 Hello friends, welcome back to course on integrated pest management. By this time you have learnt what is pest, dynamics of pest, survey and surveillance and also important decision making in pest management through calculation of EIL and ETL. In this class, we will see the principles and concepts of integrated pest management. Before going to concepts of pest management, let us visualize how our ancestors, they followed some of the practices for the management of insect pest both in stored grain pest management and also in open fields. In earlier days, trainees, they are the pioneers in use of chalk and wood dash for the management of important insect pest enclosed spaces. Similarly, they are the probably first in use of ants as a biological control agent for both stored grain pest management and also foliage feeding insects. You know, neem is one of the domestic tree in India. So, it was since many years it is being used for the management of various pest both in stored grain pest management and also in open field. Similarly, krishanthamam was used as a insect site in middle and near east of Asia. Ant is one of the important predator in managing the important pest. So, there is a record of use of this biological control agent that is ant in China during 3000 AD. Similarly, trainees, they are the first to use inorganic insect site for management of garden pest. Now, many workers actually they moved from biological control to another control that is pesticidal control. Before invention of DDT, the pesticide management was negligible or nil only few insecticides which belongs to inorganic groups were used. After the invention of DDT by Paul Muller, there was very tremendous increase in the introduction of many compounds which belongs to different groups including chlorinated hydrocarbons, OP compounds that is arginophosphorous compounds, carbamates, then synthetic pyrethroids and followed by IZRs. But the use of these compounds especially the compounds which belong to chlorinated hydrocarbons was tremendous on agricultural crops including in India and other countries also. At the same times, the other biological or birational compound which is doomed was introduced in USA against Japanese beetle larvae which attacks actually turf. Actually the widespread use of these compounds especially chlorinated hydrocarbons and arginophosphorous compounds actually it has created one foundation for integrated pest management program. During 1959, V.M. Stern and his associates they actually implemented the integral control of pest management through integration of chemical and biological control which is called integrated control and it was actually well illustrated by suppressing the bowl we will that is cotton bowl we will which is one of the important pest in cotton ecosystem and further he also introduced the important concepts of EIL and ETL which is the one of the base for the development of IPM. So further the introduction of various compounds in integrated pest management was initiated and the looking to the importance of integrated pest management the one mega project that is a healthcare project on IPM was introduced in USA and this IPM program was introduced on major six crops including cotton and soybean of that reason and at the same times the other important insecticides which are photo stable they are synthetic pyrethrides were also released in India wherein the green revolution was taking place in India because during that time the country was more amount of food to feed many Indians in that context hybrids of wheat and rice were released actually these hybrids they attracted higher number of insect pest because they were intensively cultivated by application of some chemical fertilizers and this green revolution was achieved by protection under pesticides and identification of new bio rationals was continued hence the other bio rational that is L car which was actually registered in USA which actually used for the management of hill corp and at the same time another NPV that which manages tobacco bird worm on cotton was also released and during that time the another safe insecticide that is mythoprene which belongs to insect growth regulator was also released. So after green revolution that is after 1996 the search was on of identification of different mechanism for the pest management so during 1987 the efforts were put to use these bio technological tools for the construction of resistant or tolerant crop against the particular pest in that way the first transgenic plant in tobacco for the control of Manduka Sexta was introduced and again the work was on for further identification of different transgenic crops and at the same time the much importance was also given to the implementation of IPM programs on different crops in different locations in that way the IPM task force was formulated to garner the attention of international peoples just to support the integrated pest management and its development in India and other countries also and afterwards this IPM task force was reconstituted as IPM working group and because of this effort during 1992 FEO sponsored many projects around the globe and because of this India could get few more projects on important crops like rice cotton followed by soybean so we have seen various phases of development of integrated pest management programs earlier farmers they used to adopt only one technique and afterwards they incorporated another techniques that is called multiple tactic phase by incorporating a chemical and also resistant so that is well illustrated in separation of cotton bowl we will in USA and that phase as well you can call it as integrated control that means to say one is interested in 100 percent control of insect pest by utilizing more than one technique and afterwards the biological component was incorporated and more incorporation of biogenes like natural available predators and parasitides against different pest was incorporated and including all these components the models were developed for the management of insect pest on different crops that is called modeling phase and after utilizing all available techniques and the data and survey and surveillance and scientists they constructed different IPM systems for different crops now the ultimate phase that is systems implementation phase so one has to implement these IPM programs at the farmers level thereby farmers he is going to be benefited so in that context you have various programs among one is FFS that is farmers field schools that is schools without four walls so here the former will be trained for a different tactics so which are utilized for the pest management program okay now we have seen the history of landmars in the history of insect pest management program now let us see some definitions of integrated pest management so there are hundreds of definitions which are actually given by many authors organizations scientists and also some institutes among one is the definition given by panels of experts of Feo during 1967 according to them pest management is a system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury so here spelt out what about the ecology and the population dynamics and the various components their utilization in the integrated pest management program and ultimately one should look for the economic injury that is going to cause by the insects another definition given by Kogan he speaks about the what is pest and how one can integrate these available methods of pest control in a harmonious manner and ultimately decision should be based on ecological principles and one has to consider the economic and social issues of the former recently another definition given by Dalival and Aurora so he actually emphasized more about the pest management survey and surveillance and utilization of forecasting information and develop a holistic management program against a particular pest which is actually sustainable in crop production technology so first we have to understand the pest ecology and thereby you have to identify correctly the source of pest and its nature of damage thereby one can formulate both preventive and curative measures for management of a particular pest so overall what are the objectives of pest management so always reduce the pest below economic injury level so that means to say one should not aim to eradicate the 100% elimination of the pest and manage insects by not only killing them but by preventing feeding and also their multiplication and dispersal and use most eco friendly methods which will ultimately maintain quality of environment that is air, water, wildlife and other plant life system and always make use of natural mortality factors so which are actually applied in the control measures and ultimately the IPM component should be sustainable in crop production thank you