 Thank you. I'm very happy to participate to this session. So I'm Marion Bardet and I'm going to introduce you my this the first result of my PhD work on the interdiscipline in all three ways. So we know that since the beginning of that interaction with Earth, it was related to human societies and their various activities. They were exploited for economical and political development as means of transport, even in warfare, or for example, agricultural wars. Moreover, they were used for hunting and sports and most recently as companions and pets. Consequently, diversity of functions were attributed as monks, draught or pet animals. Funerary and sacrificial sites are very complex for studies of human relationships. The discoveries of complete or partial Earth skeletons in or associated with two human terms reveal the particular bond between this animal and their owners. Unfortunately, if researchers can confirm that they were domesticated, they can only hypothesize about their actual functions. Where they were really employed for human activity and what were their real functions and what kind of horses were slaughtered. In order to answer these questions, studies of musculoskeletal stress markers on fauna remains have increased in importance. They correspond to also changes that occur in response to internal or external factors and among them there are the antiseal changes which correspond to bone modification of the attachments sites of musculoskeletal condoms and ligaments. After three decades, since their initial study, they are widely used in physical anthropology for the reconstruction of economical activities, division of labor and inference of life conditions in past societies. Several methods were created in order to study this modification and the most recent one is the Coimbra method. This kind of analysis of fauna remains is unfortunately much less common with for publication. Two are dedicated to the horse and two other to the reindeer. And it's because of the lack of the studies and the importance of horses in human societies reproposed to analyze antiseal changes in equates remains. Since two previous researches on this topic on veterinary data, it's possible to create a recombinant method adapted to analysis of horse bones. Then an important part of this work is the establishment of basalium reference sample thanks to documented modern skeletons. This sample will permit the identification of etiologies that modify the appearance and the development of insertion sites. Our method is focused on people cartilaginous antises. It is inspired by the recent macroscopical methods published during the last decades for human remains. Observation methods as far as turkeys with equate skeleton has contributed to the creation of a record method specific to horses. We record bone modification, microparosities and microparosities and less common erosion. On the center of the insertion always at its border. And then we consider the extent of the development of severity of its legions. We divide the recording system in three scores. The normal antises is called as A. The B score is attributed to antises with slightly moderate alteration and antises with the serial legion is called as C. Here we consider 28 fibrocartilaginous antises located on the appendicular skeleton. 16 are located on the following on the scapula, humerus, radurina and phalanges. And 12 are there on the posterior legion located on the coxa, femur, tibia and phalange. We consider the right on the left side as well as the medial and the lateral position of the collateral ligaments of the interphalangeal joints. So a total of 56 antises per skeleton are recorded for one individual. Our sample is composed of 41 skeletons of documented modern horses. These animals are created in various institutions as museums and veterinary schools. There are 29 non-working horses. These 12 males, 16 females are united and lived in enclosure like zoo. They are between 5 and 35 years old. And on the other side we have 12 horses as working horses. Eight of them are used as moths and four of them, four of them as dropped horses. This group is composed of nine males and three females, aged between 5 and 29 years old. Unfortunately we don't have any pack equids. Here this histogram shows the percentage of healthy antelipses in white and altered antelipses in blue. In this analysis and the next we group the V and C scores because we know that the C scores of well developed modifications show low frequencies. And in each group the horses are arranged in function of H. We can see that the distribution of normal and abnormal antelipses varies from one leg to another. For some of them the frequency of alteration is greater than the frequency of normal one. And this one. And conversely some show low percentage of antelipses changes. And this results reveal the existence of inter-individual variability in the development of antelipses changes. And it's the reason why we test the possible influence of various factors on the development of legions. Is there is an influence of age or sex? Is it possible to differentiate non-working and working horses? And is it possible to distinguish different activities at the riding and draft horses? In this study we note that the development of antelipses changes is symmetrical so in the next analysis we group the left and the right sides. So first we tell the influence of age on the development of modification. The third point is dividing two place age the horses which are 15 years old unless are in blue and the horses of more than 15 years old are in red. We are focused on the difference in the percentage of legions for each antelipses in each age group. We note and the antelipses of the anterior rib are here and the antelipses of the posterior rib are here. We note that for most of the intertion the percentage of altimation is greater than in horse of more than 15 years old. Seven antelipses of the fall limb and seven antelipses of the posterior limb are significantly different between the group. So we can conclude that there is an influence of increasing age on the development of antelism modification and 40 antelipses are particularly impacted by this parameter. So we know that through life the hospital is exposed to internal and external stress and that could explain the high frequencies of modification in all the horses. Here we test the influence of sex on antelism changes and in order to execute the impact of age on this analysis, we consider only the young adult. For most of the antelipses, percentage of legions are mutated in red which are in red and than in female which are in blue. Three antelipses of the fall limb and five of the posterior limb expose percentage of iteration significantly different between the text. So we can conclude that there is a settling effect on the development of modifications particularly for antelipses and generally males show more modifications than do females. But for the moment, even if we know that there is weak sexual demarcation in horses, we can give a precise explanation for this result. So then we compare the the influence of non-working and working horses on development of antelism changes. Young and old horses were considered. Working horses in red show in most of cases larger frequencies of alteration than non-working horses in blue. Seven antelipses of the fall limbs and five of the posterior limb expose percentage of alteration significantly different. But what is interesting, we can note that the insertion of the colateral ligament on the humerus and the pieces breaking on the radius are not affected by this parameter. We can conclude it's possible to distinguish non-working and working equids particularly with this both antelipses, which show more legion in domesticated horses. This difference could be due to the fact that they were more exposed to physical strains that induced increasing antelial changes. The non-working horses, which live in our closure, probably didn't move as much as the domesticated ones. And then we compare the percentage of abnormal antelipses between the red horses in blue and the red horses in red. We can note that the antelipses are actually altered in draught horses here. And most of the frequencies are between 15% and 100% and the percentage are lower for months. If the difference between draught and mounted horses is very high, five antelipses of the anterior limb and two of the posterior limb are significantly different. And it's interesting to note that the infraspinatus on the humerus is not influenced by age or sex. So it could be possible then to reveal distinction between months and draught horses, particularly thanks to the changes of the insertion of the infraspinatus muscle. However, we can note that the sample is unequal. Moreover, in fact, the number of draught horses is fewer than the sample on mounted aries. So we hope to increase the number of specimens for each group in the future. Concerning the identification of activity, we test parameters linked to the position of insertion. In fact, in the veterinary data, based on the sports horse, they suggest that there is a high incidence of lesions on tendons and ligaments of phalanges. In fact, depending on the activity practiced, for example, event or race, there are differences between anterior limb and posterior limb and medial and lateral position of the collateral ligaments of the phalanges. So that's why we test the criteria and the insertion of the collateral ligaments of the medial and distal interfalangial joints. During this analysis, we note that there is no difference between the forelimb and the hindlimb in the non-working and draught horses. But there is a significant difference for the insertion of the collateral ligaments on the second phalange for the mounted horses. In fact, the attachment of the anterior limb shows high frequencies of anomaly compared to the posterior limb. Unfortunately, we don't note any difference between medial and lateral collateral ligaments in the fore and the hindlimb. To conclude, we can, the study demonstrates the nature of anterior changes of horse remains. Thanks to the creation of our baseline reference sample, we highlighted the individual variations for the development and entesal changes in our sample. It can be partly explained by the influence of age and sex. So, in physical anthropology, we need to consider this parameter for the next analysis. We note that the domesticated horses expose more alterations than non-working ones. And we note that two hantesses of the forelimbs could permit to distinguish non-working and working horses. Then, draught horses show very high frequencies of hanteseal changes that could be used to detect them in archaeological context compared to the riding horses. Changes in two hantesses appear to be particularly important in order to distinguish between riding and draught horses. Then, these first results are very useful for work on archaeological context to infer activity patterns and help us in our interpretation. Thank you very much.