 A very good evening aspirants, welcome to the Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankar Reyes Academy for the date 13th of December 2021. So these are the list of articles that we have taken today for a discussion, without any delay let's get into our discussion. See yesterday that is on 12th December 2021 Mr. Shakti Kanthadas, the governor of the Reserve Bank of India RBI has said that the banking regulator will implement a wide range of regulatory changes to reform urban cooperative banks. This is done because these urban cooperative banks have been riddled by a series of failures and not only that as higher returns are usually associated with higher risks, he also want people to avoid investing their money in banks which are offering high returns. So this is the crux of the article given here, in this context let us understand what is cooperative banks and the difference between normal banks and cooperative banks and its types. First of all let's see about cooperative banks. See the name itself suggests that cooperative banks of financial entities established on a cooperative basis and they belong to their members. To understand the statement better we have to first see what does this word cooperative basis mean. I'll explain it to you very briefly. See a cooperative bank is a voluntary association of individuals having common needs who join hands for the achievement of common economic interest. Its primary goal is to serve the poor sectors of society by using the principles of self help and mutual support. So the main objective here is to provide support to the members itself. So what is happening here people come forward as a group, pool their individual resources utilize them in the best possible manner and derive some common benefit out of it. This is exactly what the word cooperative basis means. So to put it in very simple words the customers of a cooperative bank are also its members. This is the major difference between a bank and a cooperative society because private banks or banks owned by either the individual or general partners but cooperative banks are owned by its members. These banks also provide a wide range of regular banking and financial services. So I hope you understand what a cooperative bank is. So it is nothing but a voluntary association of individuals. These individuals they have a common need so they are coming together and joining hands for the achievement of common economic interest. So to achieve this common economic interest they are pooling their individual resources and they are utilizing them in the best possible manner. And finally they are benefiting from the outcome. And we also saw that the major difference between a bank and a cooperative society is that here in cooperative banks the customers they are only the owners. Now that we have seen what a cooperative bank is we will see the importance of it. See the cooperative banking system came into being with the aim to promote saving and investment habits among people especially in rural parts of the country. See here it is self-explanatory right because in rural parts only people need help that is where these common voluntary associations should be made for providing financial support to the people so that they benefit from the resources. Apart from this cooperative movement in India was also started primarily for dealing with the problems of rural credits. So in India cooperative banks play a crucial role in rural financing. Its major funding areas are agriculture, livestock, milk, personal finance, self-employment, setting up of small scale units among the few focus points for both urban and rural cooperative banks. Keep in mind here that majority of India's population are living in rural areas. Even though migration is happening nowadays there is a significant amount of population that are residing in rural parts of India. So the cooperative banks that are situated in the rural parts of India helps in the development of these areas. Most importantly they provide a much needed alternative to the age old exploitative practice which is nothing but people approaching the village money lender for finances. In most of these cases people fall into debt trap from which they are unable to escape. So these cooperative banks they are serving as a way out for people who need money instead of approaching the village money lender they can form an association, pool in the resources and they can benefit from the common resources. Ok now let's move on to see the structure of cooperative banking. There are different types of cooperative credit institutions working in India. These institutions can be classified into two broad categories. One is Agricultural Credit Institutions. The other one is Non-Agricultural Credit Institutions. So from the name itself you can easily find out that Agricultural Credit Institutions or Cooperative Societies that are formed to provide credit at cheaper rates to the agricultural lists in rural areas. So these Non-Agricultural Credit Institutions it refers to credit societies formed in cities mostly to provide short term credit to artisans, craftsmen, small traders and middle income groups such as offices or employees. Now let's see the division below the Agricultural Credit Institutions. From this flowchart you can see that they are classified into short term credit institutions and long term credit institutions. And these short term credit institutions they have three entire federal structures. At the apex level there is a state cooperative bank in each state mostly they are situated in the capital of state. It controls, coordinates and finances all the cooperative banks in the state. And the next one at the district level there are central cooperative banks. They are also known as district central cooperative banks. It is a federation of primary credit societies. They operate in a specified area usually a district. And after that at village level there are primary agricultural credit societies. So this unit it directly deals with the rural people. It encourages savings among agricultural lists, accepts deposits from them, gives loan to the needy borrowers and also collects repayments. It serves as the last link between ultimate borrowers that is rural people and the RBI. Note here that generally RBI is the regulatory body for Indian cooperative banking industry. When it comes to long term agricultural credit just know that it is provided by land development banks. And we saw that non-agricultural credit societies they are formed in cities and they provide credit to craftsmen, small traders, middle income groups etc. So under this classification there are two types. One is urban banks, the other one is salary earners societies or employee credit societies. So this urban cooperative banks there is no formal definition to it but according to RBI these are the primary cooperative banks located in urban and semi-urban areas. These urban cooperative banks are primarily registered as cooperative societies under the provisions of state cooperative societies act of the state concerned. They are also registered under multi-state cooperative society act if the area of operation of the bank extends beyond the boundaries of one state. And note that till 1996 these banks were allowed to lend only for non-agricultural purposes because they are primarily situated in urban areas right. But now the scenario has changed and they lend for agricultural purposes also. You should also remember that these cooperative banks enjoy duality of control by the RBI and by the respective state government or central government. Particularly banking related functions are regulated by RBI and management related functions are regulated by respective state government or central government. Some other points to be remembered from Prillam's perspective is that cooperative structures came into existence formally after the passing of cooperative societies act in 1904. This only initiated a formal cooperative movement in India. More importantly cooperative societies were given constitutional status and protection by the 97th constitutional amendment act of 2011. And this constitutional amendment act made the right to form cooperative societies as a fundamental right under article 19 class 1 C. This amendment act also added a new part which is part 9 B in the constitution which enlists certain principles to be adopted by all cooperatives. And this amendment act also added a new directive principle of state policy under the article 43 B relating to cooperative societies. It requires the state to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies. So with this we have come to the end of our discussion. Let's have a quick recap. So what all we saw today we saw what our cooperative bands they are nothing but voluntary association of individuals having common needs and they join hands together for the achievement of common economic interest. So the main objective is to serve the poor sectors by using the principles of self-help and mutual support. The major difference between bank and a cooperative society is that here the customers of the cooperative bank or its owners. And after that we saw the importance of cooperative banks which is the role played by them in the development of rural areas and dealing with the problems of rural credits. And after that we moved on to see the structure of cooperative banking. Under that we saw many classifications one as agricultural credit institutions and non-agricultural credit institutions. And under the agricultural credit institutions we saw two classifications one a short term credit the other one is long term credit. Under the short term credit institutions we saw three tire structures which are state cooperative banks, central cooperative banks and primary agricultural credit societies. And under the non-agricultural credit institutions we saw urban banks and salary earner societies or employees credit societies. And finally we saw some facts from Prillam's point of view which are cooperative societies act 1904 and the 97th constitutional amendment act 2011 the fundamental right which is article 19 1c and a new part which is added under this constitutional amendment act which is part 9b and finally we saw DPSP which is article 43b which requires the state to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies. So with this learnt points in mind let's move on to the next news article. See this editorial article here talks about the formation of our Indian constitution. See on November 26th constitution day was celebrated. It is being done to remind citizens that Indian constitution was established on that day 72 years ago. The author says that it is not certain whether the speeches made about the greatness of the constitution on the constitution day have enlightened the anger generation about the historical background of constitution. So we are not going to go deep in this what we are going to do is we are going to use this as an opportunity to look back into the basics. So with this as a context we will discuss about the making of Indian constitution and why it is needed in the first place and afterwards we'll have a brief look at the salient features of Indian constitution. The syllabus related to the topic is given here for your reference please make a note of it. Okay now beginning with the making of Indian constitution. The Indian constitution was framed by a body which is the constituent assembly. See in 1934 the idea of a constituent assembly for India was put forward by M. M. Roy and the demand for a constituent assembly was officially made in the year 1935 by the Indian National Congress and the demand is to frame the constitution of India and following this demand in the year 1938 Jawaharlal Nehru declared that the constitution of India will be framed without the interference of any outsiders that is here he's referring to Britishers and he also said that the constituent assembly will be elected on the basis of adult franchise. The demands of the Indian National Congress were accepted in August offer which was in the year 1940 so the official demand was made in the year 1935 and finally it was accepted in August offer in the year 1940. See in the year 1942 Cripps who is a member of the British cabinet he came to India with a draft proposal on framing an independent constitution to be adopted after World War II but the proposal made by Cripps was rejected by Muslim League. Why? Because they wanted India to be divided into two autonomous states with two separate constituent assemblies but later on a cabinet mission was sent to India. See under the cabinet mission plan the idea of two constituent assemblies which was put forth by Muslim League was rejected but the cabinet mission plan put forth a scheme for constituent assembly which satisfied the Muslim League. So finally the constituent assembly was constituted in the year 1946 under the scheme formulated by cabinet mission plan. See this is only the chronology in 1935 the official demand was made by Indian National Congress in 1938 Jawaharlal Nehro said that constitution of India will be framed without any outside interference and in the year 1940 the demands of the Indian National Congress were accepted under the August offer and in the year 1942 Cripps proposal was put forth but it was rejected by Muslim League and finally in the year 1946 the constituent assembly was formulated by the cabinet mission plan. See the scheme that was put forth by the cabinet mission plan it had some features we are going to see them. First one is the total strength of the constituent assembly was to be 389 of which 296 seats were allotted to British India and 93 seats to the princely states. The important factor to be noted here is that the allotted seats were in proportion to their respective population. So we saw that 296 seats were allotted to British India that is the provinces under British India and 93 seats were allotted to princely states. These were done according to their respective population. The seats allocated to each provinces were to be divided among three principal communities namely Muslims Sikhs and general. General in the sense except the other two categories and the seats which are allocated to these communities they are also done in proportion to their population. The representatives of each community that is the Sikhs Muslims and general were to be elected by members of that community in the provincial legislative assembly. Note that the method of proportional representation by means of single transferable oath was followed. The scheme featured that the representatives of princely states were to be nominated by heads of the princely states. So in the provinces they are elected by the members of that community in the provincial legislative assembly. In the princely states they are nominated by the heads of the princely states. Thus it is said that the members of the constituent assembly was not directly elected on the basis of adult franchise as declared by Jawaharlal Neeru but it is a partly elected and partly nominated body. And an important fact to be noted here is that Mahatma Gandhi who is a great Indian leader was not a member of constituent assembly. After three years of hard work the constitution was completed and adopted by the constituent assembly on November 26, 1949 that is why Constitution Day is celebrated every year on November 26. See the Constituent Assembly appointed a number of committees to deal with different tasks of constitution making. I have given here the committees please go through it. See the constitution it was adopted on November 26, 1949 but it was brought into effect only on January 26, 1950. We'll see what is the significance of this date. This date was chosen because it was on this day in 1930 the Indian National Congress made Purnasvaraj our complete independence as its goal. So we saw the historical background of Indian constitution. How it came into effect. Now we'll see why we need a constitution for India. The first need for a constitution is to bring in coordination by providing a set of basic rules. See India it is known for its diversity. By providing a set of basic rules it gives an assurance for the minimal coordination among the members of society. The second need is to specify the decision making powers. So the constitution will have provisions regarding who has the power to make decisions in a society and it decides how the government will be constituted. For example it is specified that in most instances parliament gets to decide laws and policies and that parliament itself be organized in a particular manner. So this is the second need and the third need is to limit the powers of the government. So this is very easy because we all know that it is done by the fundamental rights. It places restrictions on legislative and executive organs of the government. This is done because citizens should be protected from being arrested arbitrarily and for no reason at all. And citizens should have the right to some basic liberties which are freedom of speech, freedom of association, freedom of consigns. So it places some limitations on the decision making authority which is the government here. But also note that in practice these rights can be limited during times of national emergency and the constitution it also specifies the circumstances under which these rights may be withdrawn. And the fourth need is to enable the government to fulfill the aspirations and goals of a society. In order to create a just society or fair society government needs to fulfill certain aspirations and goals of that particular society. Here also we know that this is given under the direct to principles of state policy which is nothing but the DPSP. The final need is that it is needed to give the fundamental identity for people. This means the people as a collective entity come into being only through the basic constitution. See individual people they may have sets of identities that exist prior to a constitution. But only after agreeing to a certain basic norms and principles under a common agreement that is constitution, one constitute one's basic political identity. The constitution sets authoritative constraints upon what one may or may not do. So by this it gives one a moral identity. So these are the points which enlists the need for a constitution. So far we saw the historical background of the constitution the chronology of its making which is in 1935 the official demand was made. In 1938 Jawaharlal Nehru declared that constitution will be framed without interference of outsiders and on the basis of adult franchise. In 1940 the demands of the Indian National Congress were accepted in August of and in the year 1946 under the scheme cabinet mission plan the Constituent Assembly was formulated. The features of the scheme were the total strength of the Constituent Assembly was to be 389, 296 for British India, 93 for princely states and the seats allotted to the provinces were filled by the method of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and the representatives of princely states were nominated by the heads of the princely states. So to sum it up the Constituent Assembly is a partly elected and partly nominated body. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 but it was brought into effect on January 26, 1950 and we saw the need for the constitution under that we saw five points the first is to bring coordination by providing a basic set of rules the second is to specify the decision-making powers and the third one is to limit the powers given to the government the fourth is to enable the government to fulfill the aspirations and goals of a society and the final point is to give the fundamental identity for the people. Now we'll discuss in brief about the salient or the important features of Indian constitution. So the first point here is Indian constitution is the lengthiest constitution and I also know that it is a written constitution. The four major factors which have made our constitution lengthy are the first one is geographical factors the vastness of the country and its diversity the second one is historical factors the influence of the government of India act 1935 and the third one is we have a single constitution for both centre and states so that also contributed to the length of Indian constitution and the final factor is that dominance of legal luminaries in the Constituent Assembly the second feature of Indian constitution is it is drawn from various sources for example the structural part of the constitution is derived from the government of India act 1935 the philosophical part of the constitution that is the fundamental rights and DPSP derive their inspiration from American and Irish constitutions respectively that is fundamental rights are based on American constitution and DPSP is based on Irish constitution the political part of the constitution that is the principle of cabinet government the parliamentary system the relation between executive and legislature they are largely drawn from British constitution so like this it is drawn from various resources so this is one of the unique feature of Indian constitution third feature is that it is a blend of rigidity and flexibility see I'll explain it to you a rigid constitution is one that requires a special procedure for its amendment a flexible constitution on the other hand is one that can be amended in the same manner as ordinary laws our Indian constitution is neither rigid nor flexible example for rigid constitution is American constitution and example for flexible constitution is British constitution so then what is Indian constitution Indian constitution as a blend of both rigidity and flexibility see some provisions it can be amended by special majority of the parliament some provision it needs ratification by half of the states and some other provisions it needs only simple majority in the parliament for amendments so this shows that Indian constitution is a blend of rigidity and flexibility so viewers here please post it in the comment section what are all the provisions that need special majority and what are all the provisions which need ratification by half of the states and what are all the provisions which need only simple majority moving on the fourth feature Indian constitution it is a federal system with the unitary bias it is because it contains all the usual features of federation that is two government division of powers written constitution supremacy of constitution rigidity of constitution independent judiciary and bicameralism however the Indian constitution also contains a large number of unitary or non-federal features such as a strong center single constitution for both center and states single citizenship flexibility of the constitution and we have integrated judiciary and we have all India services and emergency provisions so that is why our Indian constitution it is a federal system with the unitary bias and moving on the fifth feature it has a parliamentary form of government the parliamentary system it is based on the principle of cooperation and coordination between the legislative and executive organs that is exactly why constitution of India opted for parliamentary system rather than the presidential system which is based on doctrine of separation of powers between two organs so we preferred cooperation and coordination between the two organs rather than separation of powers and the sixth feature is that it is a synthesis of parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy the doctrine of sovereignty of parliament is associated with British parliament and the judicial supremacy it is associated with the American supreme court the Indian constitution it is a synthesis of both so it means that the supreme court can declare the parliamentary laws as unconstitutional through its power of judicial review the parliament can amend the major portion of constitution through its constitue and power and the seventh feature it has an integrated and independent judiciary so supreme court stands at the top of the integrated judicial system below it there are high courts at the state level under the high courts there is a hierarchy of subordinate courts and other lower courts and the eighth feature is that it has the fundamental rights for promoting the idea of political democracy it is for all the citizens of India and certain rights are also for foreigners and the next feature it has the directive principles of state policy for promoting the idea of social and economic democracy see the fundamental rights it promotes political democracy and the DPSP it promotes social and economic democracy thus enabling the government to establish a welfare state and the next feature it has fundamental duties which were added to the constitution by a constitution amendment act here i'm not going to mention which amendment act is that so viewers post it in the common section which constitutional amendment act added fundamental duties to the constitution so this fundamental duties they are added to remind the citizens of their duty to the nation so this is one of the important features of Indian constitution and the next feature is that the constitution stands for a secular state again here the term secular was added to the preamble by a constitutional amendment act here viewers again post which amendment act is that see i said the constitution stands for a secular state so it means that it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of Indian state see an important point to be noted here is that the western concept of secularism it means a complete separation between the religion and the state this is the negative concept of secularism but in India it cannot be applied because it has a multi-religious society hence the Indian constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism that is giving equal respect to all religions and protecting all religions equally and moving on the next feature is Indian constitution provides for universal adult franchise see by this it means that every citizen who is not less than 18 years of age can vote in the elections the next feature is that it provides for single citizenship though the Indian constitution is federal and it envisages a dual polity it provides for only a single citizenship that is the Indian citizenship this means that in India all citizens irrespective of the state in which they are born or reside they enjoy the same political and civil rights the next feature is that it provides for the establishment of independent bodies like election commission, controller and auditor general CAG and the union public service commissions and many other bodies these bodies serve as bulwark of the democratic system of government in India and the next feature is that the Indian constitution contains elaborate emergency provisions to enable the president to meet any extraordinary situation effectively thereby it safeguards the sovereignty unity integrity and security of the country and the last feature is that it provides for a three tire government see originally it was only a two tire government with state and center governments later a three tire government which is the local government was added by 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment acts by which the structure changed to center state local government which divides into rural that is panjayats and urban that is municipalities so with that we have come to the end of our discussion let's have a quick recap we saw the historical background of Indian constitution the chronology of it 1935 official demand was made under 1938 Javakallal Nehru declared that Indian constitution will be framed without outside interference and in 1940 under the august offer the demands of the Indian national congress were accepted in 1946 under the cabinet mission plan the constituent assembly was formulated and we saw the features of the scheme which is the total strength of it that is 389 out of which 296 were allotted to British India and 93 were allotted to princely states and this was done in proportion to their respective population and the representatives were classified into three communities one is Muslims Sikhs and general and they were selected by the method of proportional representation by means of single transferable oath the representatives of princely states they were nominated by the heads of the princely states and the constitution was adopted on november 26 1949 and it was brought into effect on january 26 1950 and we saw the functions of the constitution which is to bring coordination by providing a set of rules next is to specify the decision making powers and the third one is to limit the powers of the government and the fourth one is to enable the government to fulfill the aspirations of the society and the final is to give fundamental identity for its people and we moved on to see the salient features of Indian constitution which is it is the lengthiest constitution written constitution and it is drawn from various sources it is a blend of rigidity and flexibility it is a federal system with an unitary bias it has a parliamentary form of government it is a synthesis of parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy it has an integrated and independent judiciary it has fundamental rights for promoting political democracy and it has directive principles of state policy for promoting social and economic democracy and it has fundamental duties to remind citizens of their duty to the nation and the constitution it stands for a secular state which is it equally respects all the religions in the Indian society and the next future is that it provides for universal adult franchise that is every citizen who is not less than 18 years of age can vote in elections the next future is it provides for single citizenship and the next is it provides for the establishment of independent bodies which guards the democratic system of the government in India and it provides for emergency provisions to enable the president to meet any extraordinary situation effectively and the final one is that it provides for three-tier government which is nothing but center state and local bodies which again classifies into rural and urban local bodies so with this learnt points in mind let's move on to the next article see this article here it is about remarks made by Chief Justice of India N.V. Ramana about the colonial law sedition he observed that it suppresses the freedom of ordinary people and in the parliament the union law minister has said that there is no proposal under consideration to scrap section 124A of Indian Penal Code 1960 section 124A it deals with sedition and he also noted that the question of law regarding the section 124A is pending for adjudication before the supreme court of India so it shows the unwillingness of the government to scrap this edition charge from the Indian Penal Code so this is the crux of the article so with this article as a background we'll discuss about sedition see what is sedition sedition is a term which talks about all those practices done to disturb the peace or integrity of a state or country these practices may be by word or deed or even writing and also note that the objectives of sedition are to induce discontent and rebellious actions against the government thereby bringing the administration of justice into contempt or disrespect so sedition is nothing but rebellious actions against the government or established order which disturbs the peace and integrity of a country see the Indian Penal Code was enacted in the year 1860 which was before independence at that time sedition was not there later in the year 1870 sedition was included as an offence the seditious offence was included under section 124A of Indian Penal Code 1860 this provision was included in the Indian Penal Code by British in order to make the people of India lose their freedom of speech and expression because at that time Indian freedom fighters were rebelling against the British government right so British used this section 124A to suppress their freedom of speech and expression in order to cartel the spread of freedom movement as an evidence to this many great leaders were arrested for expressing their opposition against British government for example leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Balagangadrithilak were arrested under this law so after attaining independence the words addition was not included in Indian constitution because of the opposition of the members of Constituent Assembly but the seditious law remained as it is in the penal statute that is the IPC 1860 to put it in simple words the seditious law remained in the Indian Penal Code under section 124A the only thing is that it is not mentioned in our constitution thus after several cases in various Indian courts such as high courts and other subordinate courts the Supreme Court concluded that sedition includes all those practices which creates disturbance or which lead to civil war thereby bringing hatred against the government or the constitution see the section 124A it reads that whoever by words either spoken or written or by signs or by visible representation or otherwise brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India shall be punished with imprisonment for life to which fine may be added or with imprisonment which may be extended to three years to which fine may be added or with fine so if someone is using words either spoken or written or if he is using even signs or any visible representation for that matter which attempts to bring hatred or contempt towards the government which is established by law it is categorized as sedition according to section 124A and it shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment which may be extended to three years to which fine may be added so this is what section 124A is and see this edition is a non-bailable offense and also note that persons charged under this law cannot apply for a government job and they should live without their passport and should be present in the court as and when required so the controversial provision under this section is that what all defines sedition that is the seditious law stands subjective in terms of defining what all comes under sedition and it also curtiles the freedom of citizen especially their freedom of speech and expression so that is all about sedition here let's have a quick recap we saw the definition of sedition which is all those practices which are done to disturb peace and integrity of a country and we saw the provision of sedition before independence and after independence and we saw section 124A and punishment under that and we saw the major controversy revolving around the seditious law okay with this take away points let's move on to the next article now look at this article see this article reports that today our prime minister Mr. Narendra Modi will launch the 400 meter long Kashi Viswanath Corridor in Varanasi this Corridor is going to connect an ancient Shiva shrine to the banks of the Ganges he plans to launch this Corridor today during his two-day visit to Uttar Pradesh we shall learn more about the Corridor once it is fully operational today let us focus on learning about Ganga river system its major tributaries and some of the important points related to Ganges in preliminary exam perspective the Ganga it is the most important river of India and it is one of the perennial rivers of India perennial rivers or nothing but rivers which has a flow of water throughout the year see Ganga it has a cultural significance Ganges is considered as goddess who holds an important place in Hindu religion now we'll see the origin and major tributaries of Ganges see it rises in the Gangotri Glacier near Gaumukh in the Uttarkasi district of Uttarkaan here it is known as Bagirathi it cuts through the central and the lesser Himalayas in narrow gorges a gorge is nothing but a deep narrow valley with very steep sides usually where a river passes through mountains or an area of hard rock so we saw it originates from Gangotri Glacier here it is called as Bagirathi at Dev Prayag the Bagirathi meets the Alaknanda and thereafter it is known as Ganga so only after Bagirathi and Alaknanda meets it is called as Ganga the Alaknanda has its sows in Satopanth Glacier above Badrinath see the Alaknanda river it consists of important streams we'll see them one by one it consists of Dauli and Vishnu Ganga which meet at Joshimath or Vishnuprayag so Dauli Ganga and Vishnuprayag meets at Vishnuprayag and it is flowing towards the south and the river Nandakini meets at Nandprayag and some other important rebutaries of Alaknanda are Pindari Ganga which meets at Karnaprayag and Mandagini which meets at Rudraprayag so so many streams are draining into Alaknanda before this Alaknanda river meets Bagirathi they are Dauli Ganga at Vishnuprayag Nandakini at Nandprayag Pindari Ganga at Karnaprayag and Mandagini at Rudraprayag so carrying all the streams along with it Alaknanda is traveling towards Devprayag where it meets Bagirathi and afterwards the river is called as Ganga this river Ganga it is joined by the river Yamuna it joins Ganga at Allahabad it is one of the major right bank tributaries of Ganga see the Ganga it enters the plains we saw that it cuts through Himalayas and narrow gorges so it is entering the plains at Haridwar from here it flows first to the south then to the southeast and after that it flows towards east before splitting into two important distributaries namely the Bagirathi Hoogli in West Bengal and Bhatma Meghna in Bangladesh the river it has a length of 2525 kilometers and it covers about 8.6 lakh square kilometer area in India alone which means that 79 percentage area of Ganga basin is in India and also note that the basin covers 11 states namely Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Haryana Himachal Pradesh Chattisgarh Jharkhand Bgarh West Bengal and Delhi so the Ganga river system it is one of the largest river systems in India having a number of perennial and non-perennial rivers originating in the Himalayas in the north and the peninsular in the south respectively see we'll see some of the important tributaries of Ganga so there are two classifications one is right bank tributaries and the other is left bank tributaries see right bank and left bank in the sense it is to the right of flow of the river or it is to the left of the flow of the river see the Ganga is flowing in this direction that is towards the east so the right to the flow of the river is this side and the left to the flow of the river is towards the Himalayan side that is this side so the rivers that are draining from the peninsular region to the Ganga are called as right bank tributaries and the rivers that are draining from the Himalayan region into the Ganga river are called as left bank tributaries see the important right bank tributaries include Yamuna, Son and Damodar and some of the important left bank tributaries are the Ramganga, the Gomathi, Gagra, the Kandek, Koshi and Mahananda most of the rivers in the right bank tributaries except Yamuna originate in the peninsular region and most of the rivers in the left bank tributaries originate from Himalayas and finally the river discharges itself into the Bay of Bengal near the Sagar Island so with this we have come to the end of the discussion let's see what all we saw so far we saw the origin of Ganga which is at Dev Prayag where the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda meets and we saw the tributaries of Alaknanda and afterwards we saw the basin coverage of Ganga region and the states which it flows through the states include Uttarkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal and Delhi we saw that Ganga splits into two distributaries namely Bhagirathi, Hoogli in West Bengal and Bhatma Meghna in Bangladesh and we saw important tributaries of Ganga the right bank tributaries Yamuna and so on and the left bank tributaries Ramganga, Gomathi, Gagra, Kandek, Koshi and Mahananda and we saw that it discharged itself into the Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island so this particular discussion it is important from Prillam's point of view so viewers take note of this with this takeaway points come let's move on to the next part of our discussion see in this part for discussion we are going to take this advertisement in today's newspaper and use this an opportunity to learn about the scheme that is mentioned here which is Gram Ujala see the convergence energy services limited that is CESL on 19th March launched the Gram Ujala scheme 2021 through this new initiator central government aims to provide high quality energy efficient LED bulbs at just rupees 10 per piece in certain villages of five states they are going to do it in phase one so the scheme it is aiming to benefit the rural population so in this article we'll see about the complete details of Gram Ujala Yojna see the objective of Gram Ujala scheme is that the rural people who are unable to afford high quality lighting can benefit from the scheme it is an innovative project that achieves social objectives income savings as well as climate change benefits arising from energy efficiency see we all know that LED is a highly energy efficient lighting technology and it lasts 25 times longer than incandescent lighting in general these LEDs they emit very less heat comparing to the incandescent bulbs and the CFLs which releases 90% and 80% of their energy as heat respectively so mostly LED bulbs are being energy efficient than the incandescent lighting coming back to the scheme in the first phase of this Gram Ujala scheme around 15 million LED bulbs will be distributed across villages of the following states Vanas, Ara, Bihar, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, Nagpur, Maharashtra and villages in western Gujarat so the scheme will distribute LED bulbs in villages of these areas and in these states the Gram Ujala scheme that to the phase one it will be financed entirely through carbon credits and it will be the first such LED bulb distribution program in India which is using carbon credits for financing the scheme CESL which is nothing but convergence energy services limited it is a wholly owned subsidiary of energy efficiency services limited that is EESL so this subsidiary only unveiled this Gram Ujala program under this program 7 watt and 12 watt LED bulbs with three years of warranty will be given to rural consumers on submission of working incandescent bulbs so it is more like exchange the rural population they will be giving the working incandescent bulbs in exchange for 7 watt and 12 watt LED bulbs the Gram Ujala scheme will be implemented in villages of five districts initially each consumer can exchange a maximum of five LED bulbs these rural households will also have meters installed in their houses to account for usage now we'll see what is the need for the scheme Ujala scheme which is nothing but a similar program which distributes LED bulbs so this Ujala scheme it could not touch every village because the rural consumers were not able to pay rupees 70 per LED bulb so in the Ujala scheme the LEDs were given for 70 rupees per bulb with the Gram Ujala scheme the central government will be taking back the consumers incandescent bulbs and provide this high quality LED bulb for rupees 10 per bulb so in order to penetrate deep into the rural population the scheme is unveiled now let us see the significance of the scheme the Gram Ujala Yojna will have a significant impact on India's climate change action there will be energy savings of 2,025 million kilowatt hour per year and carbon dioxide reductions of 1.65 million tonnes per year the 10 rupees LED bulbs given under the Gram Ujala Yojna will also enable better elimination at an affordable price so the scheme will usher in a better standard of life financial savings more economic activity and better safety for rural citizens with price being one of the principal barriers Gram Ujala program has been designed to support widespread distribution by removing the chief barrier for rural consumers so the barrier was in Ujala scheme now the Gram Ujala scheme it has removed the barrier for the rural consumers in addition the energy savings garnered will reduce the households energy outlay enabling higher disposable incomes and savings so instead of paying the electricity bills the rural population will have higher disposable income and they'll have higher savings so that's it about the Gram Ujala scheme let's have a quick recap we saw that it was unveiled by convergence energy services limited CESL and it is a subsidiary of energy efficiency services limited that is EESL the features of the scheme are distribution of 15 million LED bulbs across different villages in different states initially it will be implemented in five villages in five districts in the states Bihar Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra and western Gujarat the scheme will be financed through carbon credits and under the program 7 watt and 12 watt LED bulbs with 3 years of guarantee will be exchanged for working incandescent bulbs this high quality LED bulbs are provided for only Rs 10 per bulb and the major significance of it is it will help reduce the impact of climate change by being energy efficient and it provides better elimination at an affordable price it results in better standard of life financial savings and more economic activity and most importantly better safety for rural citizens so with this learn points in mind let's move on to the next part of our discussion here i have given some of the problems questions for your practice let's see them one by one you also try to solve them on your own so let's see the first question with reference to indian constitution consider the following statements statement one indian constitution is the lengthiest constitution written by the british officials for india statement two the indian constitution had borrowed few principles from irish constitution statement three all the members of constant assembly were elected by the people of india which of the following statements given above is or or correct option a all the above option b one and three only option c one and two only option d two only so by now we would have found the answer let's solve the question so statement one here it says that indian constitution is the lengthiest constitution first part of the statement is correct because we saw in our discussion that indian constitution is one of the lengthiest constitutions the second half of the statement which says that it is written by the british officials for india which is incorrect because it is not written by british officials they were written by indians from the provinces of british india and from princely states so from this we can safely say that statement one is incorrect statement two the indian constitution had borrowed few principles from irish constitution so what about this statement the statement is correct because we saw in our discussion that indian constitution had borrowed from the irish constitutions the provisions like directive principles of state policy nomination of members and the rajya sabha by the president and the method of election of president so statement two is correct statement three which says that all the members of the constituent assembly were elected by people of india is it true no because in our discussion we saw the seats allotted to the constituent assembly they were filled by members from provinces of british india and princely states so from the provinces the members are elected by the representatives of provincial legislative assembly so they voted by the method proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and the representatives from princely states they were all nominated by the heads of the princely states so the statement here which says that they were elected by the people of india is not entirely true because the constituent assembly it is partly elected and partly nominated so the correct answer here is option d two only let's move on to the second question with reference to the cooperative banks consider the following statements statement one cooperative societies are covered under list two of seventh schedule statement two the right to obtain recognition of the association is not a fundamental right which of the following statements given above is or are incorrect it is very crucial to note what is asked in the question while solving a multiple choice question so here the question is to find out the incorrect statements come let's solve the question see the statement one which says cooperative societies are covered under the list two of seventh schedule we'll see whether the statement is right or not see what is seventh schedule it is nothing but the division of powers between union and states so separation of powers it has three list list one two and three list one is nothing but union list list two is nothing but state list list three is nothing but concurrent list so the list one contains provisions which the union have exclusive powers and the list two contains provisions over which the state has exclusive powers both state and the union can make laws on the provisions that are mentioned in list three presently union list contains 98 subjects state list contains 59 subjects and concurrent list contains 52 subjects the item cooperative societies is mentioned in list two in the seventh schedule so based on this what we can infer cooperative societies are covered under list two of seventh schedule that is it is a state subject statement one here is correct moving on to statement two the right to obtain recognition of association is not a fundamental right see under article 19 all the citizens have the right to form associations or unions or cooperative societies it includes the right to form political parties companies partnership firms societies clubs organizations trade unions or any body of persons it not only includes the right to start an association but also to continue with the association as such further it covers the negative right also that is it covers the right of not to form or join an association or union we all know that fundamental rights can be restricted under reasonable restriction likewise this right is also subjected to reasonable restrictions reasonable restrictions can be imposed on the exercise of this right by the state on the grounds of sovereignty integrity of India public order and morality so these are the four reasonable restrictions what are they sovereignty and integrity public order and morality subject to these restrictions the citizen have complete liberty to form associations or unions for pursuing lawful objectives and purposes but the key point here is the right to obtain recognition of an association is not a fundamental right so from this we can conclude statement two here is also correct what is the question asked here we have to identify the incorrect statements we saw that both the statements are correct so the option here is D which is neither one nor two let's move on to the next question consider the following statements with reference to section 124 a of Indian penal code statement one this law only gives a warning to the citizens of India for any seditious actions this seditious law has its roots in colonial law which of the following statements is or are correct so statement one here it says this law gives only warning to the citizens is it really true no we saw in our discussion that sedition is a offense where the punishment varies from imprisonment from three years up to a life term and adding to that fine may also be added so from this we can conclude that statement one is incorrect second statement the seditious law has its roots in colonial law so in our discussion we saw that in 1870 sedition was included as an offense under the section 124 a of Indian penal code 1860 so it was included as an offense during British period so the second statement which says that it has roots in colonial law is true so what is the correct option here it is option b two only moving on to the next question the river Ganga originates from option a Mansarovar lake in Tibet option b Verinak stream in Jammu and Kashmir option c Bias kund near Rokhtang pass in Himachal Pradesh option d Gangotri glacier near Gaumukh see this is a very easy question and you all know the answer to this question it is option d Gangotri glacier near Gaumukh we'll see some of the details about other three options also option a Mansarovar lake in Tibet see the Indus river that only originates near Mansarovar lake in the Tibetan plateau on the northern slopes of Kailash mountain range so option a Mansarovar lake in Tibet is the source of Indus river option b Verinak stream in Jammu and Kashmir it is a spring which is in Verinak town issues from a high scarp of a mountain spur and is considered the source of Zeelam river an option c the Bias kund which is regarded as a holy lake and is located in Kulu valley and is the original source of river Bias so option a it is a source of Indus river option b it is the source of Zeelam river option c it is the source of Bias river and option d it is the source of Ganga river here i have given a mains question for your practice so interested candidates write it and post it in the comment section if you like the video please like share and comment and do subscribe to the Shankara A's academies youtube channel for further updates thank you