 Hello everyone, today we will be discussing about internet connectivity principles in IoT. Here is the learning outcome, by the end of this session, students will be able to critic the trade-offs between various internet connectivity options for a given IoT application in their own words. So these are the things that we'll be covering up in our video. First I'll be taking you through an example where we will discuss the basic needs and why exactly we're learning all these things and why it is very important to understand the network capabilities and the types of options that we currently have in the market for Internet of Things. Then we'll discuss about the types of network connectivity, then we will try to segment the given options into certain groups just within the scope of this video. And finally we will be trying to set up a balance depending upon an IoT application and then proceed ahead. So before proceeding ahead, it's a good moment here for the students to pause the video and think on which entity of this diagram that you're able to see on the screen belongs to which exact content of the cloud architecture that we have seen earlier. What you're able to see on the screen here is we have a couple of sensors, just imagine that we have some networks connected in a star topology like this, where we may also have some mesh topologies available. So these yellow dots, whichever you're able to see here, can be considered as sensors. This entire thing which is shown with the help of these yellow squares is a type of sensor and there are various configurations of the networking topologies available in the sensors. So as we are already aware that in a given computer network, there are multiple possibilities like we have a star topology, we have a ring topology and then we also have a mesh topology. So depending upon what kind of topology we are implementing in the given example, for instance let us imagine like these are the sensors like 1, 2, 3 and 4, these are trying to sense temperature for instance and these are trying to sense humidity and these are trying to sense maybe the smoke across some industrial plant. So at this moment it is very important to note that the available protocols that we have so that the entire data that is being sensed by these sensors will be transferred to some gateway. So here as we can see we are having again multiple options like what kind of internet we will be using. So ultimately when we think about the types of connectivity options that we have so that the data being sensed by these sensors needs to be pushed forward to the cloud. As the diagram shows here we have a cloud storage available somewhere on the internet maybe it would be something like Amazon web service based content or it would be based on Microsoft Azure or it would be based on IBM's blue cloud. So irrespective of what kind of cloud storage we are having we need to first of all think like how to transfer the data that our sensors are sensing to this particular cloud. So for that we may have multiple options like we may opt for Bluetooth, we may opt for ZigBee, we may opt for Wi-Fi or we may opt for an NFC that stands for Near Field Communication. Depending upon the available situation and depending upon the type of scenario that is present where these sensors are deployed we can decide like if the distance from the gateway for instance let us consider that we have a small gateway over here and this gateway is compatible to understand the protocols of Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi as well as NFC. Then I can say like yes I have the following possibilities so that I can I can actually force this particular start topology. So when I say like I have a gateway which is capable of understanding all these four protocols that is Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi and NFC then I can consider these group of sensors which is currently following the start topology can use Wi-Fi to transmit the data from this group of sensors to directly to the gateway. So the next group of sensors that we are having here is a ring topology which we have in the form of a ring. So I can follow Bluetooth over here and here I am having a mesh so I would force these group of sensors to follow ZigBee. So as you can see depending upon the need of my own IoT application whether I need a mesh kind of network or depending upon the topology that I am making my sensors to be deployed I can actually go for the selection of the protocol. So here what we have is the protocols. So I can literally force any of the sensors and their deployment depending upon the application to use a specific type of protocols. So whenever we have a gateway which is capable to understand all these protocol stacks it is whole and so responsibility of the gateway to forward the data further to the cloud. So it would be either through a cellular data like what I am showing you now or it would be through a router which may further be connected through an ISP or any other sort of network provider and then further data is pumped to the cloud. So on the other hand we also have some sort of user applications like it would be browsing some sort of applications on your cell phone or it would be direct consumer where you are sitting in a net cafe or maybe in your computer labs in your organization or industry and then you are trying to access the internet. So it would generally happen through this particular channel. So your traffic is actually transferred to the internet over the router and then this router is responsible for setting a proper connection to your cloud. And on the other hand we also have some sort of home automation examples like you want to automate some of the appliances like your rate conditioning units or maybe the light bulbs or whatever you have at your home. And then again you can set up your own IoT gateway in between your internet. So all these devices are somehow connected all let us imagine that these are smart devices and these smart devices are connected to your smart IoT gateway and then that will be holding the responsibility of connecting that to your home router or it will be directly connected to your satellite depending upon the application. And then furthermore the control or the data that is being sensed by these home automation devices is transferred to the cloud through this router. So if you could recall the cloud architecture for Internet of Things that was discussed in our earlier videos it becomes very prominent that the general architecture that we have on the screen now is always following a certain structure which is very important for considering the type of networks that we have and what protocol needs to be utilized. So let us move ahead and so now let us discuss about the types of network connectivity available in our hand. So internet connectivity generally possesses seemingly overwhelming number of options in today's market and one of the most widely used internet connectivity options for IoT based devices is cellular network and very rarely we may use the satellite kind of internet where imagine that we are trying to send some sort of industrial parameters over a ship where you are in the middle of an ocean and you do not have any other means of internet connectivity except you need to directly access the internet from the satellite. The third one is which we are widely using in today's market is the Wi-Fi connectivity and the Bluetooth one. Apart from this we also have numerous number of applications like NFC, RFID, LB band and all the things. So here we have high power consumption, high range and high bandwidth. So here are very good comparison of the trade-offs between the connectivity options we are going to lay down. That is here we can consider a smartphone which is trying to transmit a live video definitely requires a high power consumption. So by saying high power what do we mean is it needs frequent charging. So if you consider your cell phone definitely we need to charge it oftenly for every one or two days as of the current scenario what we are having in the market. And definitely it has a very high range since it is having a cellular connectivity and also it has a very high bandwidth. Since we are having 3G and 4G available in today's smartphones we can say that the bandwidth being used is very high and also the capacity of these devices to use this high bandwidth is also possible. So the next type of category is wherever we are using Bluetooth and where we have Wi-Fi and we may use that Ethernet connection sometimes. So whenever we are talking about Ethernet connectivity especially we can say like the power consumption is going to be really low and of course since we have limit over the length of the Ethernet cable the range is also very low. So here we can definitely gain higher bandwidth, low range and low power applications wherever we have embedded devices or any sort of other computers which are opting Ethernet connectivity. And the last option is low power, a very high range and a very low bandwidth. So this is something very tricky combination. So the most important protocol that we will be discussing in our further videos is LP VAN which stands for Low Power Wide Area Network again which offers its variants if we try to explore this protocol further. So this is an application where the power consumed and the bandwidth being consumed is very low but what it is offering is a very high range. So as a summary what we have is every IoT system combines the four basic components like sensors, connectivity, data processing and user interface. But what matters is ultimately it comes down to your specific application and the organization needs to choose a right component for connectivity and the available options for connecting your sensors to the internet. Here are the differences used, thank you.