interest it's really startling and this has led us to wonder maybe start us to think about whether it's neat for some of the drawing down here compared to those up here or whether it's just been stored differently or something like that I think when we're not still quite sure why these are visible and these aren't One thing that's nice to me is that I've been able to translate this multi-spectam if you work back into medical physics This was a undergraduate project This was based on looking at blisters using blisters as a model for allergies and things like that and wondering whether you can get understand the blood flow the increase in vascularisation around the blister using multi-spectam imaging You can see if you use different wavelengths if you use a visible wavelength you don't see much penetration at all you're just looking at the skin surface but if you use infrared you look through the hairs, through the skin and you can see the blood vessels underneath So we're currently wondering whether we can use this skin reaction in radiotherapy to try and work out whether people are going to get debilitating somewhere in an effective way with radiotherapy and if we know what's going to happen we might be able to do something to prevent it So the next area we're going to look at is nearing threat imaging and spectroscopy We've been using this in the department for many years and the reason is that it blows very strongly coloured We've got a bright colour so it should be very amenable to detection using light but not only has blood got a bright colour blood with oxygen has got a very different colour from blood without oxygen which means that if you use two colours you can work out how much blood there is and how much oxygen it's carrying and this is the basis of pulse oximetry which we'll probably know a lot more about that now following COVID Of course it's important to calibrate pulse oximetry and make sure that they're consistent and for that we need a suitable volunteer Most of our work has been nearing threat spectroscopy has been in imaging and for that you need more than one source and one detector which you get with pulse oximetry you need multiple sources and multiple detectors So this is a study we did using optical sources and detectors on the scalp of a baby who's about to undergo the heel prick test so they're about to draw blood from the heel What you can see on the right is the map that we reconstructed looking across the top of the head here so the cartoon shows the nose at the top so this is the midline you're looking at the right and the left of the head I'm going to start counting down from five seconds I'm going to start counting down from five seconds and you'll see a flash when the heel prick test happens and then after that you'll see a change in the colour of the change in blood with a few seconds following the heel prick test So this adds to evidence about to what extent babies feel sensation and whether that sensation may or may not be interpreted as pain there's still some debate as to whether this reflects pain or not So we've spoken about using 16 wavelengths just that neelfed the ecological mapping was using two wavelengths our high-perspectal imaging system can use about 600 wavelengths and that's a scanning system that we've used to image paintings So this illuminates an area but it only detects light from a line on the area so if you imagine that line consisting of a line of pixels each of these pixels is split into its spectrum so each pixel becomes its own spectrum and that's imaged so for each image we get a what we call an image cube the surface of the cube if you like shows the spatial extent of the image but behind each pixel you've got the whole spectrum so which you can do a lot more processing up on and we use this to image this painting by Mazzetti, which is called LaGuerla it's held by the Guildhall Art Gallery and they brought it to us as part of a renovation project this work was led by Charlie Willard who's in the audience and again this device takes high-perspectal imaging to a new area where we've got both high-spatial and high-special resolution so we're combining the benefits of photography that gives you high-spatial resolution with traditional high-perspectal imaging that gives you high-special resolution up here we've got the limits to what we're going to do you don't want to see on the screen what I think is the most attractive part whether there's any good painting with this image we can extract the spectrum profile for an area on the edge there so this is going to average over the circle on the edge there that's one very good spectrum profile there's the area on the edge there there's the area next to it where we can analyse and show different profile so we can scroll through the different subjects here so we'll see different features to come to all the parameters to go through each level so we're at a blue range now going through to the green range and the rest and up to the new red region now the problem is that when you get 600 wavelengths of each pixel is visualising it on the screen and y nifer gennych, mae'n deall yn eu defyn yn ei dyn ar ysgol nhw. Yn y fwy gyrfa yma'r rhai hwn, rwy'n gweithio'r bywcau ffRO i ddechrau'r ysbytyd sy'n hoffi i ddiwaith gan y ddechrau Llinegysgol i Gwylon. Oesrw'n hyn yn ddweud i'r ffRO i ddeg wisdomu. Yn hyn, os gyn nhw hefyd rhai hwnnw gwybwyng, eswod yn 3 o gwybwyng y ffRO ac nid ydw i'r dnyf arweithio'r gwybwyng. Ac ydych chi dwybod, cy concludelliad yn gweithio felly wrth bod ar hyn yn gweithio'r cyllid, allan cyllid yr ysgol, ond yn gweithio fel ei ddwyno a'r cyllid yn cyfrifydd. Mae'r cyllid yn gallu ffeydd i'r fawr ym mwy o wneud i'r angen i ffyn下次d cyllid, yw'r ddweud wrth fawr ddydd yn cyfrifyn sydd gwyloedd y cyllid yn y cwmparu. A dyna, rwy'n gweithio'r gweithio yma yw ni'n ymwys i. A dyna y tro i ddweud – yw'r gyllid yn gweithio. Felly, ydych chi'n gweithio y tawmethau yma, ydych chi'n gweithio'r ffordd. A yna'r anhygoel y llyfr yng Nghymru, ac mae'n geniologau. Mae'n cymaint o'r anhygoel yng Nghymru, ac mae'n gweithio'r anhygoel yng Nghymru, ac mae'n gweithio'r anhygoel yng Nghymru, Adam and Eve. Mae'n gweithio'r document. Oe'r cymaint o'r anhygoel yng Nghymru yn cael cysyllt y panig yw'r cysyllt. Efall been, mae'n cynnig anhygoel sydd o'r cysyllt yng Nghymru sydd eich panig yw'r long ac ddim. Mae'r ardogfodio'r anhygoel yng Nghymru yw mae'n cael, a hyd yn gweithio'r ziw. Mae'r anhygoel yng Nghymru yw'r cysyllt yng nghymru agn nhw. Mae'n gweithio'r document, ac wedi'u gŵt o'r ddwych gyllidion, mae'n gweithio'r dwych gweithio. Menai, yma'r rhaid positifau a'r gweithio o gael i'w gweithio gwahodd arwain, dwi'n rhaid sy'n dda'r llinwys, a'r casg mae'r gweithio'n gweithio ar yna, escenarau'r gweithio, oherwydd yna ddim sy'n dweud bod ein gwithio eich gwahodd, yn un gwithio i'r gwithio i'r gwahodd. Yr hyn oedd yn y fwyaf i'r ysbodaeth, er mwyn ar y gyllidus. Roedd chymaeth wedi gychwyn i'w gwahodd, ond wedyn wedi'i gweithio'r gweithio'n mynd. ychydig y gwneud o'r cyfnod benedig ar y bryd, mae'n ddweud o'r ddegonwch bod mae'na yn ystyried ar gyfer y ffordd, ond mae'n ddiw i'n meddwl gyda'r gwirio. Tymograffy yn y ffordd, mae oedd gennym iawn i'r meddwl mewn i weld yn ymddangosol, ac mae'r ffordd o'r cyffredd yn mynd i'r cyffreddau. Gallwch, gallwch, i 16 oesol, mae'n amlwg ymingwyr 32 yn cael meddwl yma, ar y mynd i'r cynulliad a'r ddylch honno. Rwm oedd 32 ar 33 meddwl, a fyddwch chi gallwn digon o'i meddwl yma. Yn ddigon, mae'n meddwl yma, wedi'u fちょ ni arno eich meddwl yn cael meddwl i'w meddwl ff"! Am hyn mae'n meddwl y modod yma hwn yn hyfrwg ddweud o ddigon o'u meddwl i'r meddwl i'r meddwl i'w meddwl i'r meddwl, ac we work out what would have happened inside the head to give us the measurements that we obtain, given our knowledge of where the light must have travelled. This gives me the opportunity to show one of my favourite videos of all time. I think this is Toppen's hand here, and this is invoking the movement part of this baby's brain as we are imaging. Before and after, and look at the difference in the brain before and after we invoke activity. This is a series of 16 slices from the left ear going across to the right ear with the nose at the front and the back of the head at the back here. The right ear corresponds to the right ear on the brain, which is the somatosensory cortex. That's the part of the brain that deals with feeling and movement. We're pretty confident that we are localising the blood flow activity to the correct part of the brain that is being activated by moving the baby's arm. Tomography is the process of creating a 3D image from projections through the object. You're probably more familiar with that in terms of x-ray computer tomography. I don't think Bob will forgive me if I didn't show this piece of work. This is the anti-kithra mechanism. This is a 2000-year-old Greek calculating device, which was found about 100 years ago in a shipwreck at the bottom of the Mediterranean. After it had been underwater for 1900 years. So it's in a rotten state. It looks like it brought you up and just thought it was a lump of corroded bronze. Then somebody looked it more closely or took an x-ray picture of it and saw wheels inside it and thought it looked like something interesting. So then about 15 years ago there was a project that took a CT scanner to Athens and imaged these immutable fragments, imaged each fragment. And worked out that there are a series of interconnecting gear wheels. It's believed to have 37 gear wheels. The largest one is about 13 centimetres and it's got 223 teeth, all cut by hand of course, 2000 years ago. The current best thought is that these gear wheels controlled pointers to dials on the front. The dials were etched and were able to show the positions of the moon and the sun and the eclipses of the moon and the sun and what type of eclipse it was, the motion and position of the known planets at the time and also four different cycles of Olympic games. It's an extraordinary device and there's probably nothing of equivalent complexity built for about one and a half millennia after this. So where have we come into this? Well, when they obtain the CT images, the CT dataset consisted of a series of images as the object rotated. Each image we call a projection and we can view these like this. So here the object is rotated and they took about 3000 images as the object rotated. This is just an allen key they put in for lining up and things like that. But you can see the object rotated. Now if you watch it closely, this comes to about 900. I'll tell you when it gets there if you can't see. You'll see a little jump in the rotation and that comes in anytime now. What's a little jump? There, did you see that little jump in the rotation? So that happened because the CT system wasn't talking properly to the computer and it lost some of these projections. So some of these projections were not acquired and not downloaded or not acquired in the first place. So when they tried to reconstruct the images, they came out a little bit blurry. So this is an image that shows some writing on the... You've got an instruction manual written on it and this is some of the writing that makes up the instruction manual. So one of the guys that were part of the Antikythra project, Tony Freith, came and gave a talk here. And afterwards I said, look, medical physics, CT scanning, we know a bit about that. Is there anything we can do to help? And he said, well actually, yeah, there's these missing projections. So I said this as a student project and Ash Camp Pact that was here took this on as his final year project and worked out which projections were missing and how best to compensate for them. So Ash Camp was able to reconstruct this image, which is the sharpest and highest resolution image of the world's oldest computer for his undergraduate project. Which is not a bad deal actually. The people that look at these things have been able to work out that the writing is clearer on Ash Camp's reconstruction than the first one and we've been able to read a few letters that were allegedly written before but make more letters certain that we thought we knew before. What we found if we're working with these iconic objects, whether it's the Antikythra mechanism or Leonardo's joint or whatever, they're all very, very well studied. So if you provide more information, you can normally only find a little bit of incremental information on top of what they're all already. And so in this case, we did provide that incremental information and the images that Ash Camp reconstructed have been used subsequently in other publications. So the last part of the talk was laparoscopy, wasn't it? And here we can talk about the final thing that I'm going to mention, which is this wonderful book on the front here. So this is an anatomical textbook printed in 1555. So you're looking at something about 500 years old. It was printed and had a separate sheet and this sheet had instructions on it telling you to glue it onto another sheet, put it out, and then once you cut up this page, it's written on how to assemble it into a pop-up anatomy. So if you can look at this closely, you'll see the diaphragm is above the spleen and the spleen is above the kidneys and the kidneys are above the liver and it builds up the anatomy in three dimensions. Tabithan asked me if we could look underneath these flaps because they felt quite stiff and we weren't quite sure what had been going on to assemble these flaps. So we borrowed a lacroscope from colleagues in the rice centre and peered underneath these flaps and managed to record this video. So what you can see here is these dots here, these dots are hair particles. So that tells us that we're looking at parchment rather than paper. You can see fibres coming off as well. That's all telling us that we're looking at parchment rather than paper. The other thing which you can see on here is this word here, which is phlegmon, which is apparently a letter for phlegmon. So that's telling us that this is a medical book and Tabithan has managed to identify the text that it came from as a 12th century commentary on a book by Hippocrates. So you can imagine this Professor of Anatomy in 1555 having his new Veselius book delivered and realised that this page in here that means cutting up. Going to his bookshelf and taking the 12th century commentary, which is now obsolete because he's got his Veselius, it takes his obsolete book down, rits it up and uses it to assemble the new pop-up anatomy. It's interesting that now is probably the reason why we still have this 12th century text. If it hadn't been used to rebuild this 16th century text, we would probably have lost the 12th century one, as is the way of many of these things. So in destroying it, he's preserved it. So that brings me to the end of what I wanted to say about heritage imaging and medical physics. I hope that I've managed to show some of the challenges and some of the joy of doing this multi-disciplinary work. It's very collaborative. That's a great joy, but it doesn't make an acknowledgement so I'm very difficult to prepare. So I'm not going to try it and thank everybody. I'm going to thank Robert for inviting me to give this lecture, which has been a real privilege, and Naomi for her skill in organising it. You're all here because of Naomi. Special thanks, of course, to Tabitha and their colleagues in Special Collections for bringing the books, being brave enough to supply them when there's Indian straight water out. And to Tabitha, of course, for playing her lyra. I would like to thank everybody I've worked with, but there are too many. So that would mean that you wouldn't get the barbecue and the drinks. So, instead, I'm just going to thank those people who have encouraged and supported my dual career, especially Gem, Alan, Dave, and my current head of department, Andy and Ney. And thank you all, of course, for coming, especially those who've come a long way. Thank you. For those of you who don't know me, my name's Andy Nisbray. I'm the head of the medical physics and biomedical engineering department at the moment. And it's my real pleasure to just give a vote of thanks. So, before I come in and thank Adam formally, I'm just going to repeat the thanks to Sarah, Katie, and especially Tabitha for bringing along the piece exhibits from the Special Collections of the Musical Show. I'm going to look very carefully when Adam asked me to sign off risk assessments just to make sure that I'm not signing off or underwriting any insurance claims. I will thank Naomi again for the organisation. And, obviously, I will thank Professor Robert Speller, who is our current Joe Chet. I won't actually tell her that this isn't to do with you, Robert, but an anecdote because I didn't realise that the Joe Chet was funded through... I don't entertain them for the better words. And given the links to cancer and proton therapy, I was actually in the proton centre this afternoon. I was walking around with a colleague in the head of the proton therapy physics group and I said, actually, it's a bit smaller than other proton centres. And one of the reasons is that the Spearmint Rhino Gentleman's Club had built changing rooms underground, which no one knew about, and they were encompassing... they're intrep passing on what I planned to do besides the proton centre. So it had shrunk a little bit. I think that's karma, unfortunately. So, before I thank Adam and make a presentation, just to say that we won't be having a reception in the North Cloisters and the Wilkins Building, so please do join us there for some food and drink. And that brings me, obviously, to what was an amazing talk. The breadth of work that medical physics covers is amazing. I mean, people have worked with Adam Noel, passionate and exuberant he is about science, and the number of times he comes banding up to my office, or I pass him a mallet place and guess what, I'm imaging this this week. And I think it was last month, it was like triggered on speed, but this must be really special. It was the meteorite that had wiped out the dinosaurs that he was about to image, but I'm assuming that's going to be featuring in a future lecture. Still in the negotiations now. Still in the negotiations. So, thank you all for attending, and what I've got here is the dual lecture medal. So I'm going to come down to the front and present this and ask the photographer to make a talk. I'll just swap the lines so I'll keep talking. But it seems to me what was an excellent talk. It's really nice to be back, face to face, and I think it was an excellent lecture to get us back after hopefully the pandemic. I think the last one was GEN, which also had a musical interlude with the desert island discs. So I feel sorry for who I was going to follow. Thank you very much.