 I would like to thank the organizer of this session of EA for inviting me to participate. The title of my presentation is Multidisciplinary Approach for the Population Study from the Late Antique to the Early Medieval Period in Bergamo area in Italy. In this paper, I will propose some reflection about the Late, Antique and the Early Medieval Italian population using funerary context. The case study I will present, three cemeteries located in the northern Italy near around Bergamo. The chronology range between Late, Antique and the Early Medieval Period, and they are situated in the low plain of Bergamo near the river Sario, over the line of the water springs. The cemeteries are Cobolo Coleta Bellintana for the Late, Antique Period, for the 4th, 6th century, and Caravaggio Locale Tamosano and Faro Livana for the Early Medieval Period, 6th and 8th centuries. This is our only a part of doctoral research project which studied other seven other Italian sites, dating from the 4th to the 8th century. This presentation aims to show the characteristics of the population in this area from the Late, Antique to the Early Medieval Period focusing on the themes of nutrition and individual migration. The research is based on multidisciplinary methodology which include archaeology, bioarchaeology, and stabilizer of analysis. Before introduction in the site, I would like to point out some limitation of this research. The Early Medieval sites are still unpublished and are not completely studied, especially with regards to the great goods. The skeleton remains of the two Early Medieval sites were barely preserved and this partial hindred both the anthropological analysis because many bones were fragments and the isotopic analysis as there wasn't an out-preserved collagen in the samples. Now the sites, Corolla Colita Berindana is located near Roman Villa which is west to the cemetery. In gates, 24 inumation graves with 23 individuals. And you see the distribution of the population by the sex and the age at the age. About the health status of the population, the population studies show that general fail health status. In fact, only few skeleton and no specific stress markers like Acribar Carani and Enemoipoplasia were found. Both are male and female. This could indicate nutritional stress for children between three and six years old when they were particularly frail because of waning. No skeleton markers of infection disease were found. This population was subject to hard-working condition probably related to agricultural activities and as NTSR changes suggest, also there are two arctosis and accidental trauma. The study of the dental pathology showed that a high number of caries, most of all immature and adult males, instead less common were tartar and teeth loss. This could suggest a significant use of complex carbohydrates and sugars and therefore a diet richer in plants like sorghum and millet with a normal consumption of meat and dairy products. Caravaggio localitamazano is a medivac cemetery consisting in eight burials. The topography of the cemetery clearly showed a division of the graves in two groups. The first one, including the only male found in the cemetery, together with the three subred adults and which another graves probably related to the subred adult even if no skeleton remains were found inside. The second group consists of two women and one child. The area between the two groups was excavated but not other graves were found. Therefore we can assume that this cemetery was composed by little groups of graves, probably related to different families. The three adults are mature adults, whereas the children's age range from the two, four to seven, nine years old. We don't have more information about the head status because most are very fragmented. About fara oligana, the early medivac cemetery includes 106 individuals, 20 subred adults and eight six adults. The adults were three 31 males, 22 females and 34 indeterminate. The general's health was fair with a sturdy build for both for male and females and indicator of good health status in the little number of died related disease on children. Only a few cases of hyperplasia and a creeper vitalia were found. A few cases of no specific infection, metabolic disease and tumors were also found but the little number doesn't change the general picture. The overall health status was fair both for high status individual and for the students buried without great goods. We have a present source of arthritis and a lot of them taste changes. They mean population work a lot during the life. Dental pathology like caries and dental loss affected more heavily mature and old men, less documented or calculus or tartar and abscess. This could indicate a significant use of carbohydrate and sugar as isotopic data confirm. While we now discuss isotopic data for the three cemetery in Covo, 21 individual buried in 20 graves were sampled. Enamel and dentin sample were collected from 15 individuals to sample fate in the extraction of collagen. The carbon collagen value range from 19.7 to the 14.7 so it's very wide interval. This suggests a different diet within the sample analyzed. Also the dentin carbon values range in a wide interval from 19.2 and to 15.1. Carbon value can be divided into two groups. Most of the individual follow a diet based on C4 plants both in childhood and hardwood instead for individual for a diet based on C3 plants. Values in bone collagen range from 6.7 to 11.3 while dentin values range from 6.7 to 9.2. People from this cemetery took the same tipology of quantity of protein with no significant variation in the lifetime. Infants are higher nitrogen value. There is no significant difference based on the gender. The separation of the population into two groups based on the carbon value C previous plots has not a collection with the anthropological data. The subject with the highest nitrogen value is the child with two or three years old in the yellow on the top. This value reflect the breastfeeding and soon indicate the reading was done when children were older. The arrow specific diet changes during the life. The mature male in the down part of the blood in blue show changes in the value of the carbon. During childhood dentin symbolized by the empty square is diet mixed C3 and C4 cereals. The values in factorizing the intermediate range instead during the hardwood, the diet was based on C3 plants. The other arrows indicate variation that fall within the range of the two macro groups C3 and C4 and soon not show substantial changes in diet over lifetime. About oxygen and carbon, the value of enamel values of the cobalt cemetery are plotted by sex. Oxygen values are distributed in a narrow range. This indicate a single source of water and therefore a similar origin. Carbon value indicate that the diet of the most individual was based on C4 plants. Instead, only for two individuals, diet was based on C3 plants inside wood. Bone collagen sample from Caravaggio failed during the treatment in extraction collagen. The analysis are considered dental enamel of seven individuals and dentin of the adults, so we only have information about childhood of the sample analyzed. From Farau-Rivana, 24 graves out of 106 were sampled for the isotopic analysis. Sampling follow different parameters, chronology of the graves, sexual demorphism, topography of the cemetery, presence and absence of the grave goods. Both bone and tooth sample were taken except for the one male and only three sample failed during the collagen extraction because of the bad preservation of the bones. We can see any variation in diet between chai-dun and hadutut or the population follows a diet based on C3 plants. Considering that dentin nitrogen values in individuals can be divided in two groups. With the higher nitrogen value indicating a higher protein consumption with lower and then the second one with the lower nitrogen value, meaning a more limited consumption of meat and secondary animal production. Nitrogen collagen value are very concentrated suggesting they use a similar protein resources except for the single outlayer with a very high value if you see here. This one. Okay. The next one. That was just a homogenous food consumption without any distinction by sex or age. There are specific diet changes during the life courses. No one has drastically changes the diet. Changes don't follow an unique trend and this means that there was not an unique diet for the whole communities. Another significant fact is in the most of the individual experiences are lowering of any amount of food. Experiencing a lowering of animal protein consumption during the lifetime. With the reference to the first symmetry, oxygen and isotope of two individuals, Graves 27, 29 of Caravaggio have a different value. This may indicate the exploitation of different water resources and possible a different origin, especially for the individual with more positive value. Regarding carbon, the individual from Caravaggio related to acid-based diet in childhood expect for individual Graves 29, was diet based on C4 plants. Oxygen value of selected sample from Caravaggio-Limano suggests the individual who's the same water resources and therefore they possible have the same origin. Only for individual at a mix of diet based on also C4 plants. We also selected found that skeleton remains however to the symmetry was collected from six sites in the proximity of the analyzed sample. This material come from unpublished site and was kindly given by Sovereign Tendenza. And you see we have a very most values value of the fauna. About the conclusion in this slide we also see all the data about the three symmetry and connection with the fauna remains. And it's very clear the distinction from the late antique data and the early medieval data with the fauna remains. Considering only covo, the correlation between the carbon value of two fauna samples, ship and goats and pigs from the same site with humans suggests that they had two different diets. The fauna based on C3 plants and the later on C4 plants. This could indicate that the feed for the animals was produced with using C3 plants. In covo, the population was the eat mostly sorghum and millet C4 plants except for four people with a C3 plant based diet. The fauna sample of the same size showed they had a very food supply based on C3 plants. About the lombar symmetry in value related that it raised an elementary ecosystem was based on C3 plants with a normal protein consumption. We can also compare these data with the values from the other necropolis published and unpublished. And all the data speak about in the lombar period the population have a diet based on C3 plants. Only a few sample have a diet based on C4 plants. The preference of the C3 cereal by early medieval population in this case the lombar can be related to different motivation. It could be a cultural choice or it could be linked to the possibility to have access to all the other resource. As it seems that when the lombars arrived in Italy they become on another source on land. Privacy, owned by the Roman landings class. About the oxygen analysis we also perform and to investigate the mobility but they made out they didn't identify me grants for sure because of the complexity of the isotopic results. The different sites show ample scattering values within each cemetery some outlayer were identifiable but they comparison with the other cemeteries blur the difference and values seem to the homogeneous and having samples with a part of it and no local values very undistinguishable from the others. Within the three cemeteries from Bergamo only the oxygen value of May from Caravaggio could indicate a different beard place. In the last I will now show the potential of the integration of different methodology using this work focusing on Caravaggio cemetery. Here you can see a map of one group of Caravaggio cemetery. This group is composed of one male and four children as you can see in this plot which show carbon and oxygen animal values of both two are limitable cemeteries of Bergamo area. They made as significant different value than the other individual from the cemetery and the other one. This means that he probably comes from a different place than the others. In fact children who probably were bought have a local trace but we can suggest they are part of the same group because of the local location of the grave the presence of similar lumbar grave groups and also for the similar typology of the non-local grave. In fact the archaeologists found wooden axes in the perspective below and above the male. We can also compare the different isotopic analysis from the main man of Caravaggio. We have already seen the carbon oxygen value in an animal. On the bottom left the carbon value of dentin and dentin and animal show that this individual had an overall diet based on C4 plants. But the protein he assumed reflected C3 plants based ecosystem. In fact in another plot about the carbon and nitrogen value in dentin we can see the individual had a diet based on C3 plants. This mean a change in the diet and probably suggest immigration during the childhood. I will conclude with a summary search perspective. The integration between the different methodology has given more information about past population. However the comparison of the data about diet with other cemeteries and the data coming from the other disciplines such as archaeobotany and coarchaeology could be available the reconstruction or more accurate framework about the past landscape and ecosystem at least locally. Using different disciplines the study of funerary context can choose to give information not only about the geometry themselves but also about the context in which they are located.