 Biofuels such as ethanol can reduce emissions from fossil fuels by replacing them in vehicles. Ethanol is produced from various sources including corn and sugarcane, but these sources cannot meet the current demand. Lignocellulosic biomass is an alternative source for producing second-generation biofuels while algae and third-generation biofuels are also being researched. Biorefining of biomass can produce valuable chemicals and energy products. This article was authored by Richard Ahorsu, Francesca Medina, and Magda Constanti.