 So, all. So, yesterday you had the paper no 2021 UTC CSAT. So, in the CSAT around like 34 questions were from normal mathematics functions ok like normal what do we say basic contents not even the formula oriented and ideas oriented just basic ideas. So, once you know the fundamentals you can easily solve all these 34 questions, but among those 34 questions we are going to focus on 31 questions ok. So, other questions have been discussed by the other faculty members. So, we shall deal with the 31 questions here ok. So, these are the questions which we will discuss now 6th question which will straight away go to the 6th question. 6th question a boy plays with a ball and he drops it from a height of 1.5 meter every time the ball hits the ground it bounces back to attain a height of 4 by 5 4th of the previous height the ball does not bounce further if the previous height is less than 50 centimeter ok. So, he drops the ball from 1.5 meter and it is stopped until after it reaches 50 centimeter something like that ok. And what is the number of times the ball hits the ground before the ball stops bouncing ok. So, from 1.5 meter it is reaching 4 5th of this height again and again until it reaches 50 centimeter or less than that ok. How many times it will hit the ground ok. Basically this question paper belongs to part D you know the session the paper D ok you have 4 papers among which you will we are dealing with the paper D ok. So, 6th question this is based on the mathematics basic mathematics we can solve it in terms of GP also, but we will deal with the basic idea I will tell you the GP process little later. So, first one it is instead of 1.5 meter let me have it as 150 centimeter ok that is my first ok first I will drop the ball it will hit the ground now second time on the second bounce ok that is the first actually first part that is let us consider this first bounce ok it is hitting the room and come back ok. So, what is 4 5th of this 150 that is 80 percent of 150 that will be 120 meters 120 centimeter. So, this is 150 and this is 120 centimeter third. So, second time it is hitting the round 120 what is 80 percent of this 120 it is 96 centimeters then 4th it will hit the ground and it will come back with it is 4 5th of the length ok what is 4 5th of 96. So, approximately we can say it is 77 76 point something will come. So, let us say 77 centimeter and then 5th turn on the 5th hit it will bounce back at the 4 4 5th of this 77 centimeter. So, 80 percent of the 77 will be 61 centimeter approximately it will be around 61 point something. So, let us have 61 itself and then 6th 80 percent of this 6th will be 49 point something 49 point 1 let us say 49 point 1 centimeter, but what is the condition if it reaches 50 centimeter or below 50 centimeter it will stop it will stop bouncing. So, it is bounce it is bounce until these many centimeter ok how many bounce it is bounce it for before it reaches the ground 1 2 3 4 5. So, ultimately it will bounce for 5 times ok it will hit the ground for 5 times because first hit in between this first hit second hit third hit fourth hit fifth hit on the fifth hit it will it will be at the ground right it will not bounce back as per the condition. So, on the fifth hit it will be at the ground. So, until the 5 hits 5 hitting on the ground the the ball will bounce on the fifth hit it will not bounce. So, the answer will be 5 ok next question it is 9 yeah integers are listed from 700 to 1000 in how many integers is the sum of the digits 10. So, we need to add the digits it has to become 10 right. So, let me have the number from 700 to 1000 right. So, let us have this I need to find the number more than 700, but less than 1000. So, let us start with 700 to 800. So, 703 it will give you the sum to be 10 and I can split the numbers like this 712 or 721 or 730 after that it will not give you the sum 10 it will go beyond 10 ok. So, these 4 numbers from 700 to 800 after 800 until 900 we should check with this 802 ok 811 and then 820 and then beyond beyond this it will not give you some 10 and then 900s 901 and 910 after that it will not give you exactly the sum 10. So, these set of numbers will give you the sum to be 10 sum of the digits to be 10 1 2 3 4 7 9. So, all together 9 numbers when you add the digits of the numbers it will give you 10 ok. That is a 9 question 10th question not 10 and 16 ok consider all the 3 digit numbers without repetition of the digits obtained using 3 non-zero digits which are multiples of 3. So, if you consider 3 digit numbers all those 3 digit numbers 3 digits no those digits should be multiple of 3. Obviously, the number should be the digits should be 369. So, these 3 are the digits which we are going to deal with ok. So, you permute these numbers ok you will have plenty other numbers with the use of 369 without repetition. So, as for the basic combination process or permutation method of counting process will have 3 factorial terms right. So, all those numbers you need to add it you will get 1 sum right that is what they have given the test be there sum ok. So, first we will manipulate these numbers you will get 369 and then 396 then comes with 6 639 693 ok and then 936 963. If I add all these numbers I will get 1 number ok I want to get yes adding all these terms ok. So, 9, 9, 18, 27, 36 ok everywhere 36, 3, 36, 9, 3, 36, 9, 39. So, you will get 3996. So, the sum will be 3996. So, this is my sum now, but what are the conditions S is always divisible by 74 we need to check it out and then S is always divisible by 9. Obviously, it is divisible by 9 we know that, but still we need to check with the divisibility criteria for 74 I will do one thing we will split up 3996 with the use of successive division I am going to do this. So, 3 times 1, 3, 3, 2 ok 3, 4 times again 4 times 4 times and then I will go with 3 again 1, 14, 12, then 24, 8, 1, 4, 8 and then I will go with 2 yeah 74 again 2, 37. So, from this I can tell it is 34 is there now. So, definitely the given number can be divided by 74 right it is possible. So, 2 times of 37 it is possible and this number is divisible by 74 it is possible as a first subdivision second subdivision or second conclusion given like that S is always divisible by 9 yeah it is possible it is also possible because it is divisible by 3, 3 hence it is divisible by 9 in a pair of course, yes. So, these two subdivisions are possible as for the idea in the question the answer is C ok alright then comes 17th question there are two classes A and B having 25 and 30 students respectively. So, class A class B ok. So, class A have 25 students and here it is 30 students ok in a class ok in class A the highest score is 21 lowest score is 17. So, the range of mark is 17 to 21 ok here the range of marks in class B the highest score is 30 the lowest score is 22, 22 to 30 ok fine 4 students are shifted from class A to class B. So, class A to class B shifting is happening 4 students are coming here ok consider the following statement the average score of B will definitely decrease the average score of A will definitely increase ok we should check with that. So, here let us imagine the average score here is 20 ok the average score is 25 here let us imagine ok. So, if I take 4 people from this class see here the average score was 25 as per my imagination here my average score is 20 the imagination as well. If I take 4 people from this class definitely if I bring them the here the average score will decrease correct. So, even though the values are differing the average is 25 since I am including 4 people whose average score is 20 approximately imagining ok. So, if I include those 4 people whose score is 20 let us imagine that definitely the average score of these people on the class B will decrease ok. So, if I include these 4 people from the class A to class B definitely it will decrease the average score will decrease. So, average score will decrease that is one variety, but second condition average score of class A will definitely increase see they were 20 people no here it is 25 they were 25 people whose average score is 20 as per our imagination I took 4 people from the class. So, 21 people would be there we cannot be very sure about the the score whether whether it is increasing or decreasing, but here we can be very sure, but here we cannot be very sure. So, here we can in be very sure about that we cannot be sure about this right a class A, but class B we can be very sure about it. So, only 2 option 2 follows no no here option 1 follows right yeah 1 follows that is option A only that is your answer option is the right answer ok then comes 25th yes 3 to the power 2019 is divided by 10 then what is the reminder. So, we have to focus on the unit digit this belongs to basic unit digit formula. So, 3 to the power 2019 ok. So, 3 is a 4 cycle category right. So, 3 to the power 1 3 to the power 2 it will be like this 3 to the power 1 3 to the power 2 3 to the power 3 and 3 to the power 4 after that the unit digit will repeat ok I will have to focus on the unit digit alone. So, unit digit. So, here it is 3 unit digit here is 9 unit digit here is 7 unit digit here will be 1 right. So, after that it will repeat right. So, it will be a cycle it is a cycle of 4. So, I can split it in terms of cycles of 4 like this 2016 plus 3 right. So, after these 2016 powers it will repeat. So, it will come to this part 2016 3 to the power 2016 will come here and then 3 to the power 2017 18 19. So, it has to end with 7. So, you will have a number whenever I express this number you will have a plenty of numbers plenty of digits ending with 7 ok. When I divide this such this number by 10 what could be the reminder. Obviously, so a reminder of the number dividing by 10 will give you the unit digit obviously, hence the answer is 7. So, this is your answer ok. Then comes 26 the number 379825P369 is divisible by 7 what is the value of the digit P. So, we have to divide it no other go ok. So, we shall check with this 3798 I will cut it down like this 37 I will check with the numbers before P 3798125 ok. So, I am dividing by 7 35 it will gone it will be gone. So, no need to focus on the quotients. So, remaining will be 29 right 28 will be gone. So, 18 will be there 14 will be gone 14 will be gone and then 41 will be there 35 will be gone 62 will be there 56 will be gone and 65 63 will be gone ultimately 2 will be there. So, you will focus on the remaining parts that is 2 P369. So, this number should be divisible by 7. So, what is the possibility? Now, you can focus on the options. So, if I check with number 1 option A you will not get the value if I check with number 6 that is option B. So, P value will be 6 by using trial and error method option A and option B I am getting the answer P is 6 ok alright. Then comes 27th question this 27 question is quite peculiar. So, you will have to focus on 2 different areas and then combine it. Let us focus on the question from Jan 1 2021 the price of petrol in rupees per liter on m th day of a year 80 plus 0.1 m ok where m is equal to 1 2 3 4 until 100 and then thereafter remains constant. So, it means the cost of petrol will be constant after 100th day that is 100th day price would be there no that would be the constant value for rest of the days whatever may be the number of days whatever it is ok. So, on 100th day you will have one price that price will be constant forever after that ok and then on the other hand the price of diesel on n th day of 2021 is 69 plus 0.15 n for any n any n means n can be any other number obviously it is a natural number because you are counting. So, n is equal to natural number even though m also ok, but it is restricted to 100 only for m n it is natural number and then on which day of the year 2021 or the price of these 2 fuels equal very simple. First we will focus on the petrol cost petrol on the 100th day it will be 1 value right after that it will be constant by looking at the options everywhere see look at this may from Jan to May approximately the value is more than 100 right yes or no. So, from Jan to 100 Jan plus 100 will be around April ok definitely the values are all May. So, obviously the value you know the number should be more than 100. So, m should be more than 100 I can fix the value right. So, petrol cost will be like this 80 plus 0.1 into 100 that is equal to 80 plus 10 90 and it is always constant after that after 100 day some from. So, from 101 to day 102, 102, 103, 104 likewise it will be the constant value 90 and it has to be equal to the cost of diesel on a particular day what is that day we need to find out ok. This 90 should be equal to cost of diesel that is what I want ok. What is the cost of diesel it is 69 plus 1.0 0.15 right 0.15 N ok this is 90 if I bring it there it will become 21 ok 21 equals to 0.15 N I will bring it there I will divide it. So, 21 N is equal to I will get 21 by 0.15 which is 2100 by 15 ok. So, 4200 by 30 what 420 by 30 I will get 140 if I solve it I will get 140 ok. So, after I am getting 140 that means on the 140th day from Jan 1st ok from Jan 1st 140th day what is the day including Jan 1 ok including Jan 1 you are including that ok. So, Jan 1 will be 1 first day and then after that you will include the value right. So, what could be the day I want to find that very simple we can cut it down like this from 140 I am going to subtract the values of the month Jan we are including the Jan 1 right. So, Jan will have 31 days since it is 2021 it is a non-deep year definitely February will have 28 days March will have 31 days April will have 30 days ok. So, we have to focus on May right remaining value we will check on it. So, 30, 30, 30 let us say. So, 1, 2, 3, 4, 120 and then 8 plus 1 plus 20. So, 140 you will cut it down the values will be cut down you get 120 ok. So, remaining value will be 120 hence the value will be this at May 20 if you subtract it will get the value ok alright then comes 28 ok. A biology class at high school predicted that the local population of animals will double in size every 12 years. So, first 12 years ok in a 12 year it will double ok if it is 5 in 12 years it will be 10 in 12 years it will be 20 after 12 years it will be 20 on the 24th year it will be 20 double double ok. So, the population at the beginning of the year 2021 was estimated to be 50 animals ok at the beginning it is 50 ok. So, after 12 years it will be 100 after 12 years it will be 200 ok after 12 years it will be 400 it will go on like this ok. So, the difference here is 12 years difference 12 years ok right. So, we shall create the cycle if p represent the population after n years ok I want to find p population after n years then which of the following equations represent the model of the class for the population. So, it will start with 50 right 50 and it will double double means 2 times. So, it will double for every 12 years ok for the first 12 years it will double ok double for the second 12 years it will double for 2 times ok for first 12 years it will double for the second first 12 second 12. So, in the 2 12 years it will double for 2 times ok it will go on. So, in that case I can tell you like this n by 12 how many ever year it is let us say 48 years after 48 years what will be the process? So, 12 12 12 1 more 12. So, 4 12s will be there ok. So, 48 will be cut into 4 times of 12 that is how I get it 10 by 12 ok. The answer is option D this is how we will solve. So, for every 12 years it is being doubled in the sense or 1 12 years it is a cycle how many cycles can I get from a given number of years. So, n can be any other number I took one example 48 in 48 years how many cycles can I get ok n by 12 4 cycles can I get that is it. So, this is your answer and then comes 29 ok. In a class 60 students are from India and 50 students are girls 30 students of the Indians are girls then what person of foreign students are boys ok. So, first let us imagine 100 students are there in the class. So, Indian students and foreigners let us say like this in that question it is said that 60 percent are the Indian students. Obviously, remaining would be 40 percent. So, let us focus on 100 itself 100 students are there 60 percent would be Indian and 40 percent would be foreigner and then 50 percent of the students 50 percent of these students are girls. So, totally girls would be like this girls here it is 50 50 percent of 100 50. So, let us focus on 50. Now, now it is said that if 30 percent of the Indian students are girls. So, here 30 percent what is 30 percent of this one. So, here girls boys would be there now what is 30 percent of 60 I want to find that 30 percent of 60. So, what will I will eliminate these 0's I will multiply 3 and 6 I will get 18 ok. So, 18 are girls obviously, out of these 50 girls I have to focus on these 18 girls. So, I will eliminate them that is when I will find the number of girls who are in foreigners who are foreigners ok. So, girls and boys if in 50 18 is gone remaining will be 32 right 32. Now, we have to focus on these foreigners ok. So, I have got 40 foreigners as for the calculation among which 32 are girls remaining would be 8 boys ok fine. So, if these are 8 boys what is the question how many boys are foreigners ok. What is the percentage they ask right what percent of foreign students are boys out of 48 are boys I need to focus on the percentage 8 out of 40 are boys multiply by 100. So, that is one-fifth one-fifth is nothing but 20 percentage option D ok that is how we get it then comes 39th ok. A person X from place A and another person Y from place B. So, what set out at the same time to walk towards each other. So, two places place A place B. So, from place A person X is walking and similarly from place B person Y is walking towards each other set out to walk towards each other. The places are separated by 15 kilometer distance ok the distance between them is 15 kilometer all right. X walks with the uniform speed of 1.5 kilometer per hour. Y walks with the uniform speed of 1 kilometer in the first hour with the uniform speed of 1.25 kilometer in the second hour with the uniform speed of 1.5 kilometer in the third hour. It will go on it is like somewhat like arithmetic progression first it is 1 kilometer 1.5 kilometer then it will go on no first 1 kilometer then 1.25 kilometer and then 1.5 kilometer and it will go on right like 1.75 1.5 something like that. So, A will move on at the speed of 1.5 kilometer per hour not a big deal, but this fellow he will walk by 1.1 kilometer in first hour 1.25 kilometer in second hour 1.5 kilometer in third hour 1.75 kilometer in fourth hour it goes on not a big deal it will go on ok which are the following are correct ease and hour are correct. So, we will focus on the first point they take 5 hours to meet ok let us imagine they are walking for 5 hours if A walks for 5 hours 5 hours. So, I will do like this A for 5 hours 1 speed into time will give you the distance 7.5 right it B is walking for 5 hours here we cannot straight away use the formula here this guy is increasing the speed gradually right. So, B is increasing the speed gradually. So, what is the distance covered by B in 5 hours we will focus on them. So, first hour second hour third hour fourth hour and fifth hour if I add them what will be the value 1.75 1.25 it will be 3 similarly it will be 3. So, all together 6 plus 1.5 7.5 yeah. So, 7.5 A will cover the 5.5 B will cover all together 15 kilometer will have been covered. So, at the middle point A this guy would have covered this guy would have x will have covered 7.5 kilometer it is is it x or ok. So, these these ok A B instead of A B we can use x and y. So, person x and y person x person y person x would have covered 7.5 kilometer person B y would have covered 7.5 kilometer. So, first clue write first condition write second condition they meet midway yeah that is just before I told they meet at the midway ok 7.5 kilometer say in 15 kilometer middle point is 7.5 kilometer no. So, they meet in the midway yes midway. So, both of them are correct and the option is option C all right then comes 40 a student appeared in 6 papers the maximum marks are the same for each paper let us imagine maximum marks to be 100. So, maximum mark let me imagine it is 100 ok. Now, this marks in these papers are in the ratio or in the proportion 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. So, let me imagine the value in between them is x. So, let me have it like this 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x and 10 x ok. So, overall he scores 60 percentage that is overall percentage adding all the values divided by 6 will give you the overall percentage right. So, that value is what is 60 percent of 100 ok. So, you will focus on the 60 ok overall value 60 percentage. So, let me imagine 60 percentage right let me imagine 60 itself and then what is coming the value here in how many number of papers did he score less than 60 percent of the maximum marks. So, you need to score values ok we have got the values here we need to get the value the score of each subject among these subjects how many subjects he has got the number of value number less than 60 60 percent of the maximum mark ok. So, we will focus on this will give come here it will be 360 and what does this value 10 5 15 15 15. So, 45 45 x is equal to 360 then x is equal to 45 double 90. So, 90 into 4 will be 360 hence it is 80. How did I get it 45 times of 2 times of 4 45 double 90 90 times of 4 will give you 360 that is how I get it. So, I will focus on these 2 and 4 hence it is x is equal to 8. Now, I will focus on the marks. So, first subject he would have got 4 times of 8 times of 5 40 6 times of 8 times of 6. So, 48 multiples of 6 no 56 64 72 and 80. Now, what is the question in how many subjects did he score less than 60 percentage of the maximum marks maximum mark is 100 I imagine 60 percent of that is 60 less than 60 these 3 subjects. So, the answer is 3 subjects that is your answer I believe option is B. P S and Bombay all right then comes 43 J and Vijay spent an equal amount of money to buy some pens and special pencils of the same quality from the same. So, if J bought 3 pens and 5 pencils and Vijay bought 2 pens and 7 pencils which of the following is correct. So, very simple they spent equal amount. So, the number of pens and pencils bought all together that will give you an amount right that amount will be equal for both J and Vijay. So, J let us say pens cost, pens cost is x pencils cost, pencils cost is y let us take like this. So, J would have bought 3 pens and 5 pencils for the same amount for the same amount Vijay would have bought 2 pens and 7 pencils 2 pens and 7 pencils write data then we should find the answers. So, let me bring x there x part there y part here. So, 3 x minus 2 x will be 1 x 7 y minus 5 y will be 2 y. So, from this I can tell pens cost is double the time of pencil cost. So, we will check on the options the price of pen is 2 times the price of pencil option C. So, from this I can tell option C is the right answer all right then comes 44th the question P scored 40 marks more than Q in an examination ok. If Q scored 10 marks lesser than P then how much did Q score? See very simple they have given you two ways first way they have given you the difference between the marks second way they have given you the difference between the percentage ok. So, difference percentage is 10 percentage difference mark is 40 ok then what is 100 percentage is 400 ok if P scored 400 40 marks lesser will be Q correct. So, from this case I can tell P scored 400 and Q would have scored 400 minus 40 then it is 360. So, the answer is 360 and one more shortcut is there in this question Q score 10 percentage lesser than Q right sorry right. So, let us imagine P scored 100 percent of whatever the marks scored by P is 100 percentage. So, 10 percent lesser than that would be 90 percent of the marks right. So, Q would have scored 90 percent of what P has scored correct. So, 90 it should be 90 percent of the mark or 90 is multiple look at the options among the options only one option is a multiple of 90 ok. So, rude example among the options it is 90 ok it should be a multiple of 90 only option a is 90 multiple of 90. So, option a is a multiple of 90 or based on the calculation it is obviously 360 ok. So, 44 then 45 a person P ask one of his three friends x as to how much money he had ok x replied if y gives me 40. So, there are three people then x y z three people they have the money let us imagine x as the money x rupees y as the money y rupees z as the money z rupees ok. So, x is telling if y gives me 40 if y gives me 40 that is x minus 40 x plus 40. So, x is getting 40 from y. So, whatever the money y had 40 will be lessened that is how we get it and then y will have half of as much as z. So, in this moment y will have z by 2 this is my first equation. So, that is comparison they are not equal in fact this is one complete scenario different scenario these two are different scenarios, but they are compared compared in the sense if y gives 40 to x y will have y minus 40 that value is half of z value whatever the z value z has half of that ok next if, but if z gives me 40. So, I am reducing 40 from z. So, increasing 40 to x then 3 of us will have equal amount. So, then 3 of us will have equal amount right. So, that is my equation number 2 now I am going to do only simple one simple equation. So, this y know this is equal to z minus 40 as per the second scenario I am going to use the z minus 40 here. So, using 2 in 1 ok. So, using 2 in 1 let me do one thing I am going to use 2 in 1. So, this part alone I am going to use this part alone. So, z minus 40 minus 40 equals to z by 2 right 2 z minus 80 2 z ok minus this will be 80 know. So, double it it will it will become 160 160 is equal to z. So, I will bring it here then z is equal to 160 if z is 160 if z is 160 I am going to put it here when what is y. So, second equation will part of second equation will give you like this y is equal to 160 minus 40. So, 120 right. So, I am going to use anywhere else here. So, y is equal to 120 you know y is equal to 120 x plus 40 is equal to 120 I can tell. So, x plus 40 equals to 120 from this I can tell x is equal to 80. So, I have got x y and z. Now, what is the question what is the total amount of money that x y z have I need to add all these things 80 plus 120 plus 160 I need to add x plus y plus z. So, 80 plus 120 200 200 plus 160 360. So, all the 3 will have 360 the amount is b 36 360 option is b then comes 47 at which of the following times do the hard and the minute hand of the clock make an angle 180 degree with each other it is a factual question for every 65 5 by 11 minutes every 65 5 by 11 minutes the hands will be exactly 180 degree will make another same angle. So, let us say 6 o clock at 6 o clock it would have made 180 degree excuse me and then after that after 65 5 by 11 minutes that is 75 5 by 11. So, exactly at 6 o clock plus 65 5 by 11 minutes. So, what is the time it is 75 5 by 11 that is how we get it right. So, this is how we will have 75 5 by 11 minutes let us say. So, as for this idea we can tell option D is the right answer otherwise this is one variety we can equate the value with the use of formula what is the formula theta equal to modulus of or even leave the modulus 30 into harsh minus 11 by 2 minutes if it is theta it is 180 they said in the question itself 30 after 7 only they said minus 11 by 2 minutes it will be 210 if it goes there you will get 30. So, you will have it like this 11 by 2 times of minute equals to 30 then m is equal to 60 by 11 which is 5 5 by 11 that is 7 after 7 5 5 by 11 minutes after 7 5 5 by 11 minutes. So, this is another procedure. So, 75 5 by 11 minutes. So, it is option D in both the ways you get the same answer option D 48 in an objective type test 90 questions of 19 questions 5 marks for the right answer 2 marks for the wrong answer after attempting all the 90 questions a student got total of 387 marks. So, what is the question what is the number of incorrect answers? So, I want to find the incorrect numbers. So, correct answers correct incorrect. So, I want to find this incorrect no let us say x. So, totally how many questions are there 90 questions are there among which x will be incorrect. So, remaining will be correct no. So, 90 minus x right for every correct answers you will get 5 marks. So, 5 times of 90 minus x and for every wrong answers you will lose 2 marks. So, losing 2 marks in the sense minus 2 x equals to all together this guy would have got this guy has got 387 marks. Then solve it further we will get the answer this is 450 minus 5 x minus 2 x 387. So, let me bring this value here it is 7 x and if I bring it there 450 387 you will get 13 here then 50 63. So, x is equal to 9 the answer is 9 option a. So, you would have got 9 answers wrong all right then comes 49 consider the following addition problem 3 p 4 p p p p p 3 p 4 p 3 p 4 p 3 p 4 p p and the p p the result is r q 2 r q 2 right. Now, where p q r are different digits what is the arithmetic mean of all such possible sums. So, we need to find such possible sums. So, that we will be able to find arithmetic mean very simple I am adding p p p p I am getting 2. So, if I add 4 p's I will get 2 what are the possibilities either it will be 3 4's at well ending with 2 or 8 4's at that you do ending with 2. So, I can have either p p equals to 3 or p equals to 8. So, if it is p equals to 3 what is the sum. So, that is my condition first 33 then 43 then 33 plus 33. So, what will be the value 33 33 63 69 69 then 72 72 plus 70 142 that is what you have what of it is 8 38 plus 48 plus 88 plus 88 80 plus 88 176 176 plus 8 176 40 216 216 216 plus 8 224 224 plus 8 232 plus 252 262. So, we got this value and anything other possible values now it does not at all possible. So, only these 2 values will give me 2 at last as a unit digit find the arithmetic mean of such possible sums I need to find the arithmetic mean of these 2 values mean to add these 2 values first. So, what is the value 4 10 then 1 4. So, 4 naught 4 is the sum I want to find the arithmetic mean. So, arithmetic mean equals to 4 naught 4 divided by sum of terms divided by number of terms only 2 terms are there 2. Hence, it is 2 naught 2 option c 50th question consider the following multiplication problem p q into 3 equals to r q q p q multiplied by 3 equals to r q q all right p q r are different digits r is not equal to 0 all right. What is the value of p plus q divided by r p plus r divided by q ok. See here I need to multiply that particular number with 3. So, that I will get the same number ok. So, only possibility is 2 possibilities are there either 0 or 5 if I put 0 it will be 0 0 ok. So, if I take some other value if I put 0 here I will not get particular value for r ok say for example. So, what if it is 0. So, q is equal to 0 let me take this condition p into 0 multiplied by 3 will give you r 0 0 it is not at all possible for the case ok. If you put any other value any value 1 2 3 4 any value it will not be possible forever ok. So, this condition is not possible. Hence, I have to focus on q is equal to 5. So, 5 multiplied by 3 something with 5 multiplied by 3 will give you r 5 5 ok. So, focusing on the values now if I pick the values. So, it should be it should not be 5 it should be other than 5 that p value should be other than 5. So, I focus on the value which is more than 5. So, that will get a triple digit number right. So, if I focus on that I will get 8 times. So, 8 if you multiply them it will be 255. So, from the second till p is equal to 8 q is equal to 5 then r is equal to 2 right. Now, I want to find the value of p plus r by q p plus r by q that is the question 8 plus 2 by 5 10 by 5 it is 2 the answer is b. So, this is all about trial and error only ok. So, after using the values we get the answer then 54 ok. Now, pi diagram shows the percentage distribution of proteins water and other dry elements in the human body. Pi diagram ok protein water and other dry elements ok protein correspond to 16 percent and water correspond to 70. So, let us say 16 percent protein water correspond to 70 percentage. So, let us say 16 70 has gone remaining will be 14 right. So, remaining 14 let us say 14 percentage. So, that is my dry area all together it is 70 percentage that is my water area. So, water belongs to 70 percentage 16 percentage protein other elements only 3 elements are given right. So, other dry elements will be 14 remaining part ok. And then if both proteins and other dry elements correspond to p percentage. So, we need to combine these 2. So, combining these 2 we get. So, 70 gone out of 100 percentage 70 gone remaining will be 30 percentage. So, p percentage equals to 30 percentage or even if you add these 2 values 16 plus 14 will be 30 eventually not a big deal. And then what is the question then what is the central angle of the sector representing p on the diagram. So, we need to find the angle of this. So, out of 360 degree what is 30 percentage I want to find that I want to find this 30 percentage area and 30 percent angle ok inclined angle I want to find the angle part 30 percentage of 360 ok. So, I will get like this 30 by 100 times of 360 solving them and I will get 108 ok 108 degree potency ok 56th question the difference between 2 digit number and the number obtained by interchanging the portions of the digits is 54. So, we know that natural normally a number normal number would be of the form normal 2 digit number would be of the form 10 x plus 5. So, reverse number would be of the form 10 y plus x. If I subtract them if I find the difference between them I will get 54 they said right. So, 10 x plus y minus 10 y plus x equals to 54 they said. So, bringing minus inside I will solve I am solving them 10 x minus x will be 9 x 10 y minus 9 y minus 10 y will be minus 9 y equals to 54 hence I can tell dividing by 9 throughout right because all the numbers are multiple of 9 and they will get x minus y equals. So, this is my ultimate conclusion based on the data given in the question. Now look at the statements first statement the sum of the 2 digits of the number can be determined only if the product of 2 digits is known ok. So, if I know x minus y if I know x y part I will I can get x plus y with the use of formula. So, first subdivision says so formulas like this x plus y whole square x plus y whole square equals to x minus y whole square plus 4 x y ok. If the if I want to find the x plus y sum of the values provided I can get x y yes I know the value of x minus y 6. If I get x y I will get x plus y that is possible. So, it is possible first clue it is possible. Second clue the difference between the 2 digits can be determined can of the numbers can be determined yes difference between second I can either get x minus x difference y that is I can get x minus y or y minus x both of them are possible difference between them yes x minus y is 6 what if I reverse the possibility y minus x will be 6 or even minus x not a big deal I can find that it is data it can be determined option a is also possible option I mean first subdivision is also possible second subdivision is also also possible hence option c both 1 and 2 ok. And then 57th equation x said to y at the time of your birth I was twice as old as you are present ok. So, present age of x x present age of y y let us say ok. So, at the time of birth of y so, present age of x let us say x let us say y ok. So, at the time of birth of y that means you are travelling back to y years ok. So, at the time of let us say y is present age is 5 at the time of birth of y what will happen you need to go back 5 years right you need to go 5 years back right. So, in that case whatever may be the age of x you need to subtract y. So, that you will get the age of x at the time of birth of y could you get this I will tell you again let us imagine age of y is 5 ok. So, I want to find the time or the age of x when y is born. So, that is you need to go back 5 years ok. So, x minus 5 will be there now. So, it is just y. So, you need to go back y years. So, at the time of birth of y age of x is x minus y ok. At the time of birth of y age of x is x minus y he told like that is twice I was twice as old as you are at present what is the percentage of y y no 2 times of y ok. We can check like this or even we can use some other values if you get confusing I will tell you on the value. So, let us take a and b a b ok at the time of birth of y. So, subtract b years from age of a. So, 2 times of y is age at present y is age at present is b no 2 times of b. So, from the second till a equals to 3 b. So, this is my ultimate conclusion based on the data given ok. 8 years ago the age of x was 5 times as old as y we will check it. So, here they have given you the age of x also if the percentage of x is 42 years it is 42 ok. So, we need to check with this. So, 42 equals to 3 b ok from this I can tell b equals to 42 by 3 it is 14. So, age of a is 42 age of b is 14 we have this. So, let us have this clue a equals to 42 b equals to 14. So, we have got these things first clue says what is the first clue says 8 years ago. So, minus 8 years. So, age would be 34 b says would be 6 age is 5 times the age of y it is not possible it should be 30 no it is not first condition it is not possible second condition after 14 years. So, we need to add 14 years. So, age age of x age of x would be 42 plus 14 42 plus 14 will be 56 age of b age of y b b value is 14 plus 14 28 we got these two values no. Now, what is the question x would be twice the age of y yes age of a is age of x is 2 times the age of y yes 28 into 2 will be 56 it is possible. So, from this we can tell only b that is option b 2 only then comes 58 the price of an article is decreased by 20 percent and then in new prices increase by 25 percentage and what is the net change in the price. So, first it is decreased by 20 percentage up. So, a it is decreased by 20 percentage minus 20 b it is increased by 25 percentage plus 25. So, we have the combined variation formula what is the combined variation formula a plus b plus a b by 100. So, whenever we have decreased minus you put minus value whenever we have increased you put plus value you just put the values here you will get the form you will get the answer eventually. So, minus 20 plus 25 plus minus 20 into 25 by 100. So, this of 5 times this is of 5 times you will get minus 5 here you will get plus 5 5 minus 5 it is 0 ultimately there is no change at all 0 percentage or even I can go with the proper number. So, let us say let us say the price is 100 ok. So, first it is 20 percent decrease if it is 20 percent decrease what is the value it will be 80 then 25 percent increase. So, from this what is 25 percent one fourth of 80 one fourth of 80 is plus 20 ok. So, it is 25 percent 180 plus 20. So, here you get 100 minus 20 here 80 plus 20 it is again 100. So, at the beginning it was 100 and at last it is again 100 there is no change at all that is 0 percentage you can tell that then 59th when a certain number is multiplied by 7 the product entirely comprises only once only ok. What is the smallest such number see among these options you should go by trial and error method only. So, option D will give you the right answer that is 1 5 8 7 3 multiplying by 7 when you multiply this term by 7 you will get 6 1s 1 2 3 4 5 6 this would be your answer. So, by trial and error only you will get the answer 56 59th then comes 68th a man completes 7 8 of a job in 21 days ok. So, 7 8 of a job let us say X. Then X equals to 21 then X is equal to 24 because this is for 3 times I bring it there you will get 24 that is 24 days. So, let us imagine I will eat one chocolate in one day. So, I will have 24 days. So, I will eat 24 chocolates in 24 days that is my ultimate assumption let us have it. So, I had 24 chocolates ok what is happening I ate 21 chocolates because I have done the work in 21 days. So, remaining 3 chocolates would be there. So, out of 24 chocolates 24 21 chocolates are done 21 days of work is done remaining 3 days of work is there pending ok. I need to take 3 more days to complete the work, but what is happening here ok. How many more days will it take to him to finish the job if the quantum of work is quantum of work means the basic work is 24 days of work 24 chocolates let us say this 24 is increased or decrease further increase by 50 percentage. So, this 24 per 24 work is increase by 50 percentage then what is the value what is 50 percent of 24 it will be 12 right. So, 24 plus 50 percent of 24 it will be 12 36 that means at the day on the 21st day I am realizing that I have 36 works to be done all together out of which I have done 21 days of work. So, out of 36 days of work I have done the works of 21 days remaining will be 15 days of work. So, this is based on basic idea not even time on work process basic idea. So, 24 days the work is to be done in 24 days ok let me imagine 1 day 1 chocolate 24 days 24 chocolates on the 21st day I am completing 21st chocolate the work is increased from the quantum of work. Quantum of work is ultimate basic job ultimate basic job is 24 50 percent increase means plus 12 it is 36 ok it is supposed to be 24, but it is becoming 36 out of 36 already I am done with 21 remaining will be number of chocolates that says number of works remaining will be 15 chocolates. So, 15 chocolates I have to eat if I eat only one chocolate in one day how many days will I take 15 days that is it ok that is option D ok 65 this is data interpretation yes you have got these values right player runs code in the first endings balls face in the first endings runs code in the second endings balls face in the second endings you have got the data A, B, C, D ok who is the fastest run scorer in the test match. So, we need to we need to check with the total runs code and total number of balls face we need to find the percentage very simple. So, let us take A A has code 61 plus 14 61 plus 14 runs while facing 99 plus 76 balls 99 plus 76 balls in the first endings he scored 61 runs facing 99 balls in second endings he scored 14 runs facing 76 balls all together he would have he would have taken 61 plus 14 that is 75 runs 75 runs facing 175 balls multiplying by 100. So, that you will get a percentage ok. So, in terms of 25 table 3 times 8 times I know it is 7 times 7 times 7 times 7 times 7 times 7 times 7 times ok. So, in terms of 25 table 3 times 8 times I know it is 7 times yeah 1 25 in terms of 25 25 into 7 and 35 done. So, on this 1 7th is 14 points on 14.28. So, multiplying by 3 you will get 42.84 percentage ok. So, we have got 42.84 that is his run rate ok run rate in terms of percentage and then B this man B has code 5 runs in the first endings 50 runs in the second endings he faced 12 balls in the first endings 85 balls in the second endings ok. So, 55 out of 97 multiplying by 100. So, it would be approximately 56 because 55 by 100 will be 55 percentage no because the since the denominator is getting reduced the total value will be more little more approximately. So, I can tell this is approximately 56 percentage. So, let us approximate it may be like more or more or 1 percentage or 0.5 percentage plus or minus it is not a big deal. So, we will have 56 percentage of B for B for C 15 and 20 for C he scored 15 runs and 20 runs while facing 75 and 50 balls 75 and 50 balls. So, you will get it like this 35 divided by 125 multiplied by 100 ok. In terms of 5 table I can cut down 5 7s are and a 5 and 2 25s are ok this is for 4 times 7 was a 20 exactly 28 percentage not a big deal and then comes D 13 12. So, 13 runs in the first endings 12 runs in the second endings while facing 55 and 50 balls 55 and the 50 balls ok. So, 25 runs while facing 105 balls multiplied by 100. So, this is approximately 24 percentage right. So, 25 by 100 approximately 23 to 24 percentage. So, I will write it like this approximately 24 percentage whatever may be the value not a big deal, but look at these fellows. So, among these fellows who has got first got the highest percentage. So, this B that means B would score highest value highest run ok. So, that means B is the fastest runs score at. So, B is the fastest runs score at the answer is B option B B option B is the right answer ok. Then comes 73 there are 3 points this is based on this coordinate geometry P Q R on a straight line such that P Q is to Q R ok P Q is to Q R equals to 3 is to 5 that is what you have alright. If N is the number of possible values of P Q is to P R P Q is to P R then what is N is equal to I will tell you. So, first let us take a straight line they have given you the straight line right. So, let us take P Q R ok. So, what is P Q it is 3 what is Q R it is 5. So, from this I can tell P Q is to P R what is P Q by P R instead of ratio I can have it like this fraction. So, P Q is 3 what is P R whole value it is 8 that is one value. So, this is one possibility other one I can have like this since Q R is more I am taking like this Q here R here P here all together Q R is 5 right and P Q is 3 if it is 3 it will be 2. So, that the whole value will be 5 the Q R is equal to 5 in that P Q cut off 3 ok. So, remaining will be 2 from this I can tell you like this P Q by P R it is also possible that you get 3 by P Q is 3 P R is 2 is there any other possibility no even if you reverse it you will get the same possibility reciprocal of that that is not the possible that is not the way we need to find out. So, these 2 are basic possibility basic proportional part we need it and then what are the number of possibilities n is equal to 2. So, only 2 possible 1 2 option b that is the answer 2 possibilities are there then comes 76 ok 2 2 3 3 3. So, these are the numbers 2 2 3 3 3 these are the numbers how many distinct numbers greater than 30,000 can be formed. So, 30,000 no. So, 1 2 3 4 5. So, these 5 number 6 numbers 6 6 number should be there 1 minute 5 digit number 30,000 5 digit number should be there it is it has to be more than 30,000 so obviously, it should be 3 you just freeze the number no other go and then these 4 numbers can be manipulated. So, I have just fixed one number not a big deal at all now these 4 numbers can be manipulated by these 4 numbers these 4 places ok. So, those 4 numbers can be arranged in 4 factorial ways and 3 is repeated for 2 times and this 2 is repeated for 2 times since we we have frozen this 3 no need to worry about this we need to worry about these 4 places among these 4 places I need to manipulate these 4 numbers whereas, 2 repeated for 2 times and 3 repeated for 3 times solving them you get like this. So, this is 24 and 2 into 2 solving them you get 6 option b that is your answer ok 77. Consider the following statements first one sum of 5 consecutive integers can be 100 it is possible how I will tell you. So, first number 18 plus 19 plus 20 plus 21 plus 22 sum of 5 consecutive numbers can be 100 it is possible yes they did not tell you should be can be it is possibility yes it is possible first one is possible second substitution the product we consider natural numbers can also be equal to their sum yeah that is also possible let me take 1 and 2 2 into 3 is equal to 1 plus 2 plus 3 6 6 this is also possible both of them are possible ok. So, these 2 are possibility they they are focusing on the possibility only they did not tell you the condition it is not should be or must be it is can be yeah it is possible hence both a and b. So, option c is the right answer ok then comes 78 a cubicle vessel of side 1 meters will do completely with water. So, volume is equal to 1 cube ok volume is equal to cubicle vessel no. So, 1 cube 1 into 1 into 1. So, 1 cube 1 meter cube because 1 meter they said right cubicle vessel ok how many milliliters of water is contained ok first we need to focus on the liters and then we will get milliliters 1 meter cube of space will occupy 1000 liters of water 1000 liters of liquid ok. So, 1000 liters how many milliliters do we need 1000 times of 1000 milliliters because 1 meter cube is equal to 1000 liters and 1 liter is equal to 1000 milliliters right solving them we get the answer that is 10 lakh 10 lakh milliliters we have that is option D ok 78 then then 79 there are 6 percent arranged in a arranged in a row ok 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. So, another person let me be the person has to shake hand with 3 of them. So, that he should not shake hand with 2 consecutive persons I should not take this possibility 1, 2 or 2, 3 or 3, 4 or 3, 4, 5 or 4, 5, 6 not that possible ok and then in how many distinct possible combinations can the hand shakes take place very simple I can take the like this 1, 3, 5 that is one possibility. So, I shake the hands of first person third person fifth person that is one possibility or 1, 3, 6 that is another possibility first person third person sixth person because they are not next to each other ok and then one more possibility is there 1, 4, 6 starting from first guy ok suppose if we start from second guy 2, 4, 6 that is the only possibility nothing else. So, 2, 4, 6 that is another possibility ok if I start with 3, 3 will be there either I can go with 1 and then 6 or 3, 1, 5 all these possibilities will come here itself. So, these are the basic possibilities how many terms are there 4 terms 4 times or 4 turns let us say. So, I have 4 varieties 4 chances. So, option B and then yeah last question an amount of money was distributed among A, B, C in a ratio P, Q, R ok consider the following statement A gets maximum share if P is greater than Q, R whenever you get such ideas you think in terms of counter examples negative examples which will disprove it will first focus on this actual basic idea. So, A gets maximum share if P gets P is greater than Q, R. So, let us take P, Q, R P, Q, R that is the first subdivision let us take like this. So, let us take 10, 5, 3 what is the condition they said P gets sorry A gets maximum share. So, P, Q, R is there no these are all low cases P, Q, R A gets maximum share. So, A share is P, B share is Q and C share is R. So, A gets maximum share if P is greater than Q plus R that is possible 10 is greater than 5 plus 3 it is possible ok can it is possible can be next one C gets minimum share if R is less than P plus Q second subdivision P, Q, R C gets minimum share if R is less than P plus Q. So, let me take 9, 3, 5 let me take some other value like this. So, here what is the possibility R is less than P plus Q. So, 9 plus 3 is it is possible, but look at this among these ratios these parts 9 parts 3 parts 5 parts who will get the least value Q will get the least amount ok, but in the question it is it is given that R will get the least value it is not possible right. So, this is not the condition the. So, we get counter example this is counter example ok. So, this one is possible this one is not possible. So, option 1 only. So, A write answer ok. So, that is it guys and I will remain again this is this belongs to paper D ok. So, paper D. Hello everyone in this video we are going to discuss the reasoning part of CSAT 2021 question paper. I am going to discuss this question, question number 5, 7, 8, 15, 18, 19, 37, 38, 46, 55, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 74 and 75 ok. So, these questions we are going to discuss. We will start with question number 5 it is a logism ok. This is question number 5, some cat or Almira, some Almira or chairs. So, now some part of chair is connected with Almira right. So, this chair may have connect with cat also ok. So, instead of drawing 2 diagram I am just drawing it as one diagram that chair may have connection with cat which means like it could be like this or it could be when you are connecting chair with Almira it may connect cat also. So, instead of drawing these 2 diagrams I have drawn only one diagram it means that this dotted line means that this chair and a cat may have connect with each other ok. So, now conclusion 1 says that certainly some Almiras are some Almiras are there is one more sentence that all chair are table ok. So, since if suppose chair is having connect with cat this table may also be having connect with cat ok. So, conclusion 1 says that certainly some Almira are table Almira is connected with table yes there is some connection between Almira and table all the time ok. So, first conclusion is right second conclusion if you take that it says some cat may not be chairs. So, we do not know whether chair and cat is connected or not ok it may have connect or may not have connect. So, if the connect is not known exactly between 2 like 2 words or 2 variables it could have any kind of connect ok like it could have complete connect with each other or partial connect with each other or there may not be any connection or they may not be like partial disconnection ok anything could be there. So, they mentioned the word it is to be may ok some cats may not be chair. So, may itself means that anything is possible ok. So, if something is not known very clearly anything is possible ok. So, that is what they are saying it may not be chairs ok it may since they mentioned the word may we can take it to be right. So, both conclusions are right. So, 51 c is the answer ok see option c is the answer next we will see the 7th one images of consonants of English alphabets are observed in the mirror ok. So, first let us write the English alphabets ok they have clearly mentioned that you have to take only the consonants. So, you should not take the vowels a e i o u these things should not be counted ok. Next and you have to count the one which is not looking like its original image. So, you are going to take the mirror image of each and every letter and it should be considered as which is different from their original image ok. So, what is different from its original image if it is say for example, if you take b the mirror image of b is this ok both look different. So, you can take this, but if you take v the mirror image hope everyone knows what is mirror image mirror image is turning the image from right to left it looks the same only ok if you turn v the mirror image of v is v itself. So, you should not take this into consideration ok. So, which one cannot be taken into considerations h because mirror image of h looks the same mirror image of m looks the same mirror image of t looks the same mirror image of v looks the same you should not take it and mirror image of w looks the same you should not take it and mirror image of x also looks the same you should not take it. So, others could be considered ok 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. So, 15 is the answer 7 to 1 option C 15 is the answer ok 8th one it is a direction based question person is driving 10 kilometer towards south then 20 towards left side then again 40 towards left side then 5 kilometers towards right side then again right side 30. So, how far is the person from the starting point was shortest distances like a straight line has to be taken it should be measured ok shortest distance is that only. So, starting from here the person is going towards south 10 kilometers. So, this is left side left side 20 and again this is left side for the person 40 and this is right side 5 and again this is right side. So, when you are drawing the parallel you should be very careful that this entire line is 40 and this parallel line is 10. So, from here to here it is 30 correct till this it is 10 because the here it is 10. So, till this it is 10. So, remaining this portion has to be 30 when you are drawing parallel line for 30 it should be ending here itself ok it should not extend the line. So, now this starting point ending point we have to measure this distance ok this distance has to be measured which is from here to here it is 20 from here to here it is 5. So, totally it is 25 ok our next question number 15 there are 120 persons in a group. So, 80 people are Indian and remaining 40 are foreigners and again in that 120 70 people can speak English which means the remaining 50 persons cannot ok cannot speak English they do not know English ok. So, which means the Indians who can speak English ok. So, it is about speaking English. So, there are 70 people who can speak English and out of that how many are possibly Indians is the question ok. So, if suppose you take the least possible case that all the 40 foreigners know English ok they know English. So, remaining 30 should be definitely Indians only ok we are taking the least possible case that if all the foreigners knows English. So, that remaining 30 people Indian should speak English no. So, minimum 30 Indians will speak it is like definitely they will speak English. So, 30 it could be more than that also because we do not know whether all these 40 foreigners knows English ok even if it is 39 the count will here increase to 31 ok anyways it is going to be more fine. So, 30 or more is the answer our next question number is 18 syllogism sorry it is not syllogism it is like based on seating arrangement and ranking Priya is fourth rank below Seema and she is 31st from the bottom and the question is this is data sufficiency question. So, we will go from the question the question is what is Seema's rank what is Seema's rank is the question what is Seema's rank from the top in a class of 40 students ok the entire class contains 40 students if Priya is fourth rank below Seema and is 31st from the bottom ok. So, Seema ok. So, Priya is here and she is 31st from the bottom. So, which means there are 30 students below Priya and Priya is four ranks below Seema ok 1, 2, 3 and Priya is the fourth rank. So, now from this you can find out what is the rank of Seema ok we do not have to find out the actual answer, but we should know that this is answerable using statement number 1, statement number 1 we can find out what is Seema's rank it is possible. So, first statement is enough ok to find out the answer, but we have to check this again one also because there is option called either 1 or 2 either 1 or 2 means individually using 1 also you can find out or individually using 2 also you can find out ok. So, now if you take statement 2, so statement 1 is useful to find out the answer using that you can find out. Statement 2 is again the same Ina is two ranks above Seema and is 37th from the bottom. So, Ina is 37th from the bottom. So, there are 36 persons below this is 37th rank and Ina is two ranks above Seema ok. So, using this you can find out what is Seema's rank ok again telling you you do not have to find out what the answer is, but then using this you can find out the answer. So, individually using this also you can find out or using this. So, either using that or this. So, 18th 1 C is the answer ok 19th 1 for this the answer is A because here again this is data sufficiency question who is the heaviest among A, B, C who is the heaviest is the question and if you take statement 1 it is given A and D is heavier than B, E, F, but none of them is heaviest ok. So, A and D both are more than B, E, F, but none of them none of them means these two people ok these two people are not heaviest. So, it clearly says that these people are not going to be after these people these people are going to be after these people, but these two are not the heaviest person. So, obviously the person who is left out is person C that person is possibly the heaviest person ok. So, among all the 6 percent these three people are not heaviest because it is after A and D and it is clearly mentioned that A and D are also not the heaviest. So, obviously the other one person C has to be the heaviest one. So, using statement 1 you can find out what the answer is ok. So, that alone is sufficient, but if you try for the other options it would not work out ok you can just try and see. So, in the English alphabet the first four letters are written in the opposite order. So, it should be written like A, B, C, D. So, this is what is the meaning and next term E, F, G, H next four letter E, F, G, H then I, J, K, L next M and O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X and finally Y and Z should be again interchanged because still this that 4, 4, 4 count is over and two letters are left out. When it is clearly mentioned in the question itself that E and sorry Z and Y should exchange the position ok. So, now the question is what will be the fourth letter to the right of the 13th letter? If you count here this is going to be the 13th letter this is going to be the 13th letter and right side is always this your right is always right in reasoning you have to take like that ok. So, 1, 2, 3, 4. So, this is the fourth letter from the 13th the 13th letter and T is the fourth letter to the right of 13th 13th letter which is P. So, answer is T for that option B ok. Next we will see question number 13 this is a syllogism question some radio or mobile all the mobiles are computers some computers or watches. So, again you can just connect computer and watch without connecting the other two, but since watch is connected with computer and computer is connected with mobile and radio this watch may have connect with mobile or it may have connect with radio also ok. So, now conclusion 1 says that certainly some videos some radios or watches. So, definitely they are saying that radio and watch is connected there is some connect, but it is not true certainly some mobiles or watches mobile and watch is connected no it is it connected it is not connected no it is it may have connect, but we are not sure. So, both are wrong. So, neither conclusion is neither one nor two ok. So, option D option D is correct ok 35, 7 books are there P Q R S T U V out of that R Q T or blue covers and others are red covers S and U or new books other books are old books. Then P R S or law books and other books are gazettes. So, now we have to select old gazetteers with blue covers ok. So, and there are options given option A Q and R this is basically using elimination technique ok this could be uncertain very few second, but since I am explaining I am writing all these things ok. So, first it should be blue ok it has to satisfy that condition. So, only R Q T are blue ok. So, it cannot be U ok U is not blue book. So, you can eliminate these two options based on that and it should be old book and it should be gazetteer ok. So, P R S are not gazetteers. So, since R is coming here it is not a law book it is a law book it is not a gazetteer ok. So, it should be eliminated. So, answer is option C ok 36, 3, 2, 7, 4, 13, 10, 21, 18, 31, 28, 43 and 40. So, now it is very clearly given you have to replace the incorrect term where odd terms and even terms follow the same pattern. So, it is very clearly given that odd term, odd term means first term, third term these are odd terms ok. So, which means 3, 7, 13, 21, 31, 43 even terms are these 2, 4, 10, 18, 28, 40 ok. So, what is the difference between these 2 numbers is 4 and the difference between these 2 numbers is 6, here it is 8, here it is 10, here it is 12 ok. But if you take here, here it is 2, here it is 6, here it is 8, here it is 10, here it is 12. So, it is very clearly said that both follows the same pattern ok, they are clearly given that odd term, even term follows the same pattern. So, what is clear from this is here it should be plus 4 only because the above follows this pattern. So, it should be plus 4 only. So, why that logic is right is because you see all the other differences, other differences are 2, 2 ok. But between 2 and 6 it is 4. So, that is different ok that is breaking the logic. So, you have to change that only according to the above 1. You may think that why the above 1 cannot be changed as the below 1, but the above 1 has a proper logic that difference is 2, 2 everywhere. But the below 1 does not have logic ok, which means that the correct one is the above 1 and the incorrect one is below 1. First of all we have to change that, we have to make it as 4, it should be plus 4. So, what should be replaced here to make it plus 4 is 0. Instead of 2, if you put 0, now this makes a correct pattern of plus 4 plus 6 plus 8 plus 10 like that. So, 2 is the wrong number and instead of that you have to replace that with 0. So, 0 is the answer which is option A and 0 is the answer 37 ok, 7B, 10A, 3C. So, it is very clear that the subtraction of these 2 numbers gives you this and 3C, 9B and 6A. Again it is very clear that subtraction of these 2 numbers will give you this 10A, 13C. The subtraction of these 2 should give you 3. So, here you find that A, B, C. Here in the second row also you find A, B, C. So, third row also you should have all the 3 variable A, B, C. So, B should be B is missing. So, it should be coming here. 3B is the answer. So, answer is C. Next 38 ok, sequence 1 and sequence 2 are identical sequence. It is very clearly given that identical sequence. So, 8, 4, 6, 15. So, if something is decreasing like this to half it is very clear that it is a multiplication of 0.5. So, once we are multiplying a number with 0.5 the entire sequence continues using that 0.5 pattern. So, this is 1.5, this is 2.5, this is 3.5 and this is 4.5 ok. So, now we need 5A, B, C, D is given. You have to find out what is this ok. So, here if you make it half it will become 2.5. You have to follow the same pattern multiply this with 1.5, multiply this with 2.5. First I found out the number A is 2.5. Next 2.5 into 1.5 will give you 3.75 and then 3.75 into 2.5 will give you 9.375 ok. So, this is the answer C. Next question number 46. Mathematics is coded as L, B, S, I, D, N, Z, U, H, D, R. So, what is going to be the chemistry? So, this is thirteenth letter and this is twelfth letter right. So, it is minus 1. So, the first letter second letter it is plus 1. So, minus 1, plus 1, minus 1, plus 1 this pattern continues ok. So, minus 1 it should start with minus 1 which means you have to write the previous letter of this and here plus 1 which means you should write the next letter of H which is I and here previous letter of E should be written that is D and here the next letter of M should be written that is N. So, this option is in B and after this you do not have to proceed ok. So, till this if you find out that is enough from the option you can eliminate and select the correct one. So, B is the correct answer 55. So, it is like meeting if fifth day another person is twenty fourth day and another person is coming every ninth day. So, meeting itself means that we need a common number for that we have to take the LCM we take the LCM we will get 360 360 is the least common multiple. So, from Sunday the Sunday they are meeting and after that after 360 days they will meet if you take the equivalent odd odd day for this it is three. So, if you count from Sunday after three days will be Venice day ok it is like Monday Tuesday Venice day. So, Venice day is the answer for this B. Half of the villagers they did not give you the total number of people. So, let I am going to take it to be 100 half of the villagers. So, 50 percent of the villagers are owning their own house and 50 people are rented house one fifth of the villager cultivate paddy ok. One fifth means 20 people cultivate paddy and remaining 80 other crop ok. Next four fifth of the villagers are under 25 one third of the villager are literate among that 100 one third means 33 people it is not going to be 33.33, but then one third is this 33 are literate remaining 66 are non literate. Four fifth of the villagers are under 25 years of age. So, four fifth of this number is 80 people are under 25 and remaining 20 are about 25 ok. So, which of the among the I mean among the given option which is correct is option B is correct why because you have to take each and every option and check and among that B is definitely right because some villagers under 25 years of age are literate ok. We know that there are 33 people who are literate ok. They are combining these two conditions and only 20 people are above 25 age ok because 80 people are under 25, remaining 20 people should be above 25. So, suppose all the above 25 people are literate there are only there are 33 literate people ok. Among that if above 25 age people are all the all the people are literate. So, remaining 13 at least 13 must be literate under 25 right. So, there are some people who are under 25 who are literate ok. So, B is the answer. So, it is like overlapping it overlaps this value overlaps with that. So, obviously these people are present there it is like that. So, B B is the answer. So, why I am taking this to be 100 is they did not give you any value just for calculation I have taken like that 67. 67 B is the answer because using statement 1 you cannot find out because the question which is based on what is 14th day of the month a month is specified and what is 14th day of that month. The last day of the month is Venice day. So, last day means it could be 28 days a month could have 28 days or 29 days 30 days or 31 days. We do since the month is not mentioned we do not know what is going to be the last day. So, last day is the question mark using that you cannot find out what is 14th day. So, statement 1 is not useful to find out the answer. If you take statement 2 the third Saturday of the month was the 17th day ok. 17th day is Saturday. So, what was what is going to be the previous Saturday 10th and what is going to be the previous Saturday of that 3rd. So, since we know 10th Saturday and 14th is going to be in between these cab ok. It is going to be in these two I mean in this interval only. So, you can find out what is going to be the 14th day ok. So, statement 2 is enough to find out the answer and this is the calculation for it. Next is 68. 68 it could be done in two ways ok. The examination CSAT examination was conducted on 10th October yesterday ok. Today is 11th October 10th October is on Sunday correct. So, which means 10th October 2021 is Sunday. So, 10th October 2022 10th October 2023 10th October 2024 2025 2026 2027 2027 is the question. So, since the examination is conducted on this particular day to be able to do we can able to do like this ok, but general calculation is not that is different I believe that later. So, this since yesterday was Sunday, the next October of the next year will come on Monday, then it is next it is going to be on Tuesday and here it is 2024. So, here one day Wednesday will not come Thursday will be coming here, then Friday, then Saturday, then Sunday. So, 10th October of 2027 will be on Sunday only. So, there is another way to solve this which is making normal calculation. So, you should be knowing the concept of calendar clearly, then only you will understand what I say. September this is a calculation. January, February, March, April, May, June, July, July, August, September. This contains how many leap years and non-leap years I am going to see. Six leap years and remaining 20 normal years ok. So, here into 2, here into 1 you have to put 12 plus 20, 32 ok. So, 10 plus 5, 10, 15, 21, 32 has 4 odd days. So, instead of this it is 0 and here it is 3, here it is 4, again it is 7, 7 equals 0, this is Sunday, 0 means Sunday. So, this is a calculation you must be knowing this concept already to understand this ok. Next is 69, some greens are blues, some blues are blacks. So, this black may have connected with the green ok. So, conclusion 1, some greens are black, some green and black is not connected ok, it is not connected all the time. So, it is not right. Next no green is black. So, you cannot say like that, it may have connect also. So, you cannot say that there is a disconnection. So, it is wrong. All green are black, all you know we you are not finding one circle inside another completely. So, the conclusion should not have the word all. The possibility is different, but they did not give they did not mention any word based on possibility ok. So, which means they are saying everything for sure which is not right. So, neither none of the statement is right. So, neither is the answer d 2, 7, 22, 67, 202 ok. So, how the this comes from this is very clear that it is a multiplication sequence, because it is getting increased fastly ok, the numbers are going greater. So, it involves multiplication. So, in 3 times plus 1 ok, here it is 3 times plus 1. So, in the sequence if it goes into 3 plus 1, we will give you 607 ok. So, next question is 75. 75 is option d, here you have to use trial and error method only, where you should try each and every option and see whether you get any pattern or not ok. You have to fill up option d here ok, a should be in the first blank, b should be in the second blank, next a, b, a, b ok. Since it contain 18, 18 letters it should be divided at the multiple which numbers are the devices of 18, 222 you can divide, 33 you can divide, 66 you can divide. Like that you have to divide and see ok. If you divide it as 22, a, b, b, a, there is no pattern forming, but if you divide it as 33 it makes a proper pattern ok, a, b, b, a, a, b, a, b, a, a, b like that ok. Thank you. So, we are going to take a look at the CSAT 2021 paper and see how you know the questions were. There were around 27 questions here and most of the passers are one question. The difficulty level was moderate, I will take you through each passage and also tell you what should be the correct answer for each of them. So, first passage, the paper started with RC only. So, it says that fig trees that are genus fecus are considered sacred in India, East Asia and Africa and are common in agricultural and urban landscapes where other large trees are absent. So, in the absence of other trees these are fairly common. In natural forests fig trees provide food for wildlife when other resources are scarce and support a high density and diversity of frugivores. Frugivores are fruit eating animals. If frugivorous birds that is fruit eating birds and bats continue to visit fig trees located in sites with high human disturbance, sacred fig trees may promote frugivore abundance. So, this is pretty self-explanatory if frugivores continue to come here then fig trees will promote their presence. Under favorable microclimate, plenty of seedlings of other tree species would grow around fig trees. Okay, now the question here is and I also remember with these kinds of questions as we have discussed you should use your options also to eliminate because sometimes it gets a little confusing and in the exam you are in a time constraint. So, using options is a good strategy and of course you can verify it logically as well. So, the following assumptions have been made. Number one, fig trees can often be a keystone species in natural forests. Keystone means important. So, does the author believe that well as the author is talking about how you know these fig trees promote frugivores and how they can lead to see the last line. Other trees growing because you know plenty of seedlings of other tree species would grow around fig trees. So, the first one seems to be a valid assumption made by the author. If you see your options only A and D have the first one. So, let's proceed. Two says fig trees can grow where other large woody species cannot grow. Now, this is an extreme statement and what do we do with extreme statements? We verify with the passage if they're not supported we eliminate them. Are they saying that fig trees are growing where other trees cannot grow? If you see that is not the case because they're saying that these fig trees are there where other large trees are absent. Now, why are they absent? Is it because they can't grow or is it because of some other reason? We don't know that. So, we can't say that the author believes it. So, two is definitely wrong. Now, check which options have two. So, A is eliminated, C is eliminated and now it's either B or D and as we saw that one is a valid assumption. So, it can't be B. The answer must be D. Answer must be D. Either way, if you see the third assumption is valid, let's check that. Sacred trees can have a role in biodiversity conservation. Yes, sacred trees in this case it is a fig tree. So, that is given. That is very well correct. And the fourth one, fig trees have a role in the seed dispersal of other tree species. Yes, that is supported in the last sentence. So, your first answer should be D. First answer should be D. Then see the second passage. At the heart of agroecology is the idea that agroecosystems should mimic the biodiversity levels and functioning of natural ecosystem. Mimic means to copy. Such agricultural mimics like their natural models can be productive, pest resistant, nutrient-conservant and resilient to shocks and stresses. So, these are all the benefits of these agricultural mimics. And it is given that in ecosystems there is no waste. Nutrients are recycled indefinitely. This is presented as a characteristic. Agroecology aims at closing nutrient loops that is returning all nutrients that come out of the soil back to the soil such as through application of farm yard manure. Okay? It also harnesses natural processes to control pests and build soil fertility that is through intercropping. Okay? So, using different kinds of crops. Agroecological practices include integrating trees with livestock and crops. So, it's just a fact-based passage. Now, see this, consider the following. There are six practices that are given. Which of the above farming practices can be compatible with agroecology as implied by the passage? Now, you may get a little worried looking at this because this passage doesn't directly talk about hydroponics or vertigation. But that doesn't matter. What you do is just see which ones are definitely covered and then you can use the process of elimination. We can see, so hydroponics are those plants which are grown without soil, grown only in water. This passage doesn't talk about any hydroponics. So, please eliminate B and C. As soon as you eliminate B and C, your work becomes very easy. It's either A or D. Now, four is present in both. That is mixed farming. That is given as well. So, mixed farming is given. Intercropping, they're talking about that. And are they talking about vertical farming? Vertical farming is that, you know, you grow crops indoors in stacks. That is not really mentioned. So, D is also wrong. Your answer must be A, one, four and five. And you can verify it logically. Cover crops, yes, it is given. Same, intercropping. Mixed farming, of course, it is given. Polyculture, yes, it is the process of, you know, I think mixed farming is integrating livestock with that. But either way, all are given. One, four and five, all are given. Vertigation is not mentioned. It is the practice of, yeah, chemical irrigation. So, that is not given. So, one, four and five will be the answer. On the basis of this, one, four and five will be the answer. Cover crops, mixed farming and polyculture. Hydroponics and vertical farming are clearly not in the scope of this passage. Now, see passage three, computers increasingly deal not just with abstract data like credit card details and databases, but also with the real world of physical objects and vulnerable human bodies. Okay, so all these things are being dealt with by these computers. A modern car is a computer on wheels and aeroplane is a computer on wings. And he's saying that the arrival of the internet of things will see computers baked into everything from road signs and MRI scanners to prosthetics and insulin pumps. Everything will have a computer. There is baked into means it will be built into it. There is little evidence that these gadgets will be any more trustworthy than the desktop counterparts. So, we don't have much evidence that they'll be more trustworthy than the desktop that we have today. Hackers have already proved that they can take remote control of internet connected cars and pacemakers. So, these devices are prone to hacking. So, which of the following statements best reflects the most critical inference that can be made from the passage given above? Optionary computers are not completely safe. Yes, that can be inferred because they're talking about computers getting hacked. Option B, companies producing the software do not take cybersecurity seriously. He's not really blaming them. He's not saying that they're not taking cybersecurity seriously. So, B is a bit of an extreme statement. You can eliminate it. It is wrong. C stringent data security laws are needed. This passage does not talk about legislation. So, C is wrong. And D, the present trend of communication technologies will affect our lives in future. This doesn't really talk about communication technologies talking about computers and how they will become a part of different kinds of devices. So, it's not really saying how it will affect the lives in the future. He's mainly talking about the threat of hacking or, you know, the lack of safety in these computers. So, A is the answer. Third one is A. Then the fourth one, a social and physical environment riddled with poverty, inequities, unhygienic and insanity conditions generates the risk of infectious diseases. Okay, fine. Hygien as different levels is classified into three. Number one, personal hygiene. Number two, domestic hygiene. Number three, community hygiene. There is no doubt that personal cleanliness brings down the rate of infectious diseases. And he says, but the entry of the market into this domain has created a false sense of security that gets conditioned and reinforced. Reinforced means strengthened by the onslaught of advertisements. So, ads sort of give you a false sense of security that personal cleanliness is more important. That's what he means to say. Experience in Western Europe shows that along with personal hygiene, general improvements in environmental conditions and components like clean water sanitation and food security have brought down infant slash child death slash infection rates considerably. So, infant death and infant infection and child death and child infection rates have been brought down considerably by improving the general environmental conditions like clean water sanitation and food security. This has been observed in Western Europe. The obsession with hand hygiene also brings in the persistent influence of the market on personal health, overriding or marginalizing the negative impact on ecology and the emergence of resistant germs. So, this kind of an obsession with hand hygiene, for example, is not good for the ecology and also may create resistant germs and nobody is really focusing on this. So, what assumptions have been made here by the author? Number one, people who are obsessed with personal hygiene tend to ignore community hygiene. Not really. The author is not indicating anywhere that people who are obsessed with personal hygiene are not being attention to community hygiene. So, first one we know is not a valid assumption. You can eliminate options A and D. A and D can be eliminated. Then it's either B or C. So, we know that second one is anyway not there. Second one, emergence of multi-drug resistant germs can be prevented by personal cleanliness. No, rather the author is implying that too much personal cleanliness is the reason behind the emergence of these germs. So, two is anyway wrong. We don't really have an option for it either. So, leave it. Third one, entry of the market into the domain of hygiene increases the risk of infectious diseases. Yes, the author believes that because he says that this can lead to the emergence of resistant germs. So, the third one is a valid assumption which means my answer must be B then three and four because four is anyway true for both. And four says for both the options I mean B and C. Four is anyway true. Let's check what four is. Scientific and micro level interventions are not sufficient to bring down the burden of infectious diseases. The author does not indicate any such thing. Actually, no, he does. Scientific and micro level interventions are not sufficient to bring down the burden of infectious diseases. He does. He does indicate that because he says that we also need this domestic and community hygiene. So, sorry about that. Fourth is correct. Fourth is correct because he believes that personal hygiene is not sufficient. Fourth is correct. And fifth one, it is community hygiene implemented through public health measures that is really effective in the battle against infectious diseases. He's not saying community hygiene is most important. He's saying all three are important and nowadays we tend to give too much emphasis on personal hygiene which can actually be detrimental in some cases by creating some kind of resistant germs. So, fifth is not really a valid assumption and you should choose B. Fourth one should be B, three and four only. Okay. So, this was one set. Now, if you see this time you are given questions in sets of four and sometimes in sets of two which was quite interesting. Now, see this passage one that is question number 11 with respect to what are called denominations of religion. If everyone is left to be a judge of his own religion, there is no such thing as religion that is wrong. But if they are to be a judge of each other's religion, there is no such thing as religion that is right. And therefore, all the world is right or all the world is wrong in the matter of religion. So, he's saying that people think that their religion is correct, entirely correct and all other religions are entirely wrong. So, what is the assumption made by the author? So, A, no man can live without adhering to some religious denomination. No, what the author is saying is that people have a biased view. They perceive their religion to be all correct and other religions to be all wrong. So, A is not in line with that, A is wrong. B says it is the duty of everyone to propagate one's religious denomination, nothing of the sort has been given. So, B is wrong. Option C, religious denominations tend to ignore the unity of man. Yes, because you know either, so basically they believe that their religion is correct and all other religions are wrong. So, yes, that is definitely contrary to the unity of man because then there is no unity. That's what the author believes. That religious denominations ignore unity because somebody or the other will always be wrong. Your religion is all correct and other religions are all wrong and somebody is always wrong. So, see matches somehow. Let's check D, men do not understand their own religious denomination. That is not indicated. What the author believes is they do understand and they believe that this is the only one that is correct. So, C is the correct answer. 11th one should be C. 12th one, it is certain that seditions, wars and contempt or breach of the law are not so much to be imputed. Imputed means attributed to the wickedness of the subjects as to the bad state of a dominion. So, when these things happen, the blame should go to the dominion. Dominion is the country or province or whatever it is. For men are not born fit for citizenship but must be made so. So, becoming a good citizen is something that must be taught. Besides, men's natural passions are everywhere the same and if wickedness more prevails and more offenses are committed in one commonwealth than in another, it is certain that the former has neither enough pursued the end of unity nor framed its laws with pursued the end of unity means focus on unity nor framed its laws with sufficient forethought and that therefore it has failed in making quite good. It's right as a commonwealth. So, the blame should be assigned on the dominion and not on the citizens. Now, let's check the question. This is an inference based question which among the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the passage given above. Option A, seditions, wars and breach of the laws are inevitable in every dominion. This is an extreme option. It's not really indicated that it is inevitable means unavoidable in every dominion. Eliminate it. Option B, it is not the people but the sovereign who is responsible for all the problems of any dominion. Second part is a bit extreme but it is also supported by the passage. So, we'll keep it on hold. It is correct. It conveys the message of the passage but let's see if we can find a better option. Option C, that dominion is the best which pursues the aim of unity and has laws for good citizenship. That dominion is the best. Is it indicated in which dominion is best? It's talking about laws for good citizenship. That dominion is the best which pursues the aim of unity. So, he's saying if a dominion has problems, it means that it has not pursued the end of unity enough and has not framed its laws with sufficient forethought. And it has failed in making quite good its right as a common wealth. So, it's best which pursues the aim of unity and has laws for good citizenship matches these two. Yeah. So, C seems to be better and D, it is impossible for men to establish a good dominion. That's also not indicated anywhere. C should be the answer. The answer should be C for this one. 12-1 is C because B is also extreme. It's responsible for all the problems of any dominion. Again, that's not true. So, we'll go for C. 12-1 C. Then passage 3, inequality violates a basic democratic norm. The equal standing of citizens. So, inequality violates this. Equality is a relation that obtains between persons in respect of some fundamental characteristic that they share in common. Okay, fine. Equality is morally speaking a default principle. So, it should be thereby default. It should be, it should not be that inequality is a default principle and you have to work for equality. Equality should be the default. Therefore, persons should not be discriminated on grounds such as race, caste, gender, ethnicity, disability or class. These features of human condition are morally irrelevant, he's saying. The idea that one should treat persons with respect not only because some of these persons possess some special features or talent. For example, skilled cricketers, gifted musicians or literary giants, but because persons are human beings is now, is by now part of common sense morality. So, he's saying everybody should be treated with respect, not because they have some special kind of a talent. So, what assumptions are being made here by the author? 13th one. First assumption is that equality is a prerequisite for people to participate in the multiple transactions of society from a position of confidence. Yes, the author does believe that because he's saying that people must be treated as equal by default. So, the first assumption is valid, which means it's either A or C. Second one, occurrence of inequality is detrimental to the survival of democracy. Yes, the author believes in that as well because he's saying that inequality violates a basic democratic norm equal standing of citizens. So, two is also correct. So, one and two both are correct. Your answer must be A. Now, let's check three and four. Three is equal standing of all citizens is an idea that cannot actually be realized even in a democracy. This is an extreme option. The author is not saying that you cannot realize equality. And fourth one, right to equality should be incorporated into our values and day to day political vocabulary. The author does not really deal with political vocabulary. So, four is also wrong. So, A is the answer. 13th one should be A and then the 14th one passage for aristocratic government ruins itself, that spoils itself by limiting to narrowly the circle within which power is confined. Oligarchic semi-colon which means it's a new point. Oligarchic government and oligarchy is a system where a few organizations run everything. Oligarchic government ruins itself by the incautious scramble for immediate wealth. So, these are the problems with the aristocracy that is royalty and oligarchy. And then he says but even democracy ruins itself by excess of democracy. Its basic principle is the equal right of all to hold office and determine public policy. This is at first glance a delightful arrangement. So, it's desirable. It becomes disastrous because the people are not properly equipped by education to select the best rulers and the wisest forces. So, people are not competent enough. That's why it can become problematic. The people have no understanding and only repeat what the rulers are pleased to tell them. Such a democracy is tyranny or autocracy. This has been said by Plato. This entire thing has been said by Plato. So, which of the following statements best reflects the crux of the passage given above? Option A, human society is experimented with different forms of governments that's not indicated. Option B, any form of government tends to deteriorate by excess of its basic principle. Yeah, correct. Because aristocracy suffers from too much aristocracy, oligarchy suffers from too much profit seeking, democracy suffers from too much democracy. So, A, B seems to be correct. Option C, education of all citizens ensures the perfect functional and sustainable democracy. It's not focusing on education of citizens. C is irrelevant and D, having a government is a necessary evil because tyranny is inherent in any form of government. The author is not really saying that tyranny is unavoidable, that it's a part of every government. So, D is also wrong. The correct answer is B. 14th, correct answer is B. Okay, let me move ahead to 21 to 24. Yeah. Next four questions. Okay. So, question number 21, researchers simulated street lighting on artificial grassland plots containing B aphids, sap-sucking insects at night. Okay, so these were exposed to two different types of light, a white light similar to newer commercial LED lights and an amber light, amber means yellow, amber light similar to sodium street lamps. The low intensity amber light was shown to inhibit, inhibit means to prevent rather than induce, induce means to promote, flowering in a wild plant of the P family, which is a source of food for the P aphids in grasslands. The number of aphids was also significantly suppressed under the light treatment due to the limited amount of food availability. That was another factor. Now, what is the most critical inference that can be made from this passage? Option A, low intensity light has more adverse effect on the plants as compared to high intensity light. This seems to be supported by the passage because the plant center amber light, so amber light was shown to inhibit it, right? That was not reported for the white LED lights. A seems okay. Let's check other options. Light pollution can have a permanent adverse impact on an ecosystem. Not really sure of the word permanent over here. So extreme option eliminated. White light is better for the flowering of plants as compared to light of other colors. We've not really compared with all colors. We've just seen white versus amber, where white is better, but we don't know about other colors. So C is also a vast generalization which you can eliminate. And D, proper intensity of light in an ecosystem is important, not only for plant, but for animals too. We don't have any evidence of that. So A, 21, go for option A. Okay. Question 21, go for option A. Then 22, approximately 80% of all flowering plant species are pollinated by animals, including birds and mammals, but the main pollinators are insects. So pollination is responsible for providing us with a wide variety of food, as well as many plant derived medicines. So these are the benefits of pollination. At least one third of the words agricultural crops depend upon pollination. Bees are the most dominant taxa when it comes to pollination and they are crucial to more than 400 crops. So this is the importance of bees. Pollination is an essential service that is the result of intricate relationships between plants and animals. And the reduction or loss of either affects the survival of both. So we can't, yeah, both are essential. Effective pollination, he says, requires resources such as refuges of pristine natural vegetation. So we need to maintain some good natural vegetation for effective pollination to occur. Now they're asking on the basis of the passage given above the following assumptions have been made. So number one, sustainable production of India's cereal food grains is impossible without the diversity of pollinating animals. See the word impossible. Is it supported in the passage? You will see that no. He's not saying that diversity of pollinating animals is a prerequisite for producing cereal crops. One is an extreme option. Please eliminate it. So A is gone and C is gone. A and C both are wrong. Now check the second one. Monoculture of horticultural crops, sample survival of insects. We are not talking about horticultural crops. So two is also wrong. And which means my answer must be D then three and four only. Let's logically verify three and four as well though we already got our answer. Third one, pollinators become scarce in cultivated areas devoid of natural vegetation. Yes, he believes this because he's saying that effective pollination requires pristine natural vegetation. Pristine means undisturbed. And four, diversity in insects induces diversity of plants. Yes, that is also correct. Reduction or loss of either affects the survival of both. That is plants and animals. So the author believes in that as well. So three and four both are valid assumptions. And my answer is D, 22 is D, three and four only. Now let's go to 23. A study conducted on the impacts of climate change over the Cauvery basin of Tamil Nadu using regional climate models showed an increasing trend for maximum and minimum temperatures. So maximum temperatures are going up, minimum temperatures are reducing and it decreases in the number of rainy days. So these are the impacts of climate change. These climatic shifts will have an impact on the hydrological cycles in the region, lead to more runoff and less recharge and affect the groundwater table. So this will be the impact. Further, there has been an increase in the frequency of broads in the state. This has driven farmers to increase dependency on groundwater resources to secure their crops because not getting enough water from rain. So they're taking it from the ground. So which are the following statements best reflects the crux of the passage given above. So option A, development of regional climate models helps in choosing climate smart agriculture practices. The passage does not really deal with any climate smart agricultural practices. A is wrong. Option B, heavy dependence on groundwater resources can be reduced by adopting dry land cropping systems. There is no mention of any dry land cropping system. So please also wrong. Option C, climate changes increase the criticality of water resources that is the importance. Yes, while simultaneously threatening it. Yes, because we have fewer any days. So C is correct. C is the correct answer and D climate changes cause the farmers to adopt unsustainable livelihoods and risky coping strategies. Nothing of the sort has been given that it is unsustainable. So yeah, and neither is it given that the coping strategies are risky. They can be problematic, but he's not really saying that they're unsustainable so extreme options again go for C 23 choose C that is the best answer. And 24 researchers were able to use stem cells to gauge gauge means to measure the neurotoxic effects of the environmental pollutant bisphenol A or BPA. They used a combination of biochemical and cell based assays to examine the gene expression profile during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells upon treatment with BPA a compound known to cause heart disease. So they did this on mouse embryonic stem cells. Diabetes and developmental abnormalities in humans. They were able to detect and measure BPA toxicity towards the proper specification of primary germ layers such as endoderm and ectoderm and the establishment of neural progenitor cells. So these were the things that they were able to measure. Now what assumptions have been made here? Number one, BPA may alter embryonic development in vivo. BPA may alter embryonic development in vivo. So they did this on mouse embryonic stem cells. Yeah, differentiation occurred. And yes, there were some changes in the endoderm and ectoderm and the establishment of neural progenitor cells. So one seems to be correct. One seems to be correct. Second one, biochemical and cell based assays are useful in finding out treatments for pollution induced diseases. This is not really covered in this passage. So two is wrong. Two is wrong. So well, it's also two is wrong, which means answer must be C only then, one and three only. Third one is embryonic stem cells could serve as a model to evaluate the physiological effects of environmental pollutants. Yes, correct. That's why they're doing it. They were able to use stem cells to gauge the neurotoxic effects of environmental pollutants. So that's exactly what they're doing. So one and three then sees the answer. 24, the answer is C. Now we have to jump directly to what 31, yeah, 31 to 34. This one. So India faces a challenging immediate future in energy and climate policymaking. The problems are multiple, he's saying. First is partnering fossil fuel production capabilities, limited access to electricity and modern cooking fuel for the poorest at the second problem. Third problem, rising fuel imports in an unstable global energy context. And fourth one, continued electricity pricing and governance challenges, governance challenges leading to its costly deficits or surplus supply. And last one and not least, growing environmental contestation around land, water and air. So these are all the problems that India faces. But all is not bleak. So, all is not gloomy or dark. Growing energy efficiency programs, integrated urbanization and transport policy discussions, inroads to enhancing energy access and security, and bold renewable energy initiatives, even if not fully conceptualized, even if not fully developed, suggest the promise of transformation. So we do have hope. That's what the author is saying. We do have hope. So, now, which of the following statements best reflects the critical message conveyed by the passage given above? Option A, India's energy decision making process is ever more complex and interconnected. So it's not really saying it's ever more complex. So A is wrong. Then B, India's energy and climate policy is heavily tuned to sustainable development goals. Yes. All these are sustainable development goals. So B is correct. Option C, India's energy and climate actions are not compatible with its broader social, economic and environmental goals. None of the sort has been mentioned here. So that is wrong. And D, India's energy decision making process is straightforward, supply oriented, and ignores the demand side. This is off topic. So B is the only one that matches it. It is tuned to sustainable goals. B is correct. 31 should be B. Okay. 31 should be B. 32. There are reports that some of the antibiotics sold in the market are fed to poultry and other livestock as growth promoters. Overusing these substances can create superbugs that is pathogens that are resistant to multiple drugs and could be passed along humans. So mindful of that, some farming companies have stopped using the drugs to make chickens gain weight faster. They stopped using these antibiotics. Since Denmark banned antibiotic growth promoters in the 1990s, the major pork exporter says it is producing more pigs and the animals get fewer diseases. So it has been proven to be a good measure. So what reflects, what best reflects a critical message conveyed by the passage given above? Option A, people should avoid consuming the products of animal farming. No. What he's saying is banning these antibiotics turned out to be a good thing. B, foods of animal origin should be replaced with foods of plant origin that's also not really indicated by the passage. C is correct. Using antibiotics on animals should be banned because they banned it and it gave a good result. And the antibiotics should only be used to treat diseases. They're not talking about the only use of antibiotics. So they're only saying that antibiotics should not be given to these chickens. It was banned and it proved to be a good move. C is the only one that somewhat matches it. So 32 is C, moving on to 33. Okay, so coming to passage three, that is the question number 33. Policy makers and media have placed the blame for skyrocketing fuel prices on a variety of factors. So there are different factors including high fuel prices, bad weather and key food producing countries and the diversion of land to non-food production. Okay, increased emphasis however has been placed on a surge in demand for food from the most populous emerging economies. So this is, this has been emphasized. It seems highly probable that mass consumption in these countries could be well poised to create a food crisis. These emerging economies, the mass consumption of food there is likely to create a food crisis in the future. Now, if we look at the question, so with reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made. Number one, oil producing countries are one of the reasons for high food prices. So oil producing countries, is it talking about oil producing countries here, you've seen rather not than not. So well options are not really helpful over here. So not really, there's no mention of oil producing countries here. It's talking about emerging economies, which is not synonymous with oil producing countries. Second one, if there is a food crisis in the world in the near future, it will be in the emerging economies, which means definitely it will be in the emerging economies. That's also not indicated. It's just highly probable. It's not a guarantee that it's going to happen. So D is the answer, neither one nor two. None of these assumptions are valid. Then question number 34, a central message of modern development economics is the importance of income growth by which is meant growth in gross domestic product or GDP. So income growth equal to GDP. In theory, rising GDP creates employment and investment opportunities. As incomes grow in a country where the level of GDP was once low, household communities and governments are increasingly able to set aside some funds, which means allocate some funds for the production of things that make for a good life. So today GDP has assumed such a significance, such an importance, such a significant place in the development lexicon. Lexicon is vocabulary, so development vocabulary. That is someone mentions economic growth. We know they mean growth in GDP. So economic growth has become synonymous with GDP. Now what assumptions have been made here? Number one, rising GDP is essential for a country to be a developed country. Yes, the author assumes that because he's saying that economic growth nowadays is synonymous with growth in GDP. So to be a developed country, you have to improve your economy. So you have to increase your GDP. So the first one is correct. Second one, rising GDP guarantees a reasonable distribution of income to all households. It's not given here that rising GDP is synonymous with distribution of wealth, just the growth of wealth. So two is irrelevant and the answer should be A, one only. Okay, A should be the answer, one only. Question number 34. And moving on, we have two questions that is 41 and 42. Yeah, so 41. The best university is like Harvard and MIT, despite having the luxury of having some truly excellent teachers on their payroll are increasingly embracing the flipped classroom format, where students listen to video lectures at home and spend class time applying their knowledge, solving problems, discussing examples, etc. So he's saying that professors guide that discussion and fill in wherever necessary, explaining those bits that seem to be eluding the students. So whatever students can't understand professor chime in to explain those parts. And throwing in advanced ideas that happen to be topical. So and they come up with some advanced ideas. These universities have made their video lectures available free for anyone in the world. They are also encouraging colleges and universities all over the world to integrate these online courses into their own pedagogy pedagogy means teaching methodology, taking the pieces that are appropriate for their needs and building a package around them. So they're encouraging other universities to do the same to basically use their courses. So which one of the following statements best reflects the central idea of the passage given above. So option a efficacy of universities would be better in online mode of conducting classroom tuition as compared to conventional method. There is no comparison for the two. He's saying that reputed universities like Harvard and MIT are coming up with online courses. They're not saying that these online courses are better than the conventional classroom courses. A is wrong. Option B availability of higher education can be made easier and cheaper without diluting the content. We don't know whether it can be done without diluting the content. It's not really indicated anywhere in the passage. B is also wrong. C we need not invest much in infrastructure related to higher education and yet develop better human and social capital. That's also not indicated. D says private sector institutions in higher education as well as coaching institutes can take advantage of this opportunity and thrive well. Yes, that is the main message conveyed here because at the end it is saying that they're encouraging colleges and universities to use their courses for their own that covers in its scope, coaching institutes as well. So D is the most appropriate choice for 41. 42, our cities are extremely vulnerable to climate change because of large concentrations of populations and poor infrastructure. That's the problem. Moreover, population densities are increasing in them, but we have not yet developed the systems to address climate change impacts. These are the shortcomings. Our cities contribute to 65% of the GDP, but there are not enough facilities to cater to the needs of the people. It is important to address the issues of air quality, transport, etc. that are vital to identifying sustainable solutions. So this needs to be done. So pretty salvation in this passage. We need to involve citizens in city planning and create an ecosystem that meets the needs of the people. So yeah, so currently we are facing a lot of problems in the cities and we need to include the citizens in the planning of it. So question number 42 says which among the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the passage given above. Option A, our cities need to have well defined administrative setup with sufficient autonomy. They're not really saying that the cities are not autonomous per se. So A is wrong. Option B, ever increasing population densities is a hindrance in our efforts to achieve sustainable development. Ever increasing population densities. Isn't that population densities are increasing? Probably let's park it, let's see if we have better option. Option C, to maintain and develop our cities, we need to adopt sustainability related interventions. That is also given here. It is important to address the issues of these things that are vital to identifying sustainable solutions. So it's between B and C. Option D says public-private partnership mode, nothing about public-private partnership is given. So B is actually a generalization that ever increasing population densities is a hindrance in our efforts to achieve sustainable development. B, the passage is only talking about cities, ever increasing population densities in cities. B is a generalization. So it's a little vague. I'd rather go with C because C is city specific to cities. So C is the answer. 42 the answer is C. To maintain and develop our cities, we need to adopt sustainability related interventions. 42 is C. Then let's move on to 51. So 51, 52, 53, these three questions based on two passages. Sorry, it's a little blurred. I hope you are still able to read it. So for 51, the passage is medieval merchants risk the hazards of the Silk Road to reach the markets of China. Portuguese caravals in the 15th century sailed beyond the bounds of the known world, searching less for knowledge than for golden spices. The main motivation was golden spices and not knowledge. Historically, the driver for opening frontiers has always been the search for resources. Science and curiosity are weaker drivers. So these are the main reasons are related to money. The only way to open up space, whether the space of solar system or interstellar space is to create an economic engine. And that engine is resource extraction. So if we can motivate people to go to space to extract resources, that will be more lucrative. So which one of the following statements best sums up the passage given above? Option A, wealth generation is the primary motive for any human endeavor. This is a very vast generalization, not for any human endeavor. We can't say that it's the primary motive when we are when we are searching new places. A is a bit generic, eliminated eight. We were on question number 51. So yeah, we can't say that it's the primary motive for any human endeavor. Option B says space, whether space in solar system or interstellar space will govern a future economy. So that is an extreme statement that definitely that is going to govern. That is not true. They're just talking about motivations for exploration, not whether it will govern a future. So B is wrong. Option C, human beings are motivated to explore new frontiers, principally by economic considerations. Yes, because he's saying in the past it was bold and spices and it is economic motivators are strong motivators, scientific motivators are weak motivators. See here it's given science and curiosity are weak drivers. The driver for opening frontiers has always been the search for resources historically. So C is correct and these as wealth generation is based on the risk-taking behavior of some men. That is irrelevant to the passage. C is correct. 51. The correct answer is C. Then let's do 52 and 53. It's based on the short passage. Most people would agree that telling deliberate lies is wrong except perhaps in certain special situations where more harm will be done by telling the truth. So there people will agree that telling lies is okay. Even the most truthful people probably tell a good many more lies than might be regarded as semantic lies. Their use of words contains some measure of falsehood more or less deliberate on purpose they lie. So 52 is the idea of which the first part of the passage mentions is. So it's talking about agreement not about disagreement and it's agreement about the reasons behind telling lies. Most people would agree that telling deliberate lies is wrong except situations where more harm will be done by telling the truth. So it talks about an agreement about telling lies. There's no disagreement there. It talks about agreement about telling lies. 52 is A. Agreement about telling lies. And 53, which one of the following habits is found more often in good people. So that is B intentional mixing up of truth with the false. Because it's given here that their use of words contains some measure of falsehood more or less deliberate. So on purpose they mix up truth and false. So B is better than A. 53rd answer is B. Then we have another three questions or four questions. Yeah 61 to 64, four questions. So nothing can exist in a natural state which can be called good or bad by common sense. Since every man who is in a natural state consults only his own advantage and determines what is good or bad according to his own fancy. Own fancy means his own desires. And in so far as he has regard for his own advantage alone and holds himself responsible to no one save himself by any law. And therefore sin cannot be conceived in a natural state because people will just think about their own benefit. And then according to them nothing will be wrong because they're just seeing how they're benefiting out of it. So sin cannot be conceived in a natural state. A sin is a wrong doing but only in a civil state which is decreed by common consent what is good or bad and each one holds himself responsible to the state. So only in this kind of a scenario is there any meaning of a sin. So what is the central idea of the passage? Option A says the conceptions of what is right or what is wrong exist due to the formation of a state. Exactly that's exactly what is mentioned here. A is correct. B says unless a ruling authority decides as to what is right or wrong no man would be morally right. Not entirely because morality would not exist. So that is irrelevant. Option C man is inherently immoral and selfish in a natural state. Selfish yes immoral nothing of the sort is given. D the idea of what is right or wrong is necessary for the survival of human species. Survival of human species nothing is given about survival of human species. Nothing can exist in a natural state which can be called good or bad but still it will exist just not labeled good or bad. So there's nothing given about existence or survival. So A is the answer 61 is A. 62 in the immediate future we will see the increasing commodification of many new technologies artificial intelligence and robotics 3D manufacturing custom made biological and pharmaceutical products, lethal autonomous weapons and driverless cars all these things will happen. This will pose conundrums. Conundrums means confusion. The moral question of how a driverless car will decide between hitting a jaywalker and swerving and damaging the car has often been debated. A jaywalker is a person who is walking on the road where they're not supposed to be walking. The answer is both simple save the human life and complex at which angle should the car swerve just enough to save the jaywalker or more than enough. If the driverless car is in Dublin who would take the decision? The irish government or the car's original co-writer in California or a software programmer in Hyderabad to whom maintenance is outsourced. So these are all the questions that are posed. How will the car decide what to do? If different national jurisdictions have different fine print on prioritizing a human life, how will it affect insurance and investment decisions including transnational ones? So these are all the questions that are posed in this passage. The question 62, which of the following statements best reflect the rational plausible and practical implications that can be derived from the passage given above? So number one, too much globalization is not in the best. The author is not really saying that this is a bad development. So one is wrong and because one is wrong, my answer is C, two, three and five only. But let's check. Two says modern technologies are increasingly blurring the economic borders. Yes, the example of the driverless car in Dublin is given. So correct. Third one, innovation and capital have impinged on the domain of the state. Yes, because now it is transnational. Four, public policy of every country should focus on developing its own supply chains irrelevant. So wrong. And five, geopolitics will have to reconcile to many ambiguities and uncertainties. Yes, that's what he's focusing on by asking all these questions. So two, three and five C is the answer. I mean, you can get it easily by eliminating, but logically, this is how you can check your statements after choosing the correct answer. But definitely use elimination and you should be able to eliminate one because he's not indicating anywhere that too much globalization is bad for all countries. So passage three, the resolution of bankruptcy cases in Indian banks. So yeah, answer for this question number 62 is C, two, three and five only. Moving on passage three, the resolution of bankruptcy cases of Indian banks under the insolvency and bankruptcy code should help bring non-performing assets or NPS situations under some control. Despite the slow pace of resolutions by the national company law tribunal, the code can be helpful in cleaning up bank books in future credit cycles. So okay, let's see how this will be done. The recapitalization of public sector banks two can help increase the capital cushion of banks and induce them, induce them means to motivate them to lend more and boost economic activity. But bandit resolution and recapitalization are only a part of the solution as they by themselves can do very little to rein in, rein in means to control reckless lending that has pushed the Indian banking system to its current sorry state is blaming the reckless lending. Unless there are systemic reforms that address the problem of unsustainable lending, future credit cycles will continue to stress the banking system. So reforms must be made. Otherwise this problem is not going to get resolved. So question number 63, logical rational and practical suggestion implied by the passage Option A, lending by the bank should be closely monitored and regulated by the central government. There's no indication of regulation by the central government. So ignore it. Option B, interest rate should be kept low. There is no mention of any interest rate sizes. So B is wrong. Option C, merger of many banks into a few large banks. Again, this is off topic. And D, Indian banking system requires structural reforms as a long-term solution for bad loans problem. Yes, the author is focusing on bad loan problems and he is definitely saying that unless there are systemic reforms that address this problem, it will continue to stress the banking system. So D is the answer. 63, the answer is D by elimination and then finally by logical correlation. So 64, in India the objective of macroeconomic policy is to enhance the economic welfare of the people and any one wing of such macro policy, macro means big overall. Monetary or fiscal, monetary refers to the banking income and expense and fiscal refers to government income and government expense. So they cannot independently work without active support of another. So what best reflects the corollary? Corollary is a conclusion. Option A, central bank cannot work independently of the government. Yes, exactly. That's what is given here, right? Monetary is RBI, fiscal is the government. So they cannot independently work. So A is exactly what is indicated and A is the answer. Option B, government should regulate financial markets and institutions closely. There's no such indication. Option C, market economy is not compatible with the socialist policies of the government, not indicated. Option D, financial sector reforms are required for enhancing the economic welfare of the people. It doesn't talk about the economic welfare of the people. A is the answer. 64 is A. And the last two questions, 60, 71 and 72. Let's do this. So 71 passages, can a democracy avoid being a welfare state for long? Can a democracy avoid being a welfare state for long? Okay. Why cannot mass welfare be left entirely to the market? So why should there be intervention? Why can't we leave it to the market? There is a built-in tension between markets and democracy. Markets do not work on a one person, one vote principle as democracies do. So that is the difference. What one gets out of the market place depends on one's endowment, skills, purchasing power and the forces of demand and supply. Markets reward individual initiator and skill and may also lift many people from the bottom runs of society, but some people never get the opportunity to develop skills that markets demand. They are simply too poor and too handicapped or skill formation takes too long. So these are the problems. By creating jobs, markets may be able to help even unskilled people, but capitalism has always witnessed bursts of unemployment. So some problem will always be there. So 71 with reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made. Number one, modern democracies rely on market forces to enable them to be welfare states. No, it's not indicated that they rely on market forces. One is wrong. Since one is wrong, it's either B or C. So B says, so the second one is that markets ensure sufficient economic growth necessary for democracies to be effective. Again, nothing of the sort is given. So then the answer must be B three only that government programs are needed for those left behind in economic growth because the market is not going to guarantee it. So only the third assumption is valid. That is option B. And the last question that is 72 In our schools, we teach our children all that is there to know about physics, math and history and what have you. But do we teach them about the bitter caste divide that plagues the country about the specter of famine that stalks large parts of our land about gender sensitivity about the possibility of atheism as a choice, etc. So do we teach them about all these things he asks equally important do we teach them to ask questions or do we teach them only to passively receive a wisdom from the cocoon world of school suddenly the adolescent finds himself or herself in the unfettered unfettered unsheltered world of world of university here he or she is swept up in our turmoil of ideas influences and ideology and for someone who has been discouraged from asking questions and forming an opinion this transition can be painful. So it's highlighting how you know there's a huge difference between how the environment is when you are in school and when you leave school and go out into the real world. So what best reflects the central idea of the passage given above. So a school curriculum is not compatible with the expectations of children and parents expectation of children parents is a little vague here not really mentioned but we'll still park it let's see if we can find a better option because it does talk about the incompatibility so option B emphasis on academic achievements does give time for development of personality and skills you know it does not the author is saying exactly the opposite option C preparing the children to be better citizens should be the responsibility of the education system he's not really saying that they should be responsible and D to be a better citizen the present world order demands societal and life coping skills in addition to academic content this is better because the author mainly is saying that academic content is not enough because when they go to university they are faced with other ideas influences and ideologies for which they're not really ready. So it's not really talking about expectations of children and parents it's rather talking about the demands that are placed which are outside the academic content so D is the best answer for 72 the best answer is D so that was the discussion of these questions I hope the explanations are clear to you thank you