 So today's topic is changing patterns of political sociology, that where political sociology is nowadays, what type of new areas, what type of concerns the political sociologists have regarding nowadays society and state, and what are the new topics which are included in the subject. So political sociology become an important and vast field of sociology, which has new topics in the field of the knowledge, and these topics are due to the nature of the subject, because the nature of the subject is not a static one, because political sociology deals with human beings, and due to the changing nature, changing attitudes and behaviors of human beings, this subject is considered a very dynamic. So in the daily life, what we are facing, what type of challenges we are meeting, these all are included in the subject matter of political sociology. So today we are going to discuss all the changing patterns of this subject, because there are some theoretical contributions, specifically by the pluralists. This school of thought, it focuses on the dynamics of economics, politics, so we have to highlight all those points, those are added by this school of thought. Specifically, in the theoretical development, because political sociology is a comprehensive knowledge based on the contributions by political philosophers, the contributions made by the sociologists. So it is quite interesting that what they are saying, what they are adding to the subject matter of political sociology, we have to highlight, we have to understand all those areas, like the policy domain. We all know that the policies are basically the outcome of the challenges, outcomes of the needs of the society, outcomes of the needs of the human beings. So whatever the policies are making throughout the world in the whole systems, they are becoming the part of the study of political sociology. Then definitely the civil society, because political sociology deals with the problems of human beings. So sometimes governments, sometimes institutions, they do not want to raise some voices. So at that stage, civil society comes in the field and they raise the voices against the violations of the laws and sometimes they raise the voices for the human rights. So political sociology also deals with the civil society. Sometimes there are some volunteer associations. They do not have direct concerns with the policies or with the systems or their limitations. They only try to raise the voices for the innocent people and they normally try to raise the voices against the human rights violations or any type of violation, whether it is by the system, whether it is by some social constraints or even by the individuals. And then there is a very important topic and very important area that is by the social movements. We all know that social movements are very important area because wherever in the world there is violation against the human beings, against those violations, there are movements and sometimes these movements are considered the social movements and sometimes they converted into the political movements. So another important point at the study of effects of media that in the changing pattern of political sociology, the involvement of media is getting very much important, whether during the elections, voters, political candidates, ideologies, they all have the involvement of media and these all areas are considered very much important topics of modern-day political sociology. Another very important area that is the contribution by the theories in the political sociology, like the theories regarding the public opinion, then there is the need of the cultural impacts, they all are considered the modern trends of political sociology. So another very important topic that is the local nature of politics, that why when there is the talk about the globalization of politics, globalization of world, but political sociology has a very great emphasis on the local issues too. So what another important topic is that is the talk regarding the political power cycle, that there is a debate on power and the sources of power, why, how power affects the society and what type of role power has nowadays in the, in context of political sociology. Then another important point is that politics under post-modernist school of thought, that we all know that there are a variety of school of thoughts, but nowadays the post-modernist, they have many new debates regarding feminist school of thought, regarding the structuralism, functionalism, so these all theoretical debates are getting very much important part in the trends of political sociology. And the last part, last trend in the political sociology, that is the talk regarding the involvement of institutions, because institutions are getting importance, no doubt, because firstly only the state was the center of the talk, then institutions involved, but nowadays another topic, another stage, that is the involvement of rationality, that how individuals, how human beings are getting much more importance in all these processes, so we can say that from the traditional talk about a state, nowadays in the 21st century, in the modern trends of political sociology, now the direct involvement of human beings, the performance of institutions and the talk about the rationality, that how much logical is the development, so these all seven trends, these are the modern trends of political sociology in the 21st century and the contemporary political sociology pass through a very evolutionary phase from the traditional talks, now it has a very important list of topics, list of trends and the list of new areas and definitely in the coming days, political sociology may have the new trends and may be talking about more modern issues and the issues related to the social development, issues related to the social capital and issues related to the individuals also.