 Namaste and welcome back to the video course on watershed management. Today we will start a new module, module number 6. So, there will be 5 lectures in this module. So, the topic is on use of modern techniques in watershed management. So, the topics include applications of geographic information system, remote sensing in watershed management, role of decision support system in watershed management. So, in module 6 into today in lecture number 12, 22 lecture number 22, we will discuss GIS applications in watershed management. So, in lecture number 22 GIS and application watershed management, some of the important topics covered include geographic information system, GIS implementation, GIS spatial data model, advantages of geographic information system, GIS dimensionality, applications in watershed management. Some of the keywords for today's lecturing role, geographic information system, spatial data model, dimensionality, arc GIS. So, as we discussed in some of the earlier lectures, so watershed management and planning is a very complicated, very comprehensive plan we have to make or it is a very complicated process. So, we need we have to deal with large data sets, we have to manipulate various data sets and create say new maps all those things are required. So, that way geographic information system or GIS the so called GIS is very much useful for the preparation of watershed management plans. So, in today's lecture we will see what are the important applications as far as GIS is concerned for watershed management plans. So, first let us have a look into the introductory aspects of GIS and then we will see how we can effectively apply the GIS for preparing various watershed management plans and then as far as the implementation also considered we can use GIS. So, let us look into some of the introductory aspects of GIS. So, GIS or so called GIS information system is a computer based decision making tool to plan, implement and govern the objects in space. So, we can see that there is lot of variation is taking place, lot of data is we have to deal say as far as a watershed is concerned since watershed is an area of large size. So, we have to deal different types of data. So, that way this GIS is say is a very useful tool. So, it is a decision making tool to plan, implement and govern various objects in a spatial format. So, GIS accepts large volumes of spatial data derived from different sources, retrieve it, manipulate it, analyze and display according to user defined specifications. So, that way we can see that we can feed various data sets in a GIS platform, in a GIS software to a computer and then we can manipulate those data sets to create new maps. So, for example, within the perspective of watershed management we can generate a detailed elevation model, we can generate soil map, land used land cover map, then we can generate grids. So, like that so many applications are possible as far as watershed management which we will be discussing later. So, that way we can see that GIS accept larger volumes of spatial data and then we can make into user defined specifications. So, some of the important components of GIS include data inputs, data output, storage and management and then of course, manipulation and analysis. So, actually GIS is a software. So, that way once we install in a computer so that through the computer we can give you the data input and then we can obtain the data output from the computer and then the storage and management things can be done within the computer and with the software does various manipulation and analysis so that we can generate new maps or other kinds of things which are possible within the geography information system. So, main aspect is data handling. So, GIS is a tool for data handling. So, this data is consents it can be raster or vector. So, raster means it can be generally a grid based system. So, we can see that we can have a grid like this and then we can represent various say objects or various data with respect to this grid. So, that is so called raster based data and then the data can be also vector based where we can use points then coordinates, lines, polygons, areas etcetera. So, that is the vector based data set. So, using this as I mentioned we can generate say within the special variation how the elevation is varying. So, that way we can make a digital elevation model and then extract various things and how the system is behaving and then also we can use a same triangular irregular network so called TIN. So, we can represent the system using a same the various triangles connected network say irregular triangle connected network and then represents how the variations say for example, how the direction of a river changes or how the position of the well or say where the pond is located. So, like that many aspects or many objects within a water shed we can represent within a GIS environment. So, that way GIS transform data into information on special locations of entities that occupy space in natural and built environment. So, it can be either a natural environment or built environment. So, that way the GIS transform the whatever data we put into and then we can see say the variations. So, the data generally will be special data. So, special say whenever especially in the case of water shed management model say plants we have to see how the variation is taking place for various parameters say for example, hydraulic conductivity or the rainfall variation or we have same soil type variation. So, all those things are special variations or special data sets which we have to utilize various purposes. So, say some of the say researcher says that 80 percent of all information held in a database anywhere in the world contains some or other kind of geographic elements. So, that means, it can be with respect to special variation of various objects. So, that is what is generally call it as say data. So, 80 percent of all information is some or other kind of geographic element will be there. So, information that we have say for example, a location. So, where is it located whether it is can be represent as a point or it can be a line or it can be a polygon and then values. So, we can specify various values so called attribute data. So, then also we can have an additional information like a connectivity. So, for example, say one place to another place say how we can connect say through rods or through channel network or what kind of connectivity is possible and then a second one is connectivity. So, that means, the continuous variation how it is taking place. So, that when GIS gives the information about any entity that was location and can be shown on map. So, that variation we can obtain. So, example maps of state of India or any country. So, from that map we can identify where is some specific place is located or specific institute is located or specific things are located. So, the data can be generally conventional data like with attributes of the special entity. So, like example state wise per capita income or how is the population variation, what is the education of the population or how the literacy rate, where are the wells are located or say how the water resource availability varies. So, like that these kinds of things we can represent as a special data generally in a convention way. Then say we can have the say various things based upon the data we can say manipulate the data and then we can obtain various other kinds of maps or results can be produced and then we can interpret the these results. So, then this results can be represented or presented in the form of a map. So, you can see that here say a channel network map or the variation of the soil variation. So, soil map or it can be say the land use land cover map. So, like that. And then we have to put it in a visualization model. So, visualization is the coming from the computer output. So, that way this can be supplemented by special and as special queries of model results. So, whatever the we give a different types of data inputs and then we process it within the computer or within the software and then we create various say outputs either in map form or the special variation form or special queries as the model results. So, that way the geographic information system or GIS works. So, there are large number of applications as far as GIS is considered it is not only watershed management, but town planning then and say like the geography the various city planning or say the population behavior or the social economic aspects. So, many places we can use the GIS. So, that way GIS is capable to capture, store, manipulate, analyze and visualize diverse set of special data. So, as I mentioned this is what is happening within a GIS environment. GIS capture, store, manipulate, analyze and visualize. So, the so that way the various special data sets we can say give us input and make different kinds of different data sets as output. So, special perspective is very useful in the establishment of linkage between various types of processes that is say for example, if water is concerned the hydrological processes. Soil erosion, vegetation cover, human activities etcetera and also how they interact between them. Say for example, say how the people say the human interaction takes place within a watershed or the say how the vegetation cover is varying. So, like that the special with respect to special perspective we can get lot of information back with us by using the GIS. So, if you look into the literature various GIS package are available. Some of the most commonly used the packages and the companies which market this products are listed here. So, most widely used GIS package is ArcInfo or ArcView and that is marketed by S3, then AutoCAD map which is marketed by Autodesk, then GRAS which is an open GIS software which is fairly available which is produced by Baylor University Texas, then Idrisi produced by Clark Labs, then Ilvis ILWIS Institute for Aero Survey and Earth Science Netherlands International Institute. So, this is from Netherlands, then MAPINFO, MAPINFORMATION Corporation, MFORCS, Thingspacing Incorporation Incorporator, Geomedia, Intergraph Company, then Microstation Benvy System, MA PAMMAP, PGA Geometrics, SPANs, TIDAC, INGAM, GRAM Plus Plus, Sephorax or IIT Bombay GIS software. So, like that the markets depending upon the needs what kind of work you are looking to do with GIS package, various types of packages are available. So, depending upon the upon your needs say specific package we can buy and then utilize, but one of the most commonly used GIS package is so called ARCIN4, ARCVUE from S3. So, now let us see what happens say within a GIS platform, how to represent the surfaces or subsurface which we have to generally deal within watershed management plans. So, as I already mentioned we can generate deep clay elevation models or triangular irregular network tins and then say and condos available for surface representation. So, we can represent the surface either using the say grid based system by using deep clay elevation models or triangular irregular networks or condo and condos available. And cross section shown is generally shown by fencing or stacked surfaces. And so, you can see that stacked surfaces just shown in this figure we can have various stacks like this. And then say, but generally truth 3 dimensional volume representation is beyond the scope of most of the GIS packages. And then also we can represent by wire frame models capable of displaying geological cross sections and borehole geophysical data. Say for example, when we are dealing with watersheds we have to deal with boreholes and then its data. So, that also we can represent. Then selection of particular spatial data source, then data structure, file format, quantization and error propagation, then GIS offers efficient algorithms for dealing with most of the data sets. So, by using various things we can generate the surface and then we can represent either in a stack form or say by various attributes. So, surface generation can be done and then the spatial resolution and information content we can cross check. And then say for example, when we have to deal with the drainage network within a water shed that also we can represent with respect to the surface or subsurface modeling. And then say if you want to represent say for example, the spatial variation of the rainfall or precipitation. So, then also we can represent using the condos or the various polygons filling like that. So, various aspects are available when we are trying to represent the surfaces and subsurface within the GIS environment. So, now say for example, if you are going to say use GIS say what are the major stages of GIS implementation? So, that I have listed here. So, first of all you should GIS awareness. So, what a GIS package can what is GIS, what GIS can do, what are the objectives depending upon the your needs, what kind of problem can be solved. So, all those things so we should understand. So, there should be some at least some introductory GIS awareness as far as when you are before you implement the GIS in your system for various purposes. Then a second stage is defining the needs. So, what are your needs? So, project specific or what kind of needs are there. So, that we can obtain details from by using the feasibility studies or say the functional requirement study. And then we had to see that what is the budget which can be spent for the GIS implementation and then its training and other things. So, that way we can come up with a proposal. Then say we can the third stage we can select appropriate packages depending upon the suitability specific needs then market survey and so that we can purchase. And then fourth stage is GIS implementation. So, here say we can obtain the package from the vendor and then we can install it in the computer. Then we can train the manpower within the organization and then say for the given specific projects we can create the database depending upon the needs. So, database design and development. And then say we can check whatever the things which we are looking for whether the considered software or GIS can do. So, case study and implementation and then we can develop manpower within the organization and then field applications for specific case study specific projects depending upon the needs we can utilize it. And then of course, we have to the operational maintenance we have to see. So, that some sister administrator who is generally dealing with the GIS package. So, we can interest to that person as per the operation and maintenance. So, these are the important or major stages of GIS implementation. Then so, as I mentioned GIS can be used for various applications. So, let us look into what are the important advantages of GIS usage. So, say as I mentioned already it is a computer software. So, which we install in a computer and then we give a say input and then we generate various outputs in terms of maps or various objects. So, that way let us look into what are the advantages of GIS implementations. So, GIS is first of all it is interactive. So, we say from one we can overlay various maps and then see what is happening. So, interactive visualization and analysis are possible within the GIS. Then we can utilize this GIS for the planning and management of various schemes just like watershed management plans then say the city development plans like that. Then say special data management and access. So, we can say keep on adding data input to the system and then say we can access whenever it is needed in various formats. Then we can use it for environmental risk assessment. So, once it is set we can see that how the system say how the behavior is within as far as the system is concerned that we can study using the GIS. Then GIS can be used for multi dimensional planning even though mainly special variation, but we can create the special variations for various scenarios and then we can use GIS for planning. Then customs applications development for decision support. So, customized applications say for a specific type of works. So, we can create a system and then that can be utilized for decision support for the decision support system and then also we can have web accessible special information is possible. So, once it is various inputs are given and we can say any general public can access through web say and then visualize what are the scenarios, what are the various alternatives for particular projects. So, like that. So, these are some of the advantages of GIS implementation for a particular projects say within the GIS environment. So, now so by now what we have discussed is the introductory aspects of Geographic Information System. So, now we will come back to our major topic of watershed management. So, how effectively we can utilize Geographic Information System within the perspective of watershed management. So, let us look into various aspects. So, the vital components of watershed management say various aspects are listed here. So, generally we may deal with the soil and land resource data for planning at micro level or say large scale macro level. Then say we can create a multi temporal database for natural resources. So, how the with respect to time how the variation is taking place. So, each say particular year or particular season we can create the database and then how it is behaving that we can study. And then we can say within the perspective watershed management people participation is very important. So, people participation say within a GIS environment we can load various data sets input and then within the from that we can obtain the say the road network or the location of various houses or the waterway which is of all those things we can do within the GIS. And so, the awareness of farmers, policy makers uses soil conservationists and scientists. So, everybody say either it can be farmer, policy makers, engineers, scientists all people can utilize GIS in a very effective way for the for the development of plants or implementation or say an overall watershed management perspective. So, people participation we can go at micro level very small say for example, a stakeholder itself we can see how the same we can make GIS data available for the stakeholder. Then various hydrological modeling or various things we can integrate. So, technologically integration is possible and then GIS alone with the conventional data base we can generate various types of maps. So, that will be very useful as far as watershed management is concerned. And then also hydrological modeling we can utilize the geographic information system and then also we can use for economic analysis. So, like in the economic viability or to identify the benefit cost ratio. So, all those places we can effectively utilize the GIS. So, the technological adoption and conventional practices we can effectively manage with the help of a geographical information system. So, now we have seen that GIS can be utilized for various purposes say within the perspective of watershed management. So, let us look what are the basic steps in typical GIS application as far as a watershed within the watershed perspective is concerned. So, as I mentioned say we can generate detailed elevation model say within the perspective of watershed and then this acquisition of detailed elevation model data from say for example, from top of sheets or we can generate the DEM or we can get through various sources. Then conducted detailed elevation model processing to derive stream catchments and drainage point features. So, once a watershed is delineated by using a GIS and then a digital elevation model is generated, we can utilize to identify the drainage location, the stream pattern, then the drainage point etcetera. And then we can populate the data with the required attributes to identify various things within the watershed. So, we can also use network analysis and say for example, within the arc info environment we can use arc hydro tools. So, the arc info arc view has arc hydro tools related to water related issues. So, that we can utilize to derive desired matrices and then we can plan say we can generate various related maps. So, that way now the geographic information system have become an integral part of hydrology. So, GIS has become an integral part of hydrology. So, in each and every aspects of hydrological modeling or hydrological planning or watershed management we can utilize geographic information system. So, various types of maps we can generate using the GIS just like a topographical map, land use map, land cover map, soil map, then rainfall related maps, then meteorological variables. So, like that GIS helps to generate various types of maps which are very useful in hydrological modeling and watershed management. So, now let us look into say as I already mentioned geographical information system is say is working based upon the data inputs and data manipulation. So, data source is very important data structure is very important. So, let us look into various aspects of data sources and structures. So, a variety of data source and structure for a single hydrology parameter we can say put through GIS. So, for example, topography can be represent by a series of point derivations, contour lines, triangular regular network. So, we can see that like this triangular regular network elevation grid or rectangular coordinate system. So, each and every aspects of the hydrological parameters or watershed related things we can represent by various things like it can be either using the points lines, polygons or triangular regular network or conduits or elevations. So, like that various things we can represent and based upon that we can generate various other maps. And then say for example, rainfall is concerned we can have time series at a point, array of rainfall rates derived from radar grid and array of rainfall rates, isohedral conduits. So, all those these things we can represent once the rainfall data is given within the GIS platform we can have either say time series or the conduits or isohedral conduits. Then say for example, if we consider infiltration rates how the infiltration is varying within a watershed we can say we can have the soil maps and then according to the soil nature infiltration rates also varies as we already discussed earlier. So, these soil maps can be used to represent within a GIS environment to identify how the infiltration rates taking place. Then evapotranspiration rates or hydraulic references say depending upon the land use land cover the hydraulic reference will be varying. So, that by using a say land use land cover map we can identify the hydraulic reference variation within the GIS environment. Then evapotranspiration variation with respect to vegetation or with respect to various water bodies we can identify within a GIS environment. So, raster array of remotely since surrogate measures also can be used as far as the to identify the evapotranspiration or the hydraulic references. Then say GIS as I mentioned it is giving the spatial variation and then based upon that we are generating new new maps or new new data sets. So, the spatial GIS as a spatial data model. So, the spatial data are referred to as layers or coverages or series of layers. So, as I already mentioned it can be say single layer or it can be various coverages within that layer itself or it can be series of layers superposed over over layered depending upon the needs. So, that when the data can be put as either raster variation or vector variation. So, raster is grid based and vector is either point based or lines or polygons. So, vector data represents features as discrete points lines and polygons. So, say for example, arc info coverages. So, this we can utilize for to represent the lines, points or polygons. Then RGS shapefiles can be used for point line or polygon and then CAD say AutoCAD DX for DWG or macrostation DGN files then ASCII coordinate data can be used to represent the points or say lines. So, like that various spatial data modeling can be done within the GIS environment. So, as I mentioned the data can be either raster based or vector based. So, raster is concerned raster data represents the landscape same rectangular matrix of square cells. We represent the system as a rectangular matrix of square cells and then within that grid how the variation of various parameter is taking place. So, that way the raster representation. So, earlier we discussed about the last slide we discussed about the vector variation. So, now the raster variation. So, some of the examples arc info grids which directly we can utilize or the images how the images we can represent in a raster format. Then detail elevation model by using the spatial variation raster way and then using the conduce and then generic raster data sets. So, all those things we can utilize say as far as GIS spatial data model is concerned. So, that way say depending upon the package with depending upon the need whether we can have a raster based system or vector based system and then say one to another conversion also possible in most of the GIS packages. So, now let us look into the GIS dimensionality. So, as far as dimensionality is concerned GIS does not follow precise Euclidean notions of 1, 2 and 3 dimensional data it is not exactly following, but with some variations. So, example generally stream network composed of vectors in 2D, but here nodes and various points along the stream may be represented by 1D point data. So, for example, this is a water state where you can see various stream network. So, this will be represented by 1D point data. Then complexity of data representation offers many possibilities for analyzing hydrological data. So, as I mentioned hydrological data is concerned say it can be the location of the streams, lakes or the hydrogeological parameter variation. So, these complexities we can directly easily deal with the help of GIS. So, distance along the stream is different from a simply specifying x y point a particular point. So, that way we cannot we will not have precise Euclidean notions. Then the point data is concerned it is measured quantities are often represented at a single point in 2D space. So, just like in rain gauge station. So, in this particular locations of the rain gauge stations and then it is measured quantities are often represented by using this. So, now some other issues like a map scale and spatial details within the GIS environment. So, the details are mentioned in the slides. So, map of topography can be shown at any scale in GIS. So, it can be 1 is to 50,000, 1 is to 10,000. So, whatever says scale we can represent. Resolution of detail elevation model may be altered by reassembling to a coarser or finer resolution. So, if coarser data is available we can make it finer by using the option of reassembling. And then hydro this must decide what scale will be best say to find out the impact of topography on the hydrological processes. So, accordingly we can choose these as a particular scale 1 is to 100, 1 is to 10,000 or whatever scale we are looking for. And then we have to always see the various data set is given with respect to certain datum. So, we have to select specific datum like a mean sea level or whatever specific datum we are using. So, we have to select that datum. And then we have to say a provide geographic coordinate coordination system within the GIS environment we have to identify the coordinate system. So, we can use the geographical coordination system by providing at least 3 specific points where the details are known and then with respect to that the variation can be represented. And then a map projection system. So, when we are projecting the map how the system is behaving and then as far as detail elevation model is concerned as I already mentioned DEM is an ordered array of numbers representing the special distribution of elevations above some arbitrary datum in a landscape. So, DEM consists of elevations sampled at discrete points. So, that when say we will be having the spatial variation and then the vertical or the contour based variation. So, this DEM is actually a subset of digital terrain modeling. So, DT that means, it is a subset of DTM. DTM or digital terrain modeling it is it gives the special distribution of terrain attributes like slope, soil depth, soil drainability, soil fertility etcetera say within the perspective of watershed management. So, then say we can choose a particular method of representing the surface or subsurface. So, the choice depends on the end use. So, what kind of use finally, we will be looking for. So, accordingly we can choose the specific system. Let us come back to the watershed management application as far as GIS is concerned. So, as I already mentioned GIS has been very much used you know most of the watershed management plans. So, GIS has been exploited by the hydrology and the watershed management community in a various ways. So, some of the important aspects I have listed here. So, we can utilize geographic information system for watershed delineation. So, this details we have seen in one of the earlier lecture. Then we can use GIS for watershed characterization and assessments and then GIS can be used for watershed management and planning. Then watershed restoration like analysis of alternative management strategies we can develop and check within the GIS platform. Then we can also use GIS for what developing watershed policy and then analyze it and then we can generate a decision support system which the decision makers can utilize to see which is the best alternatives. So, that way large number of applications are there for GIS as far as watershed management is concerned. So, let us look into various types of this application in a detailed way in the next few slides. So, as far as watershed delineation we have already discussed in an earlier lecture. Some of the major steps involved in delineating a watershed I have listed here. So, first we can georegister the scanned toposheets, then we can create the shape files, then contour digitization can be done, we can then prepare a digital elevation model, then we can fill the digital elevation model. Then flow direction we can identify, then flow accumulation raster can be generated. Then we can identify which are the four points and using that we can delineate to the watershed. So, this watershed delineation we have already discussed in detail in one of the lecture earlier. Then the second aspect is same we can utilize GIS for watershed characterization and assessment. So, GIS has been widely used in watershed characterization and assessment studies. So, same to characterize various characteristics of a watershed we have already seen like the top of logical features, geographical features. So, various characteristics or the its shape of the watershed or the same the elevation variation. So, all this characterization we can study or we can analyze using the GIS. Then the basic physical characteristics of a watershed such as the Rayleigh network and flow paths can be derived from readily available digital elevation models or we can generate our own digital elevation model depending upon the available data or DEM can be directly utilized to identify the Rayleigh network. So, this in conjunction with precipitation and other water quality monitoring data enhances development of a watershed action plan and identification of existing and potential pollution problems in the watershed. So, it is the GIS not only we can utilize to identify the the the source of water or the quantity what quantity issues, but we can also use GIS platform to identify the possibility of water pollution or the environmental related issues. So, that way the data gathered from say for example, GPS surveys and from environmental remote sensing system can be fused within a GIS for a successful characterization and assessment of watershed functions and conditions. So, that way we can utilize the GIS as a software for watershed characterization and assessment say for example, how much water is available as a water source or water source and then what are the water quality issues whether particular water source will be polluted. So, all those aspects we can study within a GIS environment. So, then next aspect is watershed management planning. So, as far as why watershed is concerned information obtained from characterization and assessment studies we can utilize in the form of charts and maps. So, this we can combine with other data sets to improve understanding of the complex relationship between natural and human systems. So, as I as we have already studied or as already discussed as within the perspective of watershed management it is human interactions with various natural sources or flora and fauna. So, when we put all this input data within a GIS environment we can easily study what will happen if this particular project is implemented or particular things are done within the watershed area. So, then GIS also provides a common framework like special location for a watershed management like that. Then GIS can be a powerful tool for understanding with these processes and for managing potential impacts of human activities. So, as I already mentioned GIS can be utilized for environmental impact assessment or say for example, if a particular check dam is constructed. So, using GIS say data sets we can identify whether particular what which of the area will be funded or where this water can be taken from one from the reservoir to the various locations within the watershed. Within the GIS environment modeling and visualization can be done coupled with say once this GIS is coupled with internet and worldwide web, new tools we are getting to understand the processes and dynamics that shape the physical, biological and chemical environment of watershed. So, when we utilize the GIS platform then the internet and worldwide web. So, we can integrate all these things within with respect to say for example, hydrological modeling systems. So, we have a very specific tools or very efficient tools to assess what will happen a particular watershed management plans are implemented what will be the future all those things we can assess within the GIS environment. So, that way GIS can be used for watershed management and planning and also the linkage between GIS internet and environmental databases is especially helpful in planning studies where information exchange and feedback on a timely basis is very crucial. So, that way we can utilize GIS within the perspective of say by using GIS internet and worldwide web say as within the perspective of hydroinformatics say for example, we can integrate various tools and then we can see say we can generate future scenarios and then see what will be happening. So, that way GIS can be used for watershed management planning. Then also what say GIS can be used for watershed restoration that means various alternative management scenarios we can generate and then assess. So, that way watershed restoration studies generally involve evaluation of various alternatives. So, various scenarios we can generate and then we have to evaluate those scenarios and then identify which will be the best solution. So, GIS platform can be used for that purpose. So, GIS has been used for restoration studies ranging from relatively small rural watersheds to heavily urbanized landscape. So, that way we can effectively utilize GIS. So, coupled with a hydrodynamic and specially explicit hydrologic or water quality modeling, GIS can assist in unified source water assessment programming including the total maximum daily load programs. So, to assess whether stream will be highly polluted with respect to the various pollutant sources we can easily use the GIS environment. So, GIS can also provide a platform for collaboration among researchers, watershed stakeholders and policy makers. So, as I already mentioned say within the perspective hydroinformatics. So, GIS is one of the major component hydroinformatics system. So, when we combine the GIS in the internet and worldwide web. So, the researchers and decision makers stakeholders all can come together within this environment and then can collaborate for various watershed development plans. So, we can integrate the capabilities of GIS which provide an interface to translate and emulate complexities of a real world system within the confines of digital world accurately and efficiently. So, say as I already mentioned earlier a watershed or a river basin is a very large area. So, say we cannot move through the area and then identify what is the how the variation or how the system is behaving, but if we can obtain within a GIS environment all the maps or all the details within a computer and then within a computer display. So, then it is we can do various planning and management in a very accurate way and very efficient way. So, that way GIS is very helpful. So, now say let us look into a case study say how effectively GIS can be used for watershed management development plans. So, this case study is Amba watershed area. So, here say we have used GIS effectively to say generate various maps and then do a hydrological modeling. So, the study area is lies in the Khalapur-Thaluk near Koppoli in western Guards of Raigat district in Maharashtra. So, the location is East Longitude 7315 and 7325 North latitude 1840 and 1850. The topological maps number of survey of India 47F bar 5, 47F bar 6 are used for this watershed. So, part of the catchment is numbered as 5B2A6 by the watershed Atlas of India. This shows some of the photographs of the area. So, survey of India toposheets say in within a scale of 1 is to 50,000 with the Kondore interval 20 meters used in this study. So, how early rainfall data measured at Tuxai meteorological situation situated at Anand Nagar adjacent to Amba river is used. So, this is the location where the meteorological data is collected. And here say remote sensing data is also used IRS 1D, this 3 MSS little data for the watershed carried is obtained for the on the 13th November 2001. And here we use a pixel size of 23.5 meter and window size is kept as 360 lines by 405 pixels. So, this is the drainage map of Amba watershed. So, here there is a major stream which is going like this and this has some of the minor streams within this watershed. This is predominantly a forest area and some agricultural land is there in this region. So, the thematic. So, here the methodology which we used within the GIS environment is explained here in this slide. The thematic maps are compiled from the source data products like survey of India toposheets IRS 1D data. Then thematic maps were digitized and rasterized in the GIS environment and this raster data is registered with the other thematic information. So, here we have already you discussed about the soil conservation service care number method. So, that SCSCN method is used for hydrological modeling here to estimate the rainfall access of each pixel at various time intervals. Then time of concentration of all the pixels based on the actual flow depth is calculated to estimate the hydrograph at the outlet of the watershed. So, here the methodology used these further explains. The algorithm to find the rainfall access per pixel is say input is rainfall in millimeter, care number based on soil type land use class and AMC 3 initial abstraction is considered. So, for every pixel the theme is considered for the runoff estimation are land use, hydrological soil group and then angi-strain moisture condition 3 level is used and the base flow is assumed as 2 cubic meter per second by as per central water commission norms. Then output will be runoff volume for each pixel. So, as I mentioned here for hydrological modeling we have used the SCSCN method which we have discussed earlier. So, the the equation is this one and then the care number is obtained from this. So, where Q is the runoff in millimeter P is the rainfall, S is the potential maximum retention and I a is the initial abstraction and C n is the the care number. So, now say the algorithm to find actual flow length and time of concentration. So, input is as I mentioned we give it as digital elevation model in ASCII file that means elevation of each pixel and the process is 3 by 3 grid minimum among the 8 adjacent cells and flow length is 23.5 meter horizontal and vertical direction and flow length is 1.414 into 23.5 diagonal direction. So, the removal of pitch is done as in within the when we develop the detail elevation model and then minimum distance from the pixel of lowest elevation is considered and output is lag time based on hydraulic length slope and surface retention time of concentration by lag method. So, based upon the these all this available data within the GIS environment. So, here we used the gram plus plus package which belongs to IIT Bombay. So, based upon various data available toposheets the remote sensing data and then various field information we have generated various maps within the GIS environment. So, here this figure shows the hydrologic soil groups of the Umba watershed based upon the available data which we fed into the GIS platform and then that we has given this map this is the hydraulic soil groups. And then using the remote sensing data first we did a first color composition analysis for the Umba watershed. So, this shows standard FCC of Umba watershed within the GIS environment and then say a detailed analysis of the IRs 1D, list 3, band 2, band 3 and band 4 is done. Classes are identified as agricultural lands, built up lands, grass lands, open forest and dense forest. So, using the first color composition now we have identified the various land use and land cover and based upon that this for the watershed area the land use map is produced. So, here we can see the green indicates agricultural lands blue indicate built up land then this is grass land open forest dense forest. So, then using this specified procedure we have generated deep clay elevation model. So, this shows the deep clay elevation model for the Umba watershed. So, the elevation values are listed here in meters. So, the elevation varies from 50 to 0.6 meter to 800 meter above the mean sea level. So, this is the deep clay elevation model for the Umba watershed and this shows the slope map. So, based upon deep clay elevation map DEM we have generated the slope map. The slope is varying same say 1 to 35 percent. So, these are all hilly regions and this is where the stream is going and this is some of the flat area where some agricultural land is there as you can see here in the previous slide. So, this grass lands or the some of the this is our forested lands. So, then as I mentioned we use the SCSCN method we have say for some of the rainfall events we by using the deep clay elevation model and various maps we have run the model to obtain the runoff. So, this shows the discharge versus time. So, here the rainfall data these details are not given here, but here the main purpose of this case study is how we can effectively utilize geographic information system to produce various maps, various data sets for a hydrological model. So, that was the purpose. So, here infiltration rate this assume as 0.35 millimeter per hour and runoff volume was estimated for this particular this thing as 42.85 percent. So, that way we can utilize the GIS platform for generation of the elevation model and soil map, land use land cover map, slope map like that. So, that will be very useful for the hydrological modeling or that way this details we can utilize for water for the development of various watershed management plans. So, these are some of the important references used for today's lecture. So, before closing down some of the questions tutorial questions critically study various GIS packages available for watershed based studies. So, this you can get from the internet for various packages we have discussed earlier then evaluate the capabilities of each package, explore how effectively the GIS packages can be used for development of watershed management plans. Then some self evaluation questions illustrate the working of GIS with the details of various components, discuss the various stages of GIS implementations, describe basic steps in typical geographic information system applications for watershed management then illustrate GIS based spatial data modeling. So, these details based upon today's lecture you can get the answers. Then some assignment questions how we represent surfaces and subsurface in GIS and what are the advantages of GIS applications for various problems. Illustrate GIS data sources and data structures, describe GIS dimensionality issues, describe various applications of GIS in water management. Now, before closing down say the unsolved problem. So, for your watershed using ArcGAS tools develop GIS data base then based on topo sheets and other available data then retradivation model land use, land cover map, slope map, soil map etcetera. So, this we can use once it is developed for your area you can use for various other purposes for watershed management development plans. Then explore how effectively GIS can be used for watershed management plans. So, today what we discussed is the basics of geographic information systems and how we can effectively utilize GIS for watershed management development plans. Thank you.