 Good morning, right we have been talking about organization of speech sounds and variations in speech sounds when in use and we have seen that there are variations which are significant with change meaning there are variations which may not be very significant may not change meaning but we have also seen that all variations particularly of the phonological kind particularly those that are motivated that are caused by phonological reasons what sound comes before what sound comes after whether it the sound comes before silence whether the sound comes in the middle of a word or at the beginning of a word these things make a difference and these things are predictable these things are predictable you can say where x will happen where y will happen and you can write rules about them. I give you some examples yesterday please try and focus we are talking more and more about abstract things and I am constrained I have no other option but to use what we call meta language you can write if you like meta language is the language about language meta is above and para is below so para will be like you know you have para medical staff compounders nurses doctors call them para medical staff I do not know why but similarly from the same language we get meta which is above or about so I have to use meta language that is language about language all sciences do that you do so in natural sciences physics chemistry you do so in mathematics you do so in applied sciences like engineering like statistics like management like social sciences we do that all along otherwise we will not be able to talk about natural phenomenon or natural phenomena so in this case also we see that variations caused by phonology caused by other sounds in the neighborhood can be predicted we can write rules about them yesterday we looked at some examples look at some of these things again there are some varieties of English in India in Pakistan in Bangladesh and in many other countries you know where in Arabic countries for example Arabic speaking people also I believe okay so when you have a word like slate with two consonants at the beginning of the word S L okay then many of many people cannot pronounce these two consonants together many people can it is not that you know all of them cannot but the point is can we predict in the speech of this particular person that it will happen in this place it will not happen in this place so these things are quite likely to happen at the beginning of the word or at the end of the word you know later I will modify it I will say at the beginning of the syllable at the end of the syllable etc but look at the phenomenon first okay so there is a word like you know a spelt S L A T should be pronounced slate but many people pronounce it as slate, slate okay what do they do they insert a vowel between two consonants which come at the beginning of the word and then they handle this problem so it no longer remains slate it becomes slate and if that is the case with two consonants then in this variety this is likely to happen with other words also which have S followed by another consonant so look at examples like spray sport station and lots of people pronounce them as suppree support cetacean this has a mirror image or nearly a mirror image just as some people have difficulties or just as some people pronounce initial word initial beginning of the word consonant clusters differently some people do so with end of the word consonant clusters they reorganize it they change it you may have heard you may have heard some speakers of English in south India pronouncing film as film what do they do that not that you know they are mentally challenged or you know otherwise handicapped it is only that in their speech have it in their speech have it end of the word does not take two consonants and they have to break it how do they break it by inserting a vowel sound and we can write rules about it we can simply say X goes to vowel when it when there are two consonants at the end of the word you can predict you can write across the board rules it will apply universally in that data set similarly you know against three consonants coming at the end difficult just as some initial consonants are difficult for some people or they pronounce it differently so final consonants can also be and they can be reorganized the point is can we predict them yes we can predict them thus in this variety three consonants are not permitted at the end of the word what happens if they come if three consonants come at the end of the word then this language is likely to or quite likely to insert a vowel to break the consonant cluster and what kind of vowel will it take it will take a very short vowel it will take a particular kind of vowel but it will occur in a particular place and we can write rules about them you know many examples just as you know in the earlier example you saw S L you know the two consonants S L being broken by addition of a vowel between them the vowel can also be added before them okay it is pretty simple what you do here is you add a vowel you insert a vowel now this vowel can also occur here okay you can also say slate or slate or a slate okay actually many people particularly if you you know if you travel in places like Varanasi, Bihar, Nepal, Assam, Bengal, Bangladesh, Urissa you know what we call north eastern part of India okay you will find many people speaking English in this manner you know they do not say station they say a station you know they they bring an extra e they bring an please they bring an extra e to break the cluster they add e or i you know a or in in in terms of pronunciation so you know whenever you have this kind of cluster in some I am not saying that it happens everywhere all of us do that all of us are incapable or capable there is nothing like capability in you know it is just variety in this variety of language two consonant clusters begin two consonants beginning with S are not allowed at the beginning of the word okay what do you do then then people add another vowel and this is predictable you can write rules about that we can say in this variety of language if you have two consonants at the beginning of the word beginning with S then a vowel is inserted so what you do is rather than do it here you bring it here the effect is still the same you know the effect of is still the same if it was late now it is S late it was still two parts it is still two parts it is only that it is a different variety the point I am making is it is a very general point that in nature in language you know there are some preferred patterns okay and there are phenomena there are processes which are used to obtain those phenomena to ensure those phenomena to create those phenomena okay anything deviant this is called grammar just as you have grammar of words just as you have grammar of sentences there also are grammar of sounds only some sounds are possible in some places all some sounds are not possible in those places and if by chance it happens then the language reorganizes does some tricks and obtains that pattern okay are we together do you understand actually as at the level of sentence you know we talk of subject object what is the unit at the level of sound you know we said phonemes and alophones features combined together to make phonemes or alophones what do phonemes combining what is the structure of sound what is the unit which combines some sounds where these rules of grammar would apply and this is known as please write syllable okay in our languages in Indian languages we call it akshara have you heard of that word akshara no yes okay please I want to hands up how many people have heard the word akshara okay you know so when you begin learning writing you begin learning akshara akshara rambha okay there is celebration there is festival payasam is cooked okay the teacher is given some 50 60 rupees or may be these days 100 perhaps but nobody gives the teacher a diamond ring or you know a kingdom may be in the old time princes used to do that okay it is great thing what you are doing is you are learning to recognize when you learn to write akshara you are learning to recognize units of sound that come together that can come as one unit that can make one group okay for the next half an hour I am going to talk about syllables please try and pay attention how syllables are organized what functions they perform how can we know this is a syllable etc etc okay a syllable a very basic definition of syllable is a syllable is equal to a breath pulse a breath pulse a syllable is equal to a breath pulse what is a breath pulse one contraction and expansion of lung you know lung contract so that is pitch air comes out whatever sound is produced in that one contraction and expansion is equal to a syllable you know lung expands to take air and when it contracts the air goes out and whatever group of sounds one or more are produced with that air is equal to a syllable no matter who you are you may be an Olympic champion you may be a king you may be president you may be you know high ranking JEE performer beat a boy girl no matter who you are you can produce only one syllable in one breath pulse look at these words what is this cat write in transcription learn to what is this cat you say it in one breath pulse but look at this transcribe it okay please produce it loud what is this cat and this is monk you know you have to take a pause when you say monk and then you say key okay you can even say monk in one breath pulse but for E you have to do it again look at the third example please transcribe pronounce it do it slowly once again loud and slow everybody please okay so how many pauses here one cat one breath pulse cat how many here two what are they monkey here a Lee Fand let's look at another transcribe it transcribe this word on your notebook please transcribe it on your notebook and then pronounce it check with mine check with my first do your own and then check I want you to get it right okay now check it did you get it right how many people got it right raise your hands those who got it right transcription I mean nobody it is going to be a part of your quiz okay you will lose and gain marks please I have been telling you pronounce it now go slowly take pauses you need V C T how many times do you do that please count again you five yeah count again you need V C T so five times that means please give your attention that means this has only one syllable this has two syllables this has three this has five in other words in other words one breath pulse is equal to one syllable okay let's look at the definition further all syllables necessarily have at least one vowel at least one vowel okay they may or may not have more consonants they may have two may have three may not have any but they have at least one vowel okay they may have more counts one consonant two consonant three consonants sometimes four consonants sometimes even eight consonants okay sometimes none but there is no syllable if there is no vowel vowel is the nucleus vowel is the basic minimum requirement of a syllable okay in our language is you know we call it akshara right otherwise when we don't have that vowel in our akshara we show it as joining someone else some other letter okay we put some diacritic we put some mark but we show them as half letter quarter letter we don't show them as full letter what does it indicate it indicates that a letter can become akshara only if it has a vowel it has a syllable look at it in the terms of geometry okay you can draw this diagram you know a syllable is something like this in literature you will find syllable represented by this sign sigma what is this called sigma right yeah lower case lower case sigma okay but this is how many books represented a syllable has an onset that is the beginning okay and a rhyme sorry this is spelling you know I made a mistake I will change it you can also change it it is better write R I M E not R H Y M E R H Y M E is also rhyme but it means something else okay onset and rhyme onset node is occupied necessarily by one consonant only consonants okay rhyme again has two parts it has a nucleus and it has additional element called C O D A nucleus is necessarily occupied by vowel and C O D A is occupied by consonant necessarily occupied by vowel and C O D A is occupied by consonant C O D A is occupied by a consonant okay the rule says you know and this is a universal template it's not a specific to Telugu it's not a specific to English it's not a specific to any language no matter what language of the world when human beings speak sounds are organized in syllables syllables are organized in words words in phrases phrases in sentences and a syllable may or may not have may or may not have consonants okay but necessarily as a vowel you can say you can write an algorithmic rule saying it can be C 0 a minimum of none a maximum of any number of consonants here also you can say a C 0 a minimum of none a maximum of any but in the case of vowel you will have to say that at least at least one there can be two like dip thongs there can be three like trip thongs quiet okay but if syllable is a syllable only if you can make it further strong if and only if it has a vowel look at some examples say look at for instance you know a word like pine in a spelling what is it you know transcribe it this is pa what is the syllable structure it has a it has an onset pa it has nucleus two vowels I you know and it has a coda no no no no no no no no no no no no no are we together yes or no please am I going too rapidly okay and you will have to please read you will have to do some reading otherwise you know you just cannot get it but try and get the concept right what I am trying to tell you is I am trying to tell you how sounds are organized in natural languages they are organized in syllables syllables have a structure okay they may or may not have onset or rhyme but they definitely have sorry they may or may not have onset or coda but they most certainly have a nucleus the nucleus node nucleus branch can be occupied only by a vowel there must be at least one vowel for a syllable to occur then optionally it can have one or more consonants at the end following the vowel it can have one or more consonants at the beginning preceding the vowel you know consonants that come before vowel and consonants that come after vowel behave differently you know the consonants that come in the beginning do not make the rhyme okay do you ever see poetry any rhyming poetry except through valour anyone who knows through corral of valour even one anybody who speaks Tamil here okay and it is not only for you is for all of us okay it is one of the great works of literature in the world you know we should feel proud of it you know before did this vacation try and find ten minutes look at one or two corals you know and you will see the wisdom and it is said that cor valour through valour or valour lived in India about two thousand years ago and it has survived through folk literature great poetry valour did not rhyme lines at the end you know how do we rhyme lines at the end we we we have you know if this is the last word in a poem then you know in the second line also we have something like this okay but you know rhyming is done that is rhyming what valour did was valour did not rhyme at the end okay you see it rhymes it has the same sounds iron iron okay valour rhymed at the beginning he began if some poem with pine some line then his next line began with nine it is a great experiment in poetry and great work of wisdom and truth you must before you leave IIT Madras you must at least read a few corals you walk and buy a copy in Tata book shop it cost you only thirty forty rupees you can give it daily as a gift to your friends or enemies if you like add to their reading list okay come back to the point the point is these consonants that come before vowels behave differently from these other consonants that come after vowel I will tell you more about that later but let us look at the structure in the examples let us look at this word pine what is the syllable structure draw it on your notebook draw it on your notebook and then compare with what I have done first do it yourself you know these things are learnt better by doing okay alright take another word nine do the syllable structure for it begin with the full thing syllable onset rhyme rhyme again has branches nucleus and coda okay take another word pin transcribe it and do the syllable structure for pin okay want a pen I am sorry I am unable to check all your notebooks but you know check with the transcription I have given alright or take another word in what happens now do we have an onset or don't we yes or no we don't have an onset take another word what happens now do we have a coda or don't we know we don't have a coda take another word the first syllable in this word the first syllable in how many syllables are there in this word what is the word please speak it out about what is the word about so what is the first syllable second about draw the diagram for first syllable draw the draw the diagram for first syllable in a word like about okay this is onset this is rhyme nucleus coda okay in about there is no onset nucleus yes or coda no second syllable bout okay onset rhyme sorry this is nucleus this is coda this is coda this is coda this is coda is about okay try and do a few words by yourself write your own name first name Mahesh okay how many syllables are there in Mahesh Mahesh which are those Mahesh two only unless you say Mahesh two only unless you say Mahesh then you make it three you can say Mahesh then you make it three okay how many syllables in your name Mah tell me speak loud I want the camera you know hey ma okay please your name slowly you know let the let the world here your good name you see such as unless we say saat vika unless you say saat vika like we have saadi ka taadi ka okay so you have to can you draw the diagram of your own write your name and draw a diagram a syllable structure diagram of your own name please draw your own the diagram of your own name this is your reserve seat every day okay come on time and be here let me see marvelous that's great it's only that it's not neat okay your name you are lazy draw a new one so that I can see how do you draw it draw it here I want individual trees for every every syllable not that you make one and go packing you know make one for your name make once here draw a diagram like I have I do put a sigma right now onset koda please do it do it the proper way can I see your notebook lovely that's great I wish you know the camera could capture your thing okay what's your name what is this nay no it's not and it is not a this is a good wonderful really can I see yours can you take the chalk piece and write there come clean the board can you please capture my my friend clean the board entirely take time no no no hurry you see we may not learn the entire thing but whatever little we learn let's learn well what's your name how did you write actually yours is a wonderful name for syllable structure how many syllables in your name two what are they how do you divide them yeah you can say and then you can take break the car what you can also say in Sanskrit you know both possibilities are good sit in the front when you come next class onset this is correct but then this will make you sound like English in Hindi we don't say pankaj we say pankaj so in that case you should have the short thing but doesn't matter okay you got the spirit right can I see yours write big hand you know so that the camera can capture it and show it to the world okay you got it right can I see yours okay can I see yours give me your notebook please sorry I'm so sorry but why did you not write what letter comes under Coda J somebody else please can you go and try alright bolder you know like use bigger chalk can you go and try no okay mayesh can you go and try yeah take this side take another chalk piece camera can take two people at a time doesn't matter draw it or they will take you later yeah sorry I'm very sorry yeah would you like to go and try okay would you like to would you like to please okay write bigger hand you know so that people who watch it on the television screen or computer screen can watch it easily anyone else please who would like to try you just your own name you know nothing else okay good the pika it's only that in Indian languages we don't pronounce the that way but fine you got the syllable structure right please take your seat thank you mayesh did you do it now do it write bolder hands you know first do the syllable structure light sigma lovely yes great I say he's a class okay do you go like that okay thank you mayesh that's really good God bless you okay please this is your not to be graded homework please write take ten names of your friends enemies relatives in laws to be your sisters brothers in laws whatever you like your family your friends your relatives look at their names and then do draw syllable structure tree diagram for those names you will see okay you will see that these structures are highly systematic highly systematic predictable they have a grammar they occur in a particular order in a particular place and you can write rules and talk about them I think I will stop here today and will continue about syllable structure on Monday but please it is very important that you draw these three diagrams and you understand how these syllables behave then we can talk about it for the thank you have a good day.