 Hello everyone, welcome back to a new session on dentistry and more so in today's session we will be checking in details about the code of ethics, ethical principles, a medical profession or a dental profession should follow. So let's go into detail of ethical principles. So ethical principles was basically formulated at very recent time maybe 20 or 30 years back. So before that there were many events which actually accelerated the formulation of ethical principles because there were a lot of inhumane unethical practices that the medical experiments on the humans were happened. So these were the experiments, the unethical experiments which actually accelerated the formulation. Actually, the ethical principles are formulated in the world after the second world war. Because of the Nazi experimentation, the world war two atrocities and the concentration camp experiments on the humans, after that there was a Nuremberg trials. Then this was one of the famous experiment done by the United States Public Health Service. It was one of the renowned public health service in the world, but they did this experiment that is irony. So it was an experiment on syphilis people without any informed consent and it was done on black people. So they were studying the natural history of syphilis but the worst part was the penicillin was invented by that time but nobody was created with the penicillin because they were studying the natural history of disease. So there were two crimes happened in this study, one was there was no informed consent, it was particularly done on black people and the worst part was they were not treated with penicillin in spite of knowing that penicillin can cure syphilis. So all these experiments were lead to the formation of ethical principles. So this guy was Joseph Mancley, Angel of Death. So I was explaining about various atrocities on humans done by Nasi people especially this doctor, it was very brutal in his experiment. So all these experiments made him known as Angel of Death. So all these are the historical background of unethical practices made by the doctors. So Nuremberg trials were mainly for the Nasi experiments that is German Nasi experiments the concentration camp experiments. So after that in 1964 Nuremberg code was one of the first primitive structure of ethical principles. Then the Helsinki declaration 1964 by the World Medical Association. Then it was revised in 2000. So there were many things in Nuremberg code like voluntary human consent, minimal risk and subject can be true at any time. So Helsinki declaration is what we follow now. That is any human trials or clinical trials should follow the Helsinki declaration given by World Medical Association. So it was revised in the year 1995, 1998, 1996, 2000 and 2008. So we should stick on to this Helsinki declaration of ethics while doing any study in humans. So while coming to our country the ICMR has certain guidelines to conduct human experiments. So ICMR actually 1911 it was Indian Research Fund Association. So in 49 it has become ICMR. So ICMR is under Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. So ICMR is the body apex body which regulates the ethical guidelines for the research happening in our country. So while coming to the topic ethics it's a word coming from Greek word ethos. It means character or contact. So ethics is a branch of philosophy which is a systematic study of what is right and what is good with respect to the character and content or we can simply say which deals with the examination of human content. So we'll come to the dental ethics. It's nothing but medical we can also call it as medical ethics. It is a moral duties and obligation of a dentist or a doctor towards his patients, his colleagues and society. So these are ethics ethical principles which is applied in medical profession or even dental profession. The first one is to do good. Second one to do no harm. Autonomy, justice, truthfulness and last one confidentiality. So every doctor or every dentist, every investigator or every research person must follow these guidelines when they are performing, when they are conducting a study on humans. So just see what is the first principle that is to do good, that is beneficence. It says that should promote or doing good based on that principle, promoting or doing good. And we should always think about the welfare of patient and we should keep the patient's best interest as priority. So we should always think of be the best treatment or be the best option for the patient or our subject. Second one is very important that is to do no harm. Non-malficence that is a doctor or a dentist as a duty to refrain from harming the patient. The first principle was giving the best to the patient that the same time we should not harm the patient unnecessarily. So we should always keep our knowledge and skill to the best. We are supposed to give the best of our knowledge and best of our skills, we are not updating our knowledge and skills. We may not be able to give the best of the treatment and we might turn up to ensure the patients. And we should inform the patient may have been exposed to blood bone pathogen or other infectious disease and when we use unsterilized instruments and we not properly doing a feeling and carelessness which is which happened from the doctor side could be very bad for the patient and it violates the principle of ethics that is to do no harm we are harming the patient supposed to harm the patient. So the third one is the most important principle of ethics which was commonly violated in the last century most of the experiments were done without a consent of the participants when we took any study which happened for 1950 most of the studies were without any consent of the participants. So autonomy or the decision making power of the participant or a patient is most important. So autonomy is the most key principle of ethics. So treat the patient according to patients desire if patient wants some sort of treatment we can give that we cannot impose our decision or our judgment on patients mind. We have to explain everything and let the patient decide what treatment he needs. So we can explain everything the pros and cons of any treatment and let patient decide what he wants. So it's a doctor or dentist should educate the patient then let patient decide it. So information given should be easily understood. So if there are minors we should educate these parents and guardians. So if patient is not willing even if we know that this is the best for the patient's if patient is not willing they're not supposed to give that treatment it violates the principle of autonomy. So the fourth principle is justice. Justice is fairness. We should not show any discrimination between people between our patients between our subjects based on their economic status their race their creed their color their sex or their national origin we have to deal the patients with equal importance and equal respect or should get the same treatment respective of their color create economic status their brand value or the superiority or inferiority whatever we should treat all patients equal that is justice. So the fifth one is truthfulness or velocity. So truthfulness is the sincerity of the dentist or a doctor. So dentist has a duty to communicate truthfully we should always tell truth to the patient and there should be always a trust between patient and the doctor. So we should not or a dentist or a doctor should not represent the care being given to the patient in a false or misleading manner. We have to inform the patient what is happening or what has happened or what might happen. We cannot give false assurance to the patients temporary relief of that psychological relief of patient. So we should always be very truthful in our diagnosis treatment. So patient expect the dentist to be truthful about the information given and treatment and the prognosis. So we should always give them actual facts to always tell the truth to the patient. So that is the fifth principle and the last principle is confidentiality. The privacy of the patient should be very important and should be thoroughly maintained. It should not be discussed with other people, should not be discussed in your friends circle, league circle in your family circle, it can be discussed only for a knowledge sharing purpose. If you have a very rare case that very few doctors might have seen. So that type of knowledge you can share with your colleagues or your dental fraternity or a medical fraternity, not the personal information of the patient. So accept the situation where the disclosure is needed to protect the patient itself and community. Sometimes patients confidentiality should be revealed but not really important. So these are the basic six principles of ethics.