 I don't know if you want to... I think perhaps we could leave it till afterwards, I think, yes. We have more time for this. We're actually moving more in a direction of linguistics now, with a talk by Sheila Jarra-Guinal, who's a professor at the Ateneo de Davau, and she's going to be talking to us about linguistics, about the use of English, so we're drifting more away from literature into linguistics. Over to you. Thank you. Good afternoon. My paper is on beautiful English, marginal identities, and dominant positions. Through the years I have noticed that beauty pageants were not studied, mainly for anthropology and sociology, but not much on linguistics. And since Davau City has its unique beauty pageant, which includes the Lumads and the Muslims of Davau City, which is recognized by the city itself. However, as what I've mentioned, few in beauty pageants' language, that's why this paper will focus on the pattern, the structure, the content, and the meanings of the answers in beauty pageants. This paper will explore the answers of contestants in the Q&A segment to uncover patterns below, within, and above the clause, meanings embedded in the clause and the various attitudes and positions produced by the clause. The data is the hyas y cadawon, particularly the pageant on 2012. It is a local beauty pageant, organized by Davau City, participated by the selected female representatives of the various recognized Lumads and Muslims. The Lumads are the ata, the clata jangan, matig salog, ovo manuo, tagabawa. The Muslims are from the magindanao, maranao, sama, kagan, tau sug, and iranons. The participants are proficient in their mother tongue because they have a unique language of their own. However, during the pageant, they are required to speak about themselves, their tribes, and cultures using the English language. The method for this paper is via the systemic functional linguistics, but before that, it has to be transcribed because I just downloaded the pageant via YouTube. Only the transcribed texts, which is the linguistic aspect, will be analyzed, excluding the other aspects, such as para-language, facial expressions, et cetera, that will not be included. Below the clause, I used the nominal analysis by Martin. I looked into the adjectives, the numerals, the determiners' phrases and clauses, particularly in the SFL term, dietic, post-dietic numeratives, epithet, classifier, thing and qualifier. Within the clause, still under SFL, or systemic functional linguistics, I used transitivity, under which there are six types of processes. This transitivity is actually looking at the verbs. A well ago, the nominal is looking at the noun parts. Under that, we have material, mental, relational, behavioural, verbal, and existential. In other subcategories, nuclear participants and circumstantion. Below the clause, I'm sorry, for the attitudes and position, I used the appraisal analysis by Martin and White to look into the attitude. In the SFL, attitude is the system of meanings that maps feelings, which is three semantic regions, the affect from the answers, the judgement from the answers, and the appreciation from the answers of the contestants. For the results, for the nominal analysis, the dominant finding is the qualifiers. Out of the seven functions under the nominal group, this is the most dominant, like 40 something out of 60. These are examples of qualifiers, which is some of them in the typical linguistic analysis. We call it prepositional phrases or classes. But for SFL, we call it qualifiers. Seven out of the ten contestants employ the most number of qualifiers. Particularly contestant number two is crowned as he has a cadaeon employed eight qualifiers in one answer, in one sentence. These qualifiers dominate the genre of beauty pageants I noticed out of the ten contestants, like on the average, it's from eight to ten qualifiers per contestant. It dominates the genre of pageant answers, which means that majority of the contestants provide more than one qualifier just to describe one thing. That thing is the noun. In that pageant, it comes in a form of an image of a Davao emblem, such as Philippine Eagle, Durian, the Orchid, the Wling Wling, and then they would give eight different qualifiers in one answer. For the transitivity, the most dominant result is relational out of the six. The findings of transitivity and analysis show that the most number of processes used by the contestants is relational. These are samples. Out of the two principal relational clause types, identification dominates because there are two types of relational clauses. That's identification and attribution. It's identification that's the most dominant, which pinpoints to token and value, which is the main goal in recognizing identification. At first, the projected images, which are the pictures, are identified literally via the participants who were able to memorize the common name, the scientific name of the Philippine Eagle, the Wling Wling among others, the statistical facts about the city, et cetera. According to Thompson, the role of token and value depend on the pre-existing external semantic properties of the two ways of referring to the entity where value is the more generalized and the token is the more specific. This means that in one image, the contestants tend to tell plenty of basic information about it. The second, the contestants would expand their answers via non-literal or figurative representations and meanings of the images shown to them. It's just compare an eagle after telling the audience about its scientific name, they would start comparing eagle figuratively to their tribe, how brave the eagle is among others. For the third result, the most dominant is positive appraisal. Remember, appraisal has three regions, affect, judgment, and appreciation. The appraisal analysis of the pageant contestants, the effect is 100% positive. Not one from the contestants gave negative feelings or emotions. Those are examples. This means that not one contestant expresses any negative feeling towards any object. The judgment, aside from affect, is judging people's character, which differs between personal judgments and moral judgments. The answers of the contestants are highly positive again. It shows two types of judgments. The moral judgment, such as the example. The contestant, number one, positively appraises a maiden by judging the maiden's moral character as respectful because she wears the traditional dress of her tribe. For the personal judgment of admiration, contestant five appraises the Philippine eagle and her tribe Bagoboklata as great and brave by alluding the character of her tribe to the Philippine eagle. There is a negative judgment on the surface, on the literal level, but if you look at it, it still is positive, such as the use of the judgment differences and diverse. Their literal meanings are often associated negatively. However, in these contexts, they only describe what is obviously different and what is obviously diverse. The context actualizes that despite the obvious differences and diversities of culture and traditions, they gather as one community to celebrate a festival where everyone is recognized fairly and equally, which I find ironic because it tends to recognize every tribe that they are unique, yet they tend to gather together as one, which I find it contradicting, and then they have to use a language that they are not proficient of under appreciation, which is actually telling values that are given to things. Things could also be appreciated positively or negatively, and again, it is generally positive. Nothing, affect, judgment and appreciation, they are all positive. However, there is one instance when an image is valued negatively, which is common if you are from Davao, you would know durian. But in the context, the valuation is used to show only the negative side to uplift the positive, such as it looks like hell, smells like hell, but tastes like heaven. It only actually favored the taste, that's why the negative only helped in making it a lot better. Those are only samples because I couldn't give all the ten codings which I did, but based on my analysis, for functional grammar, which is systemic functional linguistics, qualifiers, which functions as post-modifiers, dominate the nominal results, and these qualifiers are the value generated in the token value in the transitivity analysis, and these token and value are subsumed under relational processes, which overshadow other types of processes. So, the result in the nominal, and the nominal analysis, and transitivity analysis are actually connected. It shows that in beauty pageants, since it's a social event, they're using verbs which are highly interrelational, tends to establish this relationship between the audience and the speaker. Also, with appraisal, which reveal a highly positive attitude of the contestants, the contestants affect judgment and appreciation of the images and symbols that are related to Davos Diti are only positive. And on top of that, linguistically, I noticed a pattern of their answers. They tend to repeat on how to begin and end their answers and somewhere in the middle. The recurring sets of texts are found within the answers of the pageant contestants, and these create a cohering structure which forms obligatory and optional elements of forming a structure. This is... I follow this one from Hassan and Holiday, but I just... The similarities, the current indicates a sequence. How do we call this? The parentheses are optional, may not be used by the contestants. The next may occur yet may be replaced with other types, and the bracket occurs yet may be replaced with other kinds. Greetings is optional, followed by a process, the same process, consistent type of process, and then followed by a token, which could be replaced by other type, and then circumstance, which is optional, and then there's value, which may occur, but may be replaced with other types. There's closing, which may occur, and may be replaced by other types. And then greeting, which may be optional, and the gratitude, which may occur yet may be replaced. By looking at that, I realized that they tend to follow what the tradition is by Miss Universe and other types of pageants. They tend to construct their answers according to what the mainstream beauty pageants are actually delivering their answers, and that shows that there's no criticality that's the next conclusion. This pattern means that the answers of the contestants are merely repeating despite the differences and the similarities in the objects or images presented to them, because each contestant was given a different image, yet they tend to say almost the same pattern of answer. Their answers appear the same structurally, and the contents are merely generalized expanded descriptions. My third conclusion is they have this conforming and uncritical answers. The pattern in the answers of the contestants implies conformity to a culture of answering in beauty pageant Q&As. The highly positive attitudes is indicative of conformity. They tend to satisfy and please the audience and the judges, of course, to win. There's no negative attitude, which is a very safe choice by avoiding being critical. They don't include any political, they don't include any social issue. The evasion reflects the answers, that the answers are only lengthy sugar-coated clauses, and they seem afraid to be judged as participants once they become critical of the image or issues related to the image or maybe related to Davos City, which organized the pageant. A projection maybe of the ideal women that have the beautiful inside through their kind and positive thoughts and beautiful outside through their lengthy, intelligent sounding answers. That's why I was thinking, what is beautiful English? The contestants translated their answers from their mother tongue. At first they have to say it in their mother tongue, but of course the judges wouldn't understand. So they had to deliver that and some of them in broken English that the judges would be able to rate them. This conforms to what the society, the audience, the judges and the organizers expect to what the society thinks is good, ideal and beautiful, which qualifies any contestant to win. Hence the beautiful English controls the hegemony of pageants without critical thinking. The contestants in the end succumb to the existing standards of acceptance by complying to the universal notion that beautiful women must be able to present themselves, speaking only kind and positive thoughts while using English despite their linguistic incapacity not to humiliate the tribes they represent. They brave the standards and the hegemony in order to be recognized and accepted. Therefore their answers during the Q&A show their compliance to the hegemony to gain public approval and recognition. That's all. Thank you.