 Okay, thank you very much for having me here. I am a PhD student in crumble project Crumble project studies the funerary practices of cremations in Belgium from Neolithic to early iron age period So today I'm going to present you the changes in funerary practices of Belgium late Bronze Age early iron age unfilled For this isn't we chose two sides? Belzeke and Bilki and as far as you can see they are both located in West part of Belgium Belzeke Padistrat was excavated between 1975 and 1976 in total 41 cremation graves were excavated among them We had 40 own graves one bone back grave and with this terminology we mean The cremated the deposition of cremate is bones in an organic container. So we had the bones we had the same but we didn't have their own and Based on the grave goods and the radiocarbon dating all the graves Dated between a thousand and hundred and sixty BC to four hundred and ten BC unfortunately We are able to analyze only 14 Graves and they are in the red circle in the picture Blicky was excavated between 1993 and 2003 in total 35 cremations graves were excavated Among them we have 26 Seven bone back graves and two mixed graves. So in this case we had cremated bones and charcoal and Again based on the Grave goods and radiocarbon dated that has been done by Gidem Mulder and his colleague at 2007 The graves were dated from a thousand four hundred and fifty to five hundred BC So in this case it was from the middle bronzage to the early iron age period The aim of this project is to investigate the varieties behind the homogeneity regarding the funerary practices of two Belgian urnfields at Belzeke and Blicky For this reason we choose We choose no it was available to study only 14 graves from Belzeke 14 from Blicky and From each individual and where it was possible. We choose three different element One diaphysis one cranial and one rib First of all we did the astrological analysis in order to identify different skeletal elements and to assess the sex and the age of the individuals continually we did Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and carbon and oxygen isotope analysis and We want to approach the cremations conditions okay Before to start the astrological analysis, I have to say that all the results based only in The 14 graves that it was available for this study for 14 from Belzeke 14 from Blicky and not for all the graves that were excavated So as far as you know cremated bones are extremely fragmentary so As you can see the majority the sex of the majority of the individuals Was assessed as interterminate In Blicky we can see that The percentage of females and males is exactly the same while in Belzeke only the females are Represented of course that doesn't mean that we didn't have Males in Belzeke, but that it was it wasn't possible to assess them through the astrological analysis for the age estimation we observed that The percentages of non-adult individuals from Belzeke was higher than in Blicky and more specifically we have the fetus category and Early childhood category represent seven and twenty seven percent respectively On the other hand at Blicky only the category of early childhood is represented In both sides the category of adult is the dominant one So as you can see the percentage of adult are higher than the non-adult Okay, the cremation condition now We try to to approach the cremations conditions using carbon and oxygen isotope analysis and FTIR in the first box plot you can see that It's represent the offset of carbon between the ribbed and cranial so actually it's the different from the ribs to cranial and as far as you can see Belzeke the ribs from Belzeke present less negative values than in Blicky So that is means that the ribs from Belzeke had higher carbon than in Blicky That's what it can mean. Okay That probably means That during cremations, we have carbon exchanges between Bone appetite carbonate and the fuel so there is an exchange during the cremation process So probably we have this difference between the two skeletal elements in one case It was the ribs that had higher carbon and in other case it was the cranial that had higher carbon values Because probably in the case of Belzeke the ribs were closer to the fuel So the ribs are closer to the fuel and for this reason they had Higher carbon values the absorbance of carbon it was higher But again, what it can mean. Okay, that means that Probably this difference between the two skeletal elements are related with the position of the body on the pyre In the one case we have the ribs closer to the fuel so The ribs are closer to the fuel and the position is different on the case that it was the cranial closer to the fuel Sorry for the next picture if it's too hard, but As far as we can see here There are factors such as the size of the pyre The amount of fuel and the position of the of the body that can affect on the cremation process again In the second graph we have the offset Of crystallinity between the ribs and cranias again In previous studies crystallinity has been linked with the temperature So if we look together the two graphs We can see that they look reversed So in the first case at Belzeke it was the ribs that were closer to the fuel But in this case seems that the cranias Present the highest temperature so And in bliki it was the cranial bones that That they were closer to the fuel but the ribs that they had the highest temperature Once again, we have to link these differences between the two sides and the two different skeletal elements With factors such as the size of the pyre if it was big or small With the amount of the fuel and the position of the body And here we have to say also that as far as you can see The sums from Belzeke present More More homogeneity And this homogeneity could be related with the with the fact that the cremations conditions were more homogenous in Belzeke than in bliki that we have a bigger variability And that could be related again with the fact that probably the people from Belzeke had a better a better control of cremations conditions A bit a bit a bigger knowledge of cremations practices or a kind of specialization of cremations process In conclusion We observe homogeneity regarding the type of depositions in both sides. We had urgraves and bone pack graves And despite the fact that we didn't observe differences based on the sex and the age of the individuals Uh, the results from carbon and oxygen and ft ir are promising and we saw differences in cremations conditions And probably these differences are linked with facts such as the size of the pyre the amount of fuel and the position of the body I have to say that these are some initial results So we should be very careful with the interpretation But they look promising and we have to to look further on there We hope that at the end of crumble project We will be able to reconstruct the funerary practices of belgium and to see the cremations conditions