 Felly wneud pattern ni oedd yn meddwl, ond mae wnaeth yw hyfforddi'r ysgrifiadau'r ysgrifiadau yw'r hoffa ac mae wedi'u iawn e Huw NЛ Watan i wneud am ti'r bod yn cael ei bwysig, maen nhw'n fy fawr ychydig a dyma'n ei wneud allan neb. Ac wrth eich cynllun o'r hoffa, rwy'n wedi'n gweithio a'u roi prifais arna y mynedd A ydw i ddim yn ei fawr yn cael ei wneud am ei ymddangos i'r ysgrifiadau oherwydd mae wnaeth yn ei fawr arna i weithio arnydd. Felly, rydyn ni'n gwneud o bwysig o'r cyflawn o'r cyflawn i'r colli Simon Green, sy'n ym 2012, oed yn cyflawn i'r modl yw'r cyffredin. A mae'n cael ei bod yn ymweld i'r petaidd a'r bwysig. Dyma'r pwysig o'r modl yw'r cyfeirio ar y cyflawn i'r modl yw'r cyffredin, ond mae'n gweithio'r tyfnwyr sy'n gyffredin, mae'n gweithio'r modl yw'r cyffredin, mae'n ddweud o'r cyflawn i'r modl yw'r cyffredin. mae'r bwysig yn ddweud hynny, ond yn fwy o'r cyfnodd cyfeirio cymrydau hynny, ond e'n ymgylched. Yr ydych chi'n ddweud i'r cyfeirio i'r ddweud i'r ddweud cyfnodd a'r gweithio'r rhai oeddaeth yn yr ysgol ydyn nhw'n gweithio. Ni'n gweithio'r cyfnodd cyfrydau cyfrydau cyfrydau. mi, mae'n edryd yn gallu sydd yn gyfnodol sydd fel oedgen a bobl wedi ei maen i obresol a phobl yn unigrideid yn all ysgrifetyddion hwn. Roedd hynny mae'n defnyddio cymryd yn ei ddefnyddio. Rydym wedi bod ynamas ymweld y CHEMYSTRI, y cemysgol yr yswylliant ymdweithiau? Y nid yw'r llwyfr i gyd canigafol ymlaen yng Nghaenon? Rydyn ni'n gallu ymdweithio, rydyn ni'n allu sydd wedi eu lleol. Roedd y cysyllt iawn yn y fwylo cwylwyr ac grannu, gan siwg werth y gallwn ychydig, pan mae'n amdano i fy wneud yma'r unignol. Mae'r tuch yn ei gwn i ddechrau i'w eu cael eu cyllideiswyr. Oedda'r mewn ni'n dechrau, mae'r rhaglion fel mae'r cyhoeddio, er mwyn fod mae y gallwn'r perio'r heidiad yn perio'r perio'u. Mae'r rhaglion i wneud fel y gweithio ysgolon. Oes i ddod y bydd yboxnod, oherwydd ac mae'n ddwy'r wneud ar gyfer y cyfosiei heidiad. Rwy'n cael ei fathio'r fathio, fel y gallwn gweld ei wneud o'r argynwyddiol, dyn nhw'n angen i chi. Rydych chi'n gweld'i, ddiddannu a adegwadio. A ti'n naddiad i'ch adegwadu o'r ystyried y fath o blwyddyn neau. Roedd eich bod ni'n wych wedi mynd â'r ysbryd o'r gwybod. Wyddyn ni'n fyddem i sut yn eich bod i'n gilyddio'r gwybod hynny? Dw i'n dyfod lu ei werth o'r bydiau sy'n beth sy'n ddim iechyd y system y bydmol. ac ydych chi'n gwybod ysgolwyd yr omniad hynny, ac mae'n gweithio ar gyfer y maen nhw'r rhaglion, ac mae'n meddwl i'ch gael iawn i'r eraill ac yn ymwemwys i'r gweithio'r newid. A fyddwch chi'n dweud i'r dyfodol i'r myfyrdd ar y bwysig. Mae'n gweithio i'r gweithio ar gyfer y gweithio, a'i gweithio, mae'n gweithio ar gyfer y Gheithlion Hedidion, ac mae'n bwysig i'r gweithio i'r gweithio. Water was accumulating on the surface and atmosphere was growing and clearly life formed. The fact that we're here exemplifies the fact that life got started somehow or other. Clearly we want to understand that hidden period in earth history that we can't see by studying the earth itself and we're looking to study the comets to fill the gaps there. If we get into what's been happening with the country investigations themselves, these are data from an instrument that's on the orbiter part of Rosetta. This is an instrument called Rosina. It is a mass spectrometer. What this is doing is it's measuring all kinds of different chemicals and whatever else it can see within the coma. What you can see plotted here are variations in carbon dioxide to water ratio. The interesting thing of course is this is looking at this body from afar and they're having to use a lot of judgement about what they see from afar and how does it relate to what they can see on the surface. What we want to do is actually get down onto the surface into at least one position and actually get a proper detailed measurement of the ground itself and then it'll be possible to cross calibrate these data sets. In terms of what we were doing, as we approached the comet, we woke up earlier last year, the start of last year, did a load of post-hybernation commissioning in about April time, started running our instrument and getting data. Then as you can see as we started to get closer and closer to the comet there, distances of 30 and 20 and 10 kilometres, we were running up the instrument and seeing what we could see and we could see some variations there. Even though our instrument is designed to actually work on the ground, we were actually using it as we approached. I mean in some ways to practice how to use the instrument and make sure it was working properly, but in other ways to actually get some scientific data. In fact it was a bit of an insurance policy knowing that the landing itself was going to be quite a difficult business. Anyway, this is how it looked on the day. This was the descent of Philly. All these images and so on that you're seeing here, they're all available on an ESA website. This particular one has an animated gif in it and you can watch the land rotate as you go down. Anyone who's interested surely follow that stuff up, it's great. We didn't see that on the day, that's what it looked like after it's all been stitched back together. That's actually what it looked like on the day. These are some of the principal investigators at ESOC. We had a special room for us to go and hide. What you can see on the screen there is that it's the first image that they've seen from using the camera and they've seen this lander going down. This is during the landing and you can see the guys with their smartphones there. It was like some celebrity had arrived and tremendous excitement at that point. Simon's already shown this image. It's another iconic one. What I would point out is that you can see there at 18 minutes past 3 that's actually a universal time. That's when the champagne was opened and drunk at the control centre in ESOC, which is where I was. For Geraint, who was actually in Cologne at the time doing some proper work, the champagne was put away because those guys could see straight away that this thing hadn't landed. There was an interesting period of time there when it wasn't sure what was actually going to happen. There's that circular feature. You can just see it there that I showed before. The red arrow there shows the kind of trajectory that we had as we were coming down. We're actually coming down vertically, if you like, but of course the comet is rotating. We hit the ground and didn't anchor, as Simon says, and bounced back off again. May well have bounced all the way off and never seen the comet ever again, but clearly it has landed into that elliptical area there. Again, Simon's shown this image. This area is called a bedos now. It has an actual name. I can report that the Azeera team have found the lander. In fact, they've found it many different times in many different places. The reason is that the signals they're looking for are very easily confused with boulders. They've tried their hardest and they still haven't found it yet. To illustrate that, that ellipse is about 300 metres long. It's not a big place. It's not like when we had to look for Beagle, looking at this whole of Mars, you're actually looking at quite a small area. You still can't find it. It's very difficult. Simon showed this image, but he showed it in the orientation that it was publicised at the time. Of course, it was kind of configured to be the way it was expected to be. It was quite obvious as we were getting to look at it that actually this is on its side, so I've rotated that and as Simon pointed out, the sky is pointing upwards. For me, to try and understand what this actually looked like, if you imagine one of these kind of bowl-shaped chairs, that's what we're like. The box there on its side with the three legs, it basically came to rest in that. That's a more official version from the operations people on the kind of terrain that they think they've modelled. I think this is one done by the amateurs, but again, it shows you, it gives you the impression that we're kind of on our side. Interestingly, using the cameras, instead of seeing a panorama, what we're seeing is we're seeing the bowl shape that we're in, and just one camera pointing out to the sky. The other thing is, I think you can aware, we're hoping to actually make measurements of samples by drilling down into the surface. Unfortunately, we're on our side, and the cliff that we're trying to drill into is too far away, so there's still some things to work out there as to what we might do if we wake up. Just to say that, absolutely curiously, in that image I showed before, at that particular time there, 1543, we were actually running our instrument and actually collecting data at that particular point. What I've shown here is just a collection of the number of experiments that we actually did during this period, so you can see all the numbers of different mass spectra we've got there. Lots of nice data in the camera. People say, hey Ian, you're going to show some data. It's like, yeah, there you go. See, the problem is that to the non-efficient autos, it can look a bit dull. It's not like these lovely images and so on. This is a mass spectrum. The intensity is the height of the peaks and the mass is the distance across there. Our job is to try and understand through mass calibration and whatever else exactly what is in these mass spectra. Because we actually ended up operating in what you might call non-optimal conditions, we've had to spend quite a bit of time actually trying to reconstruct some of these. We've got loads of data and we're still working on the interpretations, but we're really pleased that the data are really interesting and we've come up with some interesting ideas. As Simon says, in the publishing world, we're not allowed to talk about those until such time is actually in press. So basically that's what we built. That's what we built here at the Open University in partnership with the Rutherford Appleton Lab. It's an instrument called a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer that would occupy if it was in the lab and it was one used in the lab. It would be the size of a couple of office desks to put that into context. You can see the hand there. This is sort of devised the size, we say the size of a shoebox. That is actually sitting on the comment now and is actually already performed. What Garaint is going to talk about, he's also known as TAF, and he's quite happy to be called TAF because he's Welsh. He's going to tell us about all the things that he was able to do using the know-how that we developed on this project, which was basically about miniaturising things and coming up with our novel analytical techniques and so on. I'll hand it over to TAF.