 My name is Jeff Hemingway. I'm the sole quality specialist here in South Dakota and today we're actually going to look at our our sole quality and water movement model Demonstration here is is is really set up for small groups classrooms Farm shows that kind of display and we'll just take it apart and actually look at the model and see what the components actually are Okay, as we're doing this the part of the model with hydrologic connectivity We're actually going to fill each one of these jars up with different soil components I've actually got a conventionally tilled soil a no-till soil. I've got soil. That's very high in clay and The basically a sand and depending on what you actually want to demonstrate You can use these components to actually look at those individually or in layers such that we can actually look at At water movement to look at confining layers, etc So basically what we're going to do right now is we're going to fill these jars up with Those components and then we're going to go back to looking at water movement through those those individual samples So as we fill these these jars up you need to keep in mind that We want the water to move through the soil and not preferentially around the outside So make sure that as you fill these these things up We do have the samples in there firmly and don't end up with voids around the outside of the jars So that water moment is through the soil matrix as we fill those up Okay, now that we actually have each one of these jars filled up With some different soil components. Let's talk about what we're actually trying to demonstrate here First of all is as we start looking across there There's all kinds of combinations you can actually do but these are just a few that you can actually do and we'll just talk about that the first one here is we just went through and we put that coarse sand in and we'll actually Look at water movement fairly rapidly through that that that sand and we'll talk some more about that But really that the whole issue there is that we have large pores. We really don't have any any aggregates we're talking about it's it's Very clean sands, so we're gonna actually have water move through there fairly rapidly The next one we actually have is we have a no-till soil And that's what this one is and it's it's has really good aggregate stability It's a loam something that we'd be looking at from an agricultural production standpoint is a very good soil And really what we're trying to demonstrate there is some really good aggregate stability and water movement through that anyway The next one here is conventionally tilled and then the comparison is going to be just this is that that as we start looking at This conventionally tilled soil water is not going to move through it as readily because it doesn't have that aggregate stability And you're going to actually see some differences between water movement and ponding of water itself So that's really what we're talking about there The next two demonstrations here that I actually have it's that we're really looking at not only water movement But looking at that water movement through and and talking about confining layers and different layering associated with soils This one is is our conventionally tilled soil again right here same thing water is moving through that But then we're going to hit a clay layer and we'll we'll look at that again a little bit here But you can actually see that that difference of Color in this particular case because that that that high That soil high and clay actually has this more gray color you can see that layered in there water is going to move down Through that it's basically going to stop the same thing is actually going to happen if we have a sand also We start talking about porosity and moving from a a fairly fine poor space to a large poor space Water needs to move from a gravitational water standpoint Because it's held by tension and when you move into that large poor space It's actually going to go from field capacity to gravitational water and then it'll become super saturated Before it actually moves into that next layer that is so radically different as far as poor space So we can demonstrate that with this one also We could use a straw layer in there In other words buried residue would do the same kind of thing So let's start looking at these things as we start adding water Okay, so if we actually look at the sand itself, it's very easy to see water movement down through this It's a good demonstration. It's really rapid movement because of the the coarse Sand material actually then see it start to move through that soil profile fairly rapid fairly apparent Water movement, we'll just keep adding water here and you'll see it move right straight through that profile and of course as we have water move down through that it'll come fairly soon and we can actually start to see it come right out of the bottom water moving all the way down through fairly rapid really coarse Then we'll let that drain out Let's go on to the the next sample we actually have it and this is a no-till sample That has really good aggregate stability in other words the higher amounts for gaining matter when we're looking at something That's hydrophobic to water. We're gonna end up with water moving down through that soil really fairly rapidly good permeability Frankly high permeability associated with those soils now from a conventionally tilled standpoint because we've oxidized or mineralized that are gaining matter You're gonna actually see poor aggregate stability and water movement associated with that is also going to be slower So we can actually demonstrate that by looking at both of these samples together, and we'll just start adding water and See what happens? Okay, as I look at my no-till sample. I've got water movement down through that that profile and again It's coming out the bottom fairly readily Let's look at our conventionally tilled sample here Actually, we're ponding water on the soil surface because we don't have that that soil structure and a few drops have come through but We really don't have any water movement Because it's sealed off that aggregate stability has broken down and we're ponding water In other words our infiltration rates are basically gone to zero where we can continue to still infiltrate water Through that no-till soil that has that really good aggregate stability and you can continue to see that actually occur over time In the last two samples that we actually have are really looking at differences in Soil textures we know that we can actually end up because of differences in parent material We can end up with differences in layering in other words. We can have Either soils that are radically different in texture From one horizon the next and like say in this particular case. We actually have layered a Layer of soil that actually is really high in clay In our conventionally tilled sample. This is our conventionally tilled sample, but here we have a layer of clay What's going to happen with this sample is that because of that clay has a very fine texture It has a high shrink swell capacity. It's actually going to Act as a confining layer. It's going to stop water movement down through that soil profile The same thing is actually going to happen with our next sample too Our other sample that we actually have set up here is has our conventionally tilled soil over top of a sand And what happens and again in this this the sand that we actually have as water moves down through this this Profile that we've set up we go from a fairly fine Texture that is a loam And then we move to something that's really core something that has really large pore spaces and because of those differences We're going to actually limit water movement and in fact when we start talking about that It's it's that water movement goes through that soil profile and because it's it's it's Moving gravitational water down through that profile It has to get to a condition of being super saturated before it's actually going to move into that larger pore space And we can demonstrate that With that sample so it's kind of a cool thing. We can do that with Residues also So let's look at these samples So again here, we're doing this on our clay layer and again you can see that Through our funnel system. We're moving water into the soil profile in a my left here doing the same thing With our sand Now at some point you're actually seeing preferential flow But you can also see around here on the on the sides here You can actually see where that clay layer actually is we've stopped water movement down through the soil profile And that's actually part of what's occurring Over here. We had some of the similar with what's going on with our sand again, we're moving Moisture water down through that profile. We're hitting that sand layer And right now we're perching water. You can actually see that is actually we've got pond and water on the sole surface Just keep adding water on our our clay layered sample over here should end up being doing the same kind of thing It's starting to pond water. You're fairly rapidly and like I say the cool thing is what we're looking at here Is you're actually looking at you can see the the wetting front that we actually have moves down through And because of the coarse texture We're actually have a water being ponded on the surface Kind of a neat demonstration This is actually the third component of this model on hydrologic connectivity and permeability other two components were capillary activity and aggregate stability Within this model Functionally, we're actually looking at at some really good demonstrations and Whether using this in a classroom or at a farm show. I think this model will actually be a very productive And actually a really good demonstration When we're start talking about soils soil differences And conditions that you can actually manage and change