 Liam says, how can Kant be the father of nihilism if he prescribed an objective moral code that must be universally accepted? What works of his actually promote nihilism? God, that's a big question that requires a lengthy answer, but the short thing is his moral code is not objective. It's the opposite of objective. It's an attrinsicist moral code, and attrinsicism is always subjective, because there is nothing intrinsic, so it turns into subjective. There's nothing objective about his moral code. It's a moral code of dogma and duties which are imposed on you by somehow, categorical imperatives that are intrinsic in you, but nobody can find them. Nobody knows them, right? So they're just somehow there. So Kant's whole morality is attrinsicist, and therefore ultimately subjectivist, and therefore all of the moral codes and ideologies that have come after him, whether they go to the attrinsicist throat or the subjectivist throat, he is the father of them. So nihilism is just one of the routes that Kant doesn't advocate for nihilism. He's not a nihilist in that sense. He's the father of nihilism in the sense that his ideas necessitate nihilism as the outcome. That is, nihilism is ultimately a consistent application of Kantian ideas, even if he couldn't recognize them. And that is, those ideas are basically a separation of reason from reality, turning morality away from reality. At the very least, the law is trying to establish morality on the basis of nature. Well, we have no nature. Kant takes nature away, so you have to establish morality based on some categorical imperative, something random, something subjective in the end, something completely subjective, and subjectivism together with no reason. Because if you take away the connection between the mind and reality, what are you left with? You're left with emotions, you're left with whims. So what does Wimorship lead to? Nihilism necessitates nihilism. So nihilism is the end of Kantian philosophy. It's not the thing Kantian philosophy advocates for. It's the consequence of it, even if Kant didn't realize it. That's the best short answer I can give. Thank you for listening or watching The Iran Book Show. If you'd like to support the show, we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening, you get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to iranbookshow.com slash support by going to Patreon, subscribe star, locals, and just making an appropriate contribution on any one of those channels. Also, if you'd like to see The Iran Book Show grow, please consider sharing our content and of course, subscribe. Press that little bell button right down there on YouTube so that you get announcement when we go live. And for those of you who are already subscribers and those of you who are already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.