 Okay, ladies and gentlemen, it gives me great pleasure to announce our next speaker. We have Roberta Estes back to talk to us about all reasonable DNA through the generations. Now, Roberta has a bachelor's and master's degree in computer science, a master's in business administration, and from a genetic genealogy point of view, she's best known for being one of the premier genetic genealogists on the planet. And it's an absolute pleasure that she's flowed all the way over from America to be with us here today. So you can give a please a warm welcome for Roberta Estes. All right. Well, thank you. I'm sorry we're a couple minutes late starting today, but the technical stuff happens. And I want to thank you for joining us today. We're going to talk about DNA through the generations. And I want to tell you, my granddaughter, who's a teenager, was supposed to be here co-presenting with me. Now, we had a little family issue happen, and she can't be here today. But the reason I wrote this presentation, it wasn't because I wanted to do a presentation, it was because I'm using this DNA to teach my grandchildren as she's 13, and she understands this. So my granddaughter can understand this. I know every single one of you in this audience can understand this. And she is going to use this to teach genetics in her high school. I want you to know that. So it's not hard. It's all just a matter of looking at it from the perspective of building one step at a time. So this, just pretend I'm 13 and I got the purple dress and the big hair. I'll try and talk to my granddaughter's voice. So we are looking today at DNA through the generations. I have a blog. This is my blog address, dnaexplained.com, right up here. And I want to encourage all of you to subscribe and to use the blog. There's almost 900 articles having to do with DNA. Some are technical, some are just fun and lighthearted. Every Sunday I run something about my ancestors. And if you don't want to read about my ancestors, that's fine. But there's a piece of DNA how I've used it for those ancestors in every article. So it's actually how I use DNA for each one of them. It's different. So I really encourage you to use it, subscribe. It's free. You can't get better than free. So remember Sister Sledge. We are family. I got all my sisters with me. You remember? Come on, guys. Wake up, yes? If you don't admit to remembering, I'm going to stay. Okay? Okay, that's best. So here's what we do. We are families. Get up everybody and we're used to a different word. But in our family it's swab. Get up everybody and swab. We are family. Apologies to Sister Sledge. And we are going to talk about how our autosomal DNA compares to that. Everybody in our family. And autosomal DNA is inherited from every one of your ancestors. Now I hate to think of myself as an ancestor. But to my grandchildren, I'm an ancestor. I mean I'm a grandpa, but their parents are ancestors too. Because anybody who's not used is an ancestor because you've got some of their DNA. So if you are familiar with the basics of DNA and how it works, Emily Uslingham, Dr. Family Two DNA Group, has a couple of beginning books left to spell. She wrote them over and they're great. I helped her prove freedom when she wrote the book. So that's a good resource for you to start with. So here's an inheritance most days. And you can see up here that this person in yellow of the two parents that are yellow and purple, they got a yellow chromosome and a purple chromosome. And that represents half of each of their parents. But in every generation, that DNA gets mixed. So by the time you get two generations further down here, these chromosomes have lots of colors in them. And that represents their ancestors' DNA. The problem is, of course, that we don't know whose DNA is whose unless you have some basis for comparison to half. So the child receives one chromosome from mom and one chromosome from dad, and exactly half of each parent's DNA. But two children don't receive the same half. They usually receive part of the same half. So you have one child, a dad that's blue and mom that's pink. And so this child should have blue here and pink here. And this could be reversed. So while they have the same, they don't have all of the same. So that's why we tell people, test your siblings, test your parents' siblings. Actually test everybody you can convince to test. It's okay if you give them a couple glasses of wine first because, you know, if you're doing a swat, it generally works the way they say that. You're like, okay. So here is what this, when you receive half of your DNA from each parent, but on the average, you only receive 25% of your DNA from each grandparent. Now, average is like one size fits all. How many of you went and got a free t-shirt out of your someplace and they give you something that says one size fits all? That means one size fits nobody. Okay? Really. The chances of it fitting you are pretty slim. So you get half of your DNA from this group of ancestors over here, but you don't get exactly these percentages. That's an average. That's all we have to go with in terms of the guideline. But that is what it is. This is just a guideline. So what we're going to look at today is what's real. What's real. So DNA is passed in bundles called segments. Different children receive different pieces of their parent's DNA. Sometimes parents give their children a whole chromosome. They just give it to them. This is just, this is your grandmother's here, her whole thing. And sometimes they give them part of grandma's and part of grandpa's that are different parts that not always have. These areas are called crossovers. And this, right here, this line between the pink and the blue is the crossover. It's where the ancestor's DNA butts up and causes over between one and the other. Each piece of DNA comes from an ancestor, obviously, but which one? So here are some players today that we're going to be working with. My mother, who is now deceased, thanked God she took every DNA test I put in front of that woman because after she died, her DNA was at Family Tree DNA, it's archived. And after she died, I was able to family find her testimony because it didn't come out while she was still alive. And it was marginal. I was able to find her testimony at the time, and it worked. I'm telling you, I've never held my breath. That woman's legacy that she left to me is unimaginable, I think, for every single day. So, my mother, me, that's me with the big hair. My son is the father of these children. His wife is the mother of these children and her parents. They have made this a family of educational experience for my granddaughters down here. And this is the granddaughter sequencing her own DNA last year. I am so proud of this kid. And then that's my little princess, my daughter. We'll start her sequencing next. So, here was family Christmas at my house. Yes, I know we're a geeky family. And this was one of the favorite gifts that Christmas, and everybody's sliding. And that is literally what we did at Christmas at the table at my house. The only thing missing is the cat in the picture. We had to keep putting the cat off the table because we didn't want cat DNA. So, because, you know, there's like an ethical thing here. When you're sliding your whole family, if there is a skeleton in the closet, it's going to come out. So, if all of a sudden somebody doesn't want to test, then I leave it at that because I don't want, you know, there to be a very awkward situation in the family. So, in my case, grandpa isn't really grandpa. Grandpa is my husband. Oh, God. Did I just out myself? Well, no, of course not. Grandpa getting married. That's my son. That's my daughter, their adult. And my granddaughter was three months old. But the only grandfather they've ever known is my husband, of course. And we all know that in the family. But, hey, how many generations downstream grandpa has no one recorded said, that's your NPE of your family. It's not an NPE. It is not, you know, somebody I didn't go up and she was your neighbor guy. Grandpa was step-grandfather. Grandpa was step-grandfather. So, just in this case, it's all cool. But just be aware, you could out your family and you don't really want to do that. So, be gracious if somebody doesn't like that. So, this is what the family find their results look like. Every one of these slides, and this is really, really important, and I want to emphasize this, how the results look depend on whose perspective you're looking from. If you're looking from the granddaughter's perspective, the results are going to look entirely different than if you're looking from the grandmother's perspective or even my mother's perspective. So, in every one of these slides when I've done, as I put up in the corner, in this corner, that corner, the person whose perspective we're looking for, okay? So, in this case, it is my granddaughter who was, this was supposed to be her slide. So, this is her father, her mother, her sister, her maternal grandmother, me. Now, I actually have my ancestry version two kit uploaded to so when you see two kits for me, that's why. And I thought about chopping this out and I thought, no, don't leave me in there. I did that, you know? My, her, the maternal grandfather, so my daughter-in-law's father and my mother, the paternal great-grandmother, that's who we're dealing with. And these two down here, I left them in here because we have a second cousin twice removed and a half a second cousin and theoretically, this person is a degree six relative should be up here and match closer but remember one size fits wide, nobody. So, in this case, that's not what happened because that's sometimes not what happened, okay? So, I wanted to point out a couple things. First of all, she's just a sister for the sister and it's the mother for the father. Well, obviously my son's a male because otherwise I wouldn't have grandchildren with the thing you know, you know, so, that big ass thing. And can you still hear me alright? Yeah. So, the problem is one of two things. Even when you registered the kit you registered the wrong gender and you have to call him in 2D&A and tell him that the gender change that's what's happening with my son and my daughter-in-law there's a kit's got swapped. Okay? So, I figured that out when my son matched my daughter-in-law's parents and she matched me. But I forgot to tell them to change the gender on you. So, they've done that now. But I left it up here because I wanted to tell you what happened with this. If you get this person and this is what happened here when I linked them on the you know, when you go in and you link people to your family tree well I linked her as brother instead of sister accidentally. So, if you see something that's weird over here it's one of those two things. You linked it incorrectly when the kit's actually registered to the wrong gender and this is part of why that matters. Okay? So, what we're going to do here is this right here. These are the four grandparents from the perspective of that young lady right there. And her DNA matches her four grandparents not at 25% not equally. She matches her maternal grandmother more closely than she matches any of her other grandparents. She matches her paternal grandmother more closely and obviously because I don't have my son's father available to test we have to infer from him by subtracting me out of him. I'll show you how to do that. So, what we have here is the grandparents that we do have the three grandparents that we do have and she doesn't match them at 25%. So, if we're using the 25% average you would expect to see them exactly the same and they're not. They never are. They never are. Let's look at this. This is a really boring slide but remember I said we're going to build this step by step. This is the background of a parent-child match. Now, you will match your parents on every piece of DNA that you have. Where did you get it? From your parents, right? So, a parent-child when you compare yourself to your parents all you're going to see is a solid bar across here. That's important because people say well, I only have my parents DNA. That's true but you match your parents at every location because at every location they either make you a piece of their mother or a piece of their father so you still match them. So, this is really boring but we're going to see this when we stack the chromosome grounds and I want to explain to you why it is entirely orange. See these ticks out here at the end? That's just a user interface, okay? That doesn't mean you're not matching there. And the gray spot here in the middle are segments of our DNA that don't have enough snips to measure so those are untested areas so just ignore the gray parts and ignore these tiny little black tips out here. Okay? Uh-oh. What do I do? I'm back. This is now a magic wand, I'll just lay this. Okay, so let's look at the sisters on the chromosome browser. Again, this is from the perspective of the older sister to our little princess here and these two sisters are comparing their DNA so the sister where they match you're going to see it's orange and where they don't match it's black. Why is one of the chromosomes here, this one, number 12, why is that all orange? They got the same exact DNA right from their both parents so it's entirely orange. Why is the rest of these, there isn't one that's entirely black, but why are some of these orange and black? Because they got some from one parent and some from the other. So this is why we say you should test your siblings because they're going to match people in areas where you're not going to match them because they got different DNA from the parent. Well, here's our first generation if you will. So a crossover is a location on the chromosome where your ancestors DNA bugs up. We can tell looking at grandparents who's DNA it is, but as we start to go back in time the reason triangulation works is because you happen to get that same segment of an ancestor's DNA that somebody else happened to get all down due to generation. That's why it works. And the first generation is easy because we understand that it's grandparents that as we go back further we lose track of who it might be and that's why we're doing this matching in genetic genealogy to figure out who it might be from that ancestor. So on this chromosome here there are six actual crossovers. This is a crossover because it's where it bugs up. So anytime it bugs up, that's a crossover. This is actually considered one segment across the center of the chromosome as long as it matches on both sides. So what we're going to look for are if this is the sisters we look for the orange where they match and the black where they don't and that becomes even more important in minutes. So let's look now at the maternal grandparents. Now we've changed perspective. I want to point that out. At this top here it's the maternal grandmother and this is the maternal grandfather, my daughter-in-law's parents. I'm just so lucky I have a great daughter-in-law and I have a wonderful daughter-in-law parents and there's no word in our English language for who those people are but I'm surely related to them because we share our grandchild training. So in any case here is her match to her daughter which a parent and a grandchild came out exactly as we expect and exactly the right because you get happier DNA for each parent. And then here's the oldest granddaughter and the youngest granddaughter that's her first three matches and look here she matches the oldest granddaughter at a much higher level 1800 versus 1500 at a much higher level than she matches the youngest granddaughter but she shares a longer segment with the youngest granddaughter as with the oldest granddaughter so when we're using averages and segment averages and cinema working averages keep in mind averages are just that one size fits no body thank you. So let's look down here because that grandmother matches more highly to the oldest granddaughter we know that her husband the grandfather has to match them in reverse order because he gave more DNA to the youngest granddaughter than she did and sure enough that's exactly what we see here when we compare both grandparents we have them both to actually compare look at the maternal grandmother as compared to the oldest granddaughter so this is her perspective compared to her. So what we're looking at as we see this is that the daughter received one chromosome from each of her parents and she gave mixed those together her father and her mother to give the granddaughter parts of each one from the black and the orange so what we can see here is the orange is what she this grandchild inherited from that grandmother because she matches the grandmother on this segment conversely that means the black is where she has to match the grandfather because that's the only DNA that the daughter has is her mother and her father so we can look here and see while grandparents share approximately 25 percent or contribute approximately 25 percent of their DNA to their grandchildren it's not exactly exactly and the other thing is I want to point out chromosome 20 and 21 here 20 and 21 is that the entire chromosome from her grandmother so she inherited none of her grandfather's chromosome there and that is not unusual we see of that a lot it's not unusual at all so in the next generation she can't pass any of her grandfathers DNA on it because she doesn't have any of those two chromosomes so I wanted to put this in a pedigree format that we all are used to looking at as genealogists and give you a break from it what I did because this is orange and black the chromosomes have been orange and black because I made this orange and black so if you look at this as a pedigree chart where the grandmother is orange and the grandfather is black what we just saw you can see that in the first generation the daughter gets half orange and half black there's four segments there but in subsequent generations there were four children in there but if there were and they could she could inherit like this in terms of those segments so she could do orange and black black and orange so for each actually that's each location but for this we're just going to call segments so that's why you have four children down here if you actually don't have the grand appearance and you can sequence four children you can get most of the parent's genome by sequencing four children so that is what we're looking at that's how it actually works and then if you were to go on further down here of course you'd be back to where there are other colors of chromosomes coming in from people as they marry in the next generation back to one of the first slides we had that showed all of those color chromosome pieces so let's go back here and let's look at this oldest granddaughter that compared to both her grandmother and grandfather who both tested so what we have is an exact reverse if you look at chromosome one except I can't reach it you can see that the black part there's a little orange and a big black and if you go over here it's exactly reversed because she got either got the DNA from her grandmother or her grandfather so when you look at these they like a puzzle they snap exactly into each other she thought this was so cool so if you look at from the maternal grandmother's perspective now this lady to both of her granddaughters so both granddaughters are represented here in this compared to the maternal grandmother you can see how who inherited which of the maternal grandmother's DNA the younger one is blue and the older one is orange and in some areas they overlap significantly and in other areas there's none at all for example the younger granddaughter got none of this chromosome here and the older granddaughter got part of it but the rest of it was from the grandfather so it was very interesting to look at those compared from the grandmother's perspective the maternal here's the maternal grandparents both the grandmother and grandfather compared to both and again these would snap as you put those on top of each other they'd walk in just like a puzzle let's move on to something else you can only look at chromosome routers for so long so let's look at the inheritance percentages here more in the blackies the paternal grandparents as we expect them here's the expected call and expected average both the cinema organs and percentages so we expect them to be 25% each in fact that's what people will tell you but again one size fits nobody so here's what we have for the oldest granddaughter and the youngest granddaughter in terms of percentages now we only tested four people but we have six people's results up there how did I do that well we saw that the grandmother and grandfather the maternal grandmother and grandfather are the exact mirror images right well we tested me the paternal grandmother and what they didn't match to me they had to get from my son's father who's not available to test him so because of that I can tell exactly how much of his DNA they got and we did the same exact same with my mother right here because she was the only living person in that generation but because we know how much she got her DNA and she got my DNA exactly how much she got of my father's DNA as well so we tested four but we really got six that's like two three so I'm feeling left out here because I'm the one who sponsored all this testing but we haven't talked about me yet we've talked all about paternal marriage because there's two of them so let's look how they stand up against me the paternal grandfather wasn't available for testing because black matches here are him right because they don't match me I'm black so they have to be my son's mom mine is no longer orange it's no longer just orange and black look at all these colors from my mother's perspective all this generation so now we're looking at four generations in a row who is completely orange up here you should notice it's me because I match my mother so I'm completely orange so I'm completely orange my son is the blue bar now we have no control how these colors are you have no idea how many times I had to do this to get my son to turn out blue so my son is the blue bar and he's colored if you're looking here I've surrounded the pictures with the color that they are so here's my son and here's me and here's my granddaughters all compared to my mother so I gave my son my father's chromosome 4 if you look up here the only person that's matching my mother is me so when it came time to give it to my son I was not the least of a generation by giving him my mother I gave him my father so obviously none of the girls can match her either because it stopped in my generation so that's when you look down here same with chromosome 11 down here he didn't get anything from he got my father so he can't the girls can't match my mother so if you look that also indicates in 10, 14 and 20 so by inference we also know my father would be the black man in case you haven't noticed the dress I'm wearing is a chromosome browser and if you look back all the generations in my family so I had to wear it today and I found a person that she already showed to so you are a really easy example with the X chromosome now the X chromosome is a kind of they have special inheritance property because men only get an X from their mother because they receive a Y that makes them male from their father so I'm going to use the X I matched my mother 100% I'm the orange my son in blue matches my mother on the blue segment so who does he match on the black part my father right but look what he did he gave my granddaughter all of the piece of my X chromosome that I gave him so when you look at it they stack up just exactly perfectly except for these funny little ends I can't tell you how many times people say but ends are longer on the children than they can't meet because he couldn't give them more than he had and you're right those are called fuzzy boundaries they happen one of two reasons one is that it's internal processing at the vendor that use buckets which we're not going to really discuss in detail and the other one is they could match me by chance you can match by chance on just a little extra on those ends so I downloaded the results here and I looked at this and sure enough if you look at the actual results and do the math you can see there is a little more showing and it has to be by chance because you couldn't have actually gotten that you can only give what you get we're going to talk a little bit about bathing because bathing is really important bathing is how you know what to how you matches where they match so other than making a dress or piece of clothing you can use this information for your genealogy in any way so we're going to compare your matches to the DNA of your parents to identify which side the match is from because if you've got your parents they've got to match one or the other of your parents or maybe they don't because they're a third alternative well there is and that doesn't match my genes so if you don't have your parents you can do the same type of thing siblings, aunts, aunts, uncles those people are really important because when you match people you're common with them and on the same segment how do you get that the only way you get that same segment is from that common ancestor it's the only way you can get it so matches that match you and them on the same DNA aren't on his face with parents of people who match you but don't match each other then there are identical by chance and I have a concept series on my blog where I just talk about concept and parental bathing and one of those so family treaty DNA offers something called family bathing in order to do this you have to connect people on your trio of family treaty DNA so I went in and I extended the tree down to my grandchildren and I connected my in-laws and I connected everybody up and all my other cousins where they're supposed to go and then family treaty and then internally uses that to phase your matches they tell you based on the actual DNA which side of the tree those matches are on so if you look up here you can see that I have 499 actually that's not me but this person has 499 maternal matches 676 and 4 that are those so when you look at those here this is one of the girls you can see that they match the sisters and the parents on both sides which is accurate they match the sisters and parents on both the mother and their father's side so this is what paternal bathing looks like these people whose names I never moved are assigned to one side or the other based on you connecting the DNA of known people to your tree so they are doing that for you you don't have to do that the next thing you want to do is you want to click one of these people and you want to say ok I know this person here is related on my father's side if this was you from your perspective and click that and then click in common with which is an option up here that is not showing and then you can see who else you've actually in common with that person gives you an idea of how or why you match that it's not foolproof because sometimes you can get it in common with where you can match it with both parents but it's the next step in your genealogy journey I'm going to talk a little bit about triangulation you went in here within my talk yesterday and knows about the new triangulator tool or if you subscribed to my blog that talks about the new triangulator tool I listed out last night if you don't subscribe to my blog go watch because it's there for you so there's a new tool that was not available that was when I wrote this so we talked about it yesterday with this sign so when people match on the same segment it's easy to think that all those people are from a common ancestor but they're not because you have a mother's side and a father's side to your kermit family so there are three groups that your matches will fall into one is the mother's side one is the father's side so if you have both parents it's very easy to tell which group is the identical by chance group because they're not going to match either of your parents so how do you know the difference because we don't have all of our ancestors to test unfortunately we have to triangulate if both match you on the same segment unless your parents triangulate people think okay if your parents triangulate and they match each other you've got a really bad problem either they're extremely endogenous or they accidentally were adopted and met each other and were siblings and married each other which we actually have one another on that rebound so if you are trying to explain triangulation you just say do your parents triangulate well no they don't match they both match you from your perspective do they match each other they don't match each other so you can see that they match you but they don't match each other so here from the perspective of my little princess all of her grandparents match her they all match her there's all of us from here they all match her they're all related to her but they're not all related to each other so when you're trying to explain this content say from your perspective are you related to all four of your grandparents? of course you are they're all related to each other they say yes you've got a whole different problem okay so that's a really good example of why we're trying to do it I call it my best example ever and you'll see a lot about this pretty soon so here's you and your parents you match both of your parents here's our triangle you, orange parent, blue parent you match both of them they don't match each other so here you are now we're going to talk about half siblings because if you have half siblings that is a beautiful guy because if someone matches one half sibling you know they're from that parent side and if they match another half sibling you know they're from that parent side so you can triangulate with half siblings from each side very, very equally so this is you from your mother and father and here's your half sibling so that's great because you can tell these are from your perspective they both match you but those people come from different sides because you're looking at different half siblings so here's half sibling triangulation you match both of your half siblings but your half siblings don't match each other you have an orange one and a blue one so here's half siblings and parents and I borrow this from somebody who is gracious enough this isn't from my family you match both parents at the top you're orange you match your half siblings because they're both matching you and in some areas everybody matches you in that one segment up there everybody matches you so you know that you've got common DNA they don't match each other because they're half siblings so you only match on the segments that you got in common so if you have half siblings I'll beg of the test so this is triangulation with half siblings I almost call this quadrangulation but I don't want to introduce a new term into this but what I did is I flipped it I flipped the two triangles so that you can see here is a group of matching people and they match with you and the blue parent and here's a group of matching people that match with you and the orange parent and through your half siblings you can figure that out very easily by looking at who matches but your half siblings don't match each other these people all match so again this is going to be a blog it's also on the YouTube video so if you need to look at this longer to think about it that's cool but that's exactly how this works your matches fall in the matched groups based on half siblings so in summary what do you want to do? you want to test everyone who's willing you want to why does DNA catch? you want to have that swab party on Christmas day or on Thanksgiving give it a certain why liberally when watching the children to anybody who might think they don't want to test however if they really don't want to test you have to respect that there could be multiple reasons I always try to figure out why but it's just kind of a new concern I kind of address that's great but if they really don't want to I don't say to them oh gosh I know why you don't want to test I don't do that I always think it's in my notes so after you test upload to jcon and yesterday we talked about putting gas in the car there's a list of about 10 things you can do to help yourself with family treatment please refer to yesterday's session about putting gas in the car because if you don't do the things like upload your your jcon file and attaching to DNA to the person in the tree if you don't do those things family tree DNA can't do family gasing for you it can't help you as much as they could if you were to do those things so do all those things use family faith and get the built-in feature even without parents because if you have your parents that's great but let's face it I only have one parent left in biology by the time we retire we're going to start our genealogy most of us don't have parents left so what they've done is they've made the siblings of first cousins up to third cousins to phase your DNA in the maternal and maternal buckets but you have to connect them to your tree in order they're going to do it so you want to triangulate to confirm ancestors yesterday's triangulation tool is a third-party tool written by Goine right now he's in the back he will be at a family tree DNA boot to show you how to use the new triangulation tool turn around that's the person you're looking for for the new tool it is literally press a button and it tells you if they triangulate now so it's a way cool tool so you want to triangulate to confirm your ancestors to confirm that those people match you on that same segment and don't forget about why in mitochondria we talked a lot about autosomal we forget that why in mitochondria are really important genealogical tools a lot of people don't even in here I shouldn't know about them but a lot of people in the larger community don't even understand that why in mitochondria are available and how they can help you if you don't understand that I have great articles on my blog for you introductory please utilize those tools to direct the master line and you can use matching to see who matches you on those lines in addition to autosomal DNA subscribe to my blog DNA the family of fear please you don't have to see sister's pledge to do it that slot your family and have fun and one of the ways you can do that is to share with them share the results, sit down show them the DNA show them the chromosome explain the family story kind of like we did because that's how we wrote them in to loving our ancestors the way we do and that's also how we recruit the next generation because we want to pass it on and the way to do that is through DNA and science today that's it for me I think we're going to open for questions thank you questions let's see that we actually see four generations of DNA testing if you come down here because I'm just a little bit scared of that live speaker okay yeah I'm sure you would be natural particularly when a population is small in any country it would be natural for grandparents to have some sort of connection because A, you marry your social science, your religion and you didn't move very far that's true and you know my family has endowed me on both sides where they did exactly that they married into the population it's not a problem unless you're actually finding segments common segments on the same same people and you may but you may be able to track those back to the same ancestors too what I really was saying if you have a whole list of first cousin marriages like for three generations in a row that's really problematic but that rarely happens how many people in the audience have found a double cousin connection on their family tree so there's quite a few how many people have had two brothers married two sisters okay two identical twins three sisters, that was just greedy you know, it's interesting because my daughter-in-law on mother's side is French-Canadian and my mother has a French-Canadian line so we were fully prepared to have some common segments and so far we have not found any there's a huge amount of dogma in the and also in the French-Canadian population that she came from and you found nothing as yet but it's far back Cathy, do you want to ask a question sorry, a question over here I want to ask about disputes so that with Irish for example with lactose, so that particular snips what are snips that they know should be or how do they do it okay, that's a really good question she was asked about specific snips in the Irish lactose on tar existence at 95% these are focused on groups of snips remember I said there's buckets and I don't know how every vendor does this but I do know how family tree DNA does this so what they do is they look at buckets and group a whole bunch of snips that match at some level it indicates common genealogy as opposed to a common ancestral group want to go so that's the question there's another question that usually follows this one, I'm just going to answer it we have something called no-call so when they sequence your DNA it reads, it reads, it reads and all of a sudden for some reason the spot doesn't read so it's not counted as a mismatch it's counted as a mismatch of a group so there's what we call a healing routine just kind of says okay if there's this many snips in a row that don't match it's okay but if there's one more than that it's not a break so it's pretty flexible there is an area on chromosome 6 and there are other pile up areas and if you use the word pile up and you search on my blog you'll find an article that tells you where they are where there are types and a whole lot of people have this in common so if you find you have a whole group of matches on that area of chromosome 6 and they don't extend beyond it I would just kind of ignore those now they extend beyond it and that might mean they're genealogically important so that's a really good question another question to Roberta what's a practical application I think it's absolutely fantastic you're able to trace DNA down through four generations is there any practical application in terms of the twins at the bottom of course or not the twins at the bottom the two granddaughters at the bottom is there any practical application with that well obviously if they want to do genealogy there will be but in terms of my granddaughters my granddaughters the oldest granddaughter who was sequencing our own DNA went up to Michigan State last year to a science thing for children and the person who was teaching it actually made some mistakes and she corrects me so I think for her for the children I think it brings science into history and it encourages them because if I had been taught history and understood that I had a connection to it I would have liked it a whole lot better and this gives them a connection to science it gives them a connection to history and it brings it all together and it's about them and their veins and now what she wants to do is she wants to find out and I didn't include this because of the personal nature but she wants to look at which grandparent gave her the blue eye and which grandparent gave her the preckles and which grandparent gave her some other things and she is doing this this is what we're working through now now that we've looked at this now we're looking at okay let's figure out how do you find that information and working with her on that with Prometheus because it gives us also medical things so I didn't use that because of the personal nature I have plus I only have an hour kids get really curious and it's really opened up that the questions from her and the younger child have really been amazing as we sit at the kitchen table and do that I have to tell you I'm fascinated that we can sit at the kitchen table and we can trace these segments from the back nine or ten generations without question and we know who they came from and then I can tell them the stories of that ancestor and connect it back and on Tuesday Morith and I are going to learn about the doll ancestor from Ireland and we also know some of this and now we can connect that for them in terms of history and why is that important I wish we had had this from Ireland I don't know if that's what you're there that's a very good explanation or a good answer to the question because I suppose the other thing there have been young for it now but when they're a little bit older you start looking at well what's the chromosome that carries the gene for cystic fibrosis not that there is cystic fibrosis in the family but if it's this portion of a particular chromosome that carries the disease so that chromosome granddaughter A would be passing it on potentially to her children but not granddaughter B we'd actually discussed that and the family and because they are minors you know I would not go there without both parents' consent obviously and so I make sure when we are having these discussions that both parents are at the table because they're also educational for them and they're interested but she's actually asked some questions that are health related and so we talked about it's in one spot and when you open it you can never unknow what's in that box when you open the medical part and that's one of the reasons we keep the genealogy part separate from the medical part because you can do this all day long and not expose any of those kind of clinical secrets or the density just because you have the density doesn't mean you have the disease and you're not inviting concern especially for a number of people so I intentionally don't go there with them without their parents consent so what we have done so far is we've limited what they are doing to looking at which RS locations or which SNPs contribute to eye color and which SNPs contribute to traits that we can look up safely without exposing anything they might want to have exposed some of those can be quite fun as well left earwax versus dry earwax back toes and toes and you can drink milk at all they also want to know which of those things are in the end or all of the way is my brother more the answer to that take steps to all this and be safeguarded and protected for plus period did you all hear that question I can't tell if you were speaking up did you hear the question in the back it's a great question and I wrestle with that I do I have used my blog as a selfless promotion of my ancestors and like I said I have written every article that includes something about DNA so if you read the 52 ancestors it's almost every Sunday it will have something about DNA the next one coming out is when I went to Tara out here and I attended my online hostages so I don't know Nile Park personally but he's my ancestor he's gone in there I have also printed the ones I've contributed to live local libraries the ones that involve ancestors from a particular region so it isn't printed from there I've been contributing to the Allen County Public Library which in the US has a very large online presence in genealogy so it's written publicly people have connected my articles to their trees on ancestry sometimes they do it properly and sometimes they don't but for me I'm more concerned about the actual correct information being out there than I am in the thing I use WordPress it's very very easy it's also free unless you I have my own domain name it's still very cheap but it's free it's pretty cool forever whatever that means in our technology era and all you do you type in a whole picture so you don't need to know anything about programming to do it so I recommend WordPress even my granddaughter can do WordPress and my husband too so if you can't use it you can get your grandchildren to do it for you what a great way of evolving that's a great idea thank you so much we've learned so much thank you