 Welcome once again to NPTEL, the National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning. As you are aware, these lectures are being brought to you by the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institute of Science. We are in module 1 of these series of lectures on English language and literature. I would like to remind you once again that these lectures or the target audience for these lectures are students in various engineering colleges, in IITs, NITs etcetera, for whom a certain degree of knowledge and skill in the English language is a requirement. We have tried to offer various aspects of English language and literature with a hope that students, even if they belong to the engineering disciplines, will be acquainted with very interesting aspects, say for instance of the different literary theories and critical tools that we in the humanities employ to understand literature and also language, aspects of the various periods in English language and literature, say the age of Milton, the Augustan age, the Shakespeare's age etcetera. So, let me first begin with a recap of the last lecture and you will recall that the last lecture was about the scope of English studies and in the very first lecture of these series in the lecture, the introductory lecture, we had given an explanation as to why even though this course is entitled English language and literature, English studies is another topic that could well be applied to it. There have been a lot of a number of changes over so many years regarding the study of English language and literature and with that aim and view, we had devoted the last lecture to talking about the scope of English studies. So, let me do a quick recap regarding the or of the last lecture. Well, we saw in the last lecture that if you were to summarize or if you were to point out state three or four important areas in that you would first, talk about first or things that come to your mind immediately when you talk about English studies. We could zoom in on three areas and these would be and this is in random order really it is not that if I talk about one first that it is the most important, literatures in English, English linguistics and English socio linguistics. These are the three areas that you would have to talk about first or that a teacher would have to talk about first when she is talking to you about English studies. Well, yet we saw that there are other important areas which sort of enhance the scope of English studies which we would definitely have to talk about after having spoken about the English language, literature and socio linguistics and these are you would recall these would or the scope would enlarge itself to embrace issues in journalism as far as English studies is concerned, the use of English language is concerned, the philosophy of language in general, literary theory and criticism, creative writing, the domain of publishing particularly contemporary electronic publishing and texts, film and media. If you look at these, we saw in the last lecture that these are by no means areas that you could leave out when you talk about the scope of English studies. Then we found that there is a difference when you talk about English language and literature and English studies in the sense that English studies would include importantly you know tools, methods and knowledge regarding proficiency in English speaking and writing. And for that you have English for special purposes, the use of English for instance for business purposes and very importantly the use of English as a second language and now of course also as a third language. So we find that these are not areas that we cover in our lectures because there is a lot that we have to do within the boundaries of 40 lectures. But in the last lecture we did see that English studies has increasingly today come to replace English language and literature though of course for this with the purposes of the current course, we are reverting back to the more traditional English language and literature as a title. And finally, the focus as far as English studies is concerned is also on global dissemination. The global dissemination not only of the English language in its everyday use, in its use in business etcetera, but also the global dissemination of literatures in English. And we talk about this fact, this phenomenon or tendency in a couple of our lectures. So this is a brief recap of if you have forgotten some of these points you may go back to lecture number 2 in this module. So well let us now come to our topic or the topic of discussion today. The topic of discussion today really is the English language, a bit about what how we are going to go about it in a while. But let me first talk about some of or refer to some of the texts and reference books that you may want to have a look at and as you know when you talk about the English language there is really a plethora of texts of references on encyclopedia, very excellent encyclopedias on the English language and you would you would realize that it is impossible for us to bring these all of these into our lectures. Nevertheless let me point to some of the books that may be readily available and this is really a mixture of books that traditionally have been there almost canonized in any you know course or syllabus on English literature. For instance this book Simeon Potter, Charles Barber, these books A-C-Bot definitely these are books that most of us have read during our training in English studies or English language and literature courses both in the honors courses, major courses and in the general courses. Let me quickly run through the list, for instance you have a very important and informative rootlage dictionary of language and linguistics then Tom MacArthur he also features in our lecture here through his book that is the Oxford companion to the English language and as I said Simeon Potter's excellent in you know excellently written out say once one of my favorite texts here is our language, Charles Barber's the English language a historical introduction, A-C-Bos a history of the English language, you may also look at creative writers who have written about the English language. For instance George Orwell's the English language is an you know important essay in now it is in Inrani Ghosh's edited book History of English Language a Critical Companion, his again a polemical essay Politics and the English Language published in 1946 which is readily available in the internet, Raymond Williams is the growth of standard English and look at this quote unquote standard English, some of you would be aware of Raymond Williams's reputation and stature as a very important Marxist critic and his analysis of class in the use of language. So, Raymond Williams is the growth of standard English again included in Inrani Ghosh's edited book or also elements of sexism, elements of sexism in the English language, this has been pointed out by Ethel Strainchamps in our sexist language in the history sorry should be quotation marks here, the history in the history of English language a critical companion again edited by Inrani Ghosh, so my point here to bring you know in bringing to you this really random collection of titles here is also to show you the different ways in which we talk about the English language, when we talk about the English language at this level and by this level I mean it is not really a level when you first talk about you get introduced to the English language you are using the English language, you are many of your proficient in the use of this language both in reading and writing at this stage we are also not looking only at the history of English language, when we talk about the English language per se we are expected to also know various you know at least some of the different aspects of language in general and you know a particular language in this case English with us and you know what also to be aware at least of what the different aspects of the English language may be for instance many of us are not aware unless it is brought to us by a critic that there is an element of sexism in the English language or that there are very important you know pointers to the subtle workings of class for instance in the English language. So, let me say at the beginning you know right away that this lecture first is cannot is and cannot be an exhaustive lecture or discussion about the English language nobody can do it really in within the constraints of an hour what I am going to do here is first tell you some facts about the English language for instance which you know language group it belongs to and whether how it has developed and you know what are the different phases when you talk about historically about the English language and that is something that you begin with, but you also go on what I am going to do is the writers that I have mentioned here at least some of them I am going to bring to you some of the points that they have raised about the English language and again these critical so-called you know critical points are again not exhaustive you will have number of critics talking about you know different political issues for instance books like the politics of the English language for instance talking about the politics of the English language you can have separate lectures on this. So, please treat this as a very general lecture with some critical insights well if you are asked where this English come from where did English come from in the sense that how was the English language born the English language as we know it today and for that not any language goes through a number of developments a number of changes that are not intrinsic they are related to external events they are related to wars they are related to political decisions they are related to the social life to economics. So, if you are asked where did the English language come from then you would say that English the English language is or it comes from the West Germanic group let us say the West Germanic group and it is it comes eventually from the Anglo-Friesian dialects more about this in a while. So, if you really have to place it in a language group then you would say that English is an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch of Indo-European and it is formed by certain Anglo-Friesian dialects. Further again we talk about facts about the English language these facts may change of course, from even year to year, but if you take an average it is and this I have taken from you know one of the sources in you know reliable sources on the internet it is the official language in 51 countries next the substance in 104 countries there are a substantial number of or there are substantial native English speakers. So, first we have been the official language in 51 countries then in a we saw that in 104 countries there are substantial English speakers or native English speakers then further if you look at the most you know if you English is not really the most spoken language Mandarin Chinese is the most spoken language in the world and English occupies the third position right. So, in terms of the you know the use of the language it is it is a occupies play num the third position and here we are not talking of only English being used as a you know native by native speakers right. There are more than 600 million people who use the English language because look at this number 6 more than 600 million people use the English language as second or third language do you follow. So, if for instance if your native language is not English or your mother tongue is not English you never the less in my case my mother tongue is as a means, but I am using English and even though it is more or less you know many would say that it is almost like a mother tongue to me since I am you know I teach English, but the fact here is that as a second language or as a third even as a third language if you look at the number of people who use English it is more than 600 million in the world. Now, what was the question that we posed in the beginning where does English or where did English come from. We have a whole module in fact module I think the second module if I am not mistaken is developed is sorry dedicated to the history of the English language. So, in that module you have about 5 or 6 lectures where we talk about the beginnings of the English language right down to its contemporary use and we see how it has developed over the ages and there we will talk about this a bit more in detail, but suffice it for us here now as a way of introducing the English language to say that the English language comes after the marauding tribes from you know Europe the angles the Saxons and the Jews right they invaded England and the English that began the language that began there and replaced particularly Celtic right was a language that eventually became English right. We look at the word angles and you see the similarity here angles from the word England for instance is supposed to have come from angles where we have angular land or sometimes angular land and eventually to England right. So, you see that see the similarity or you see the root of this word right. So, these dialects angle Saxons and Jews eventually gave rise to English, but then English as you know even in the common sensical way is you know what many people say call a borrowing language is actually a term in language studies call a borrowing language. There are several words and here really the almost the political question of purity and impurity of language is something that somebody might raise here. English is a language that I would say forget the words like purity and purity is a language that has been able to accommodate and that is why it is one of the most living languages in the world able to accommodate changes accommodate words from as you shall see in detail in the next module words from other languages like French for instance right. So, what we saw here is that English and the word England and eventually England is roots can be traced back to the angles right. Now, so we found that with the coming of these Marauding tribes and the growth of a different language right the Kels the Celtic language began to be used you know in scot areas like Scotland, Wales in areas in areas of Cornwall for instance even now in the present time you find you know you find certain populations in these places you know deliberately or very consciously even even consciously trying to revive and at least to keep the Celtic language alive. So, for instance the Celtic influence now let us look at these see the place certain important place names are Celtic in origin for instance London York Kent or for instance Kent from canty meaning unknown and the Celtic words like come deep valley in names for instance the names like Duncombe Tor or a high rock for instance in Tor Hill Tor Tor Cross etcetera even the Thames right they have Celtic river names like the Thames Evan Dover etcetera and also other Celtic known words are referred to here by a linguist like Bin basket or Crib Brock come again Tor etcetera. So, you find that it is not that a language that replace everything and sort of you know destroyed all other languages that it is made up of and if you look at the later on the Scandinavian influence the French influence etcetera the influence even from colonies you will find that the English language is a language which has been able to accommodate and absorb so to speak a not just words not just vocabulary, but also you know certain phrases and ways of expression right. So, to sum up this part of our lecture your English belongs to the Indo-European family it is related to many languages in Europe, Western Asia, Australia, New Zealand, North and South America and parts of Africa and languages related to English derive and descend from a common parent language as Indo-European, Indo-Germanic or Aryan right. So, these remember we talked about you know the development of the English language and changes over the years or into political reasons to social reasons to socio economic reasons and we usually divide the history of the English language into three phases right. Nowadays we also talk about the fourth phase, but generally we talk about three phases and these are old English, middle English and modern English and you can see the dates here more about it I am not going to go into this at all here more about it later, but again we see how you know we see the different aspects of these you know languages later on in those lectures and for now suffice it to talk about the different phases as old middle and modern English. Now, when you talk about now we are leaving the factual you know this is so called factual part of it when we talk about when we had we talked about the number of people who use the English language as the native speaker or a second language speaker or a third language even the third language speaker or where it stands in the you know in the list of how many people use it etcetera that is of course important, but when we talk about language we just not we do not talk about numbers we just talk about statistics here we also talk about some very important cultural issues right and these cultural issues here some of these are if you look at this list here some of these are the study of course of the history of the English language. Now, when you talk about the history of the English language you are not simply chronicling there is a difference between chronicling and writing history we are not talking only about dates like old English middle English etcetera we are within the study of the history of the English language we need to talk about many important changes that came about and not only because of events like wars for instance or marauding tribes for instance, but also you know as the Marxist critic Raymond Williams would put it the everyday use and the variation in everyday use and the changes therein or you know owing to owing to a category social categories stratification categories like class for instance right. So, how has the English language changed for different classes over the years? So, see the what we want you to realize is that they are these are this made more sophisticated and nuanced ways of looking into variation even when you talk about the history of a language. Then the use of you know the English language in diasporas in diasporic communities for instance people who migrate to other countries native speakers who migrate to other countries and also speakers whose first language is not English who migrate to English speaking countries like say the United States or the United Kingdom. What happens to the English language in these diasporic communities you know in a both two way immigration variations again of course, variations with regard to gender variations with regard to as is mentioned earlier class variations with regard to race for instance these are also some areas that will that one looks into scholars look into when they talk about the English language acculturation how people you know how the language under grows undergoes acculturation in different parts of the world. So, when the language is used for instance there we have separate lecture on English in India we are going to talk about that in this issue in more detail how has English changed in India for instance. So, how has a language acculturated itself in a different country then issues very important issues of creativity. We talk creativity in the English language what is considered sort of correctly creative in the earlier times need not be so we see for instance in India you see the use or the creative use on almost a deliberate breaking of rules you know in syntax in vocabulary in the usage of words. For instance Arundhati Roy's The God of small things is a book that you may want to look at when you think about how you know creativity how the English language is sort of used and experimented upon syntactically and vocabulary wise. And if not the most important word here is it is actually it is indeed one of the things that we need to look at and I would not say write at your you know stage, but later on you should be aware that people look at the languages in general and at the English language in terms of ideology in terms of what we call world view. What sort of world view comes about once you begin to use English language you know there are there have been critics for instance the very famous duo linguist duo Benjamin Horf and Edward Sapir let me write down Horf and Sapir. Now, we this is called the Sapir Horf hypothesis right this hypothesis was sort of at a low you know in I would say probably around the 80s or 90s, but then one sees a coming back of this hypothesis particularly in the wake of new cognitive studies of language and they their theory or their hypothesis was that the language you use the language that you use every day determines your thinking. This is a huge thing to say really if you look it is an enormous thing to say if you look at it the language that you use determines your world view right. So, we will stay with this and of course, you will follow something as huge as this you will understand that two sides to the debate many scholars say that no language is just a tool of communication you want to say something and you know the world view this is the same all over the world you know as a human species right. So, you feel love you feel hatred you feel cold you feel warm you just use another language to express it right, but others say scholars say that following Sapir Horf they say that no the language that you use is also going to determine the kind of thinking that you have. So, we will this is just to give you an idea of you know the different ways we can talk about the English language not just facts not just statistics and how we can analyze critique and understand the English language and this applies to all languages really. I am just trying to show you the scope of how one would you know the scope of knowing the English language history diasporas variations and culture ration creativity ideology etcetera are the ways in which you can study the English language. Then after that also there are other areas not less important these are the ones that are being looked at more frequently if I may say by scholars particularly we talk about ideology for instance the issue of resisting a language the issue of or the phenomenon if I may use the word of people consciously trying to resist the structures of the English language or any language for the matter resisting the structures of the English language. And on the other hand also trying to restore revive you know the so called vernacular languages the native languages for in India for instance Hindi or say Bangla or even Hindustani for instance the different language movements that you are talking about that is also very important issue of understanding and a language reworking of reworking of standard the so called standard English and the acceptance of these reworking of standard English. Then restoring languages I said could be restoring both vernacular languages and also your own creative use or political use of the English language and of course issues of modernity concerned with the English language. So, you can see how from the beginning of our lecture we have moved from say what are the dialects that went into the building of English say English which belongs to West Germanic which again belongs to the inter European group etcetera we talked about how you know these statistics. And now we are talking about certain issues and what in the rest of the lecture what I am going to do is I am going to bring to you certain you know certain say comments critical insights on these very areas that I have pointed out to you regarding the English language. First let us look at what Raymond Williams said and I mentioned the text here right in the beginning when he talked about the texts and references and I am reading from Raymond Williams here. In the general history of language we can see two look at this two quite opposite tendencies and extraordinary evolution of separate languages and a remarkable growth in certain conditions of common languages. I mean look at almost look at it as like a scientific phenomenon ok. So, he talks about the presence of opposite tendencies in any language and here is talking about the English language and applies to the English language as well we find that there is really a push and pull there is he uses the word extraordinary evolution there is the tendency for new languages to form of separate languages that is the term he uses a separate languages to be formed and at the same time there is also a phenomenon growth of in given certain conditions of common languages. So, it seems you know to be a tendency in language is a phenomenon in general and of course, says so much about us as you know as users of language the human species as a users of languages for communication ok. So, remember this also as he mentions it here in general applies to the English language is even for the English language is a tendency for the separate you know growth of separate languages I mean you may say dialects, but nowadays one the word dialect is also very politically charged and what would you call a dialect why would you call one language a dialect and another language a language ok. Why would you give dialect a lesser sort of stature or status compared to a language. So, we are using the word languages here. So, there is a tendency for separate languages to grow and also tendency for languages you know of common languages. So, it seems to be a part of the human human human condition of as far as communication is concerned. Next is MacArthur whose text is also mentioned in the references list in the closing years of the 20th century this is MacArthur talking about the English language ok. In the closing years of the 20th century the English language has become a global resource as such it does not owe its existence or the protection of its essence to any one nation or group right. So, it has moved on in such a way as for it to be almost a global resource and you know the sort of the job of protecting the English language the job of ensuring that the English language does not die out like you know as you know they are aware there is a apparently a phenomenal rate of the death of languages ok. There are dead languages and there are dying languages in the world if a community stops using a certain language and that is the anxiety of so many people regarding you know one's language if you stop using your language eventually it would be a dead language right. But in the case of English it says that it is such a global resource and I am sure particularly in particular not just to academics also in regard to the internet with regard to business the international business trade etcetera. So, it does not as it says here it does not owe its existence or the protection of its essence to any one nation or group that is several nations or countries in the world are ensuring that this language lives in as much as a particular language belongs to any individual or community English is the possession look at this the way he puts it English is the possession of every individual and every community that in any way uses it regardless of what any other individual or community may think or feel about the matter. And of course, many critics would you know particularly when you talk about ideology you know talk from political purposes this kind of quotation or this kind of will comment on the English language will not go down well in many quarters it may not go down so well with me here even as I am quoting this. But from one perspective MacArthur is not totally wrong if you see the use of you know the English language if you see the way it is being used as particularly in business and the internet then of course, you know you would have to agree to what he is saying that the in the language is you know there is no custodian one England is no longer the custodian of the English language the fact that the English language lives on and thrives is also due to people like say for here people in the third world country like India talking to you in English about the English language right. So, it is a says English is the possession of every individual and every community that uses it in whatever way even if that individual or community may have may think otherwise politically ideologically about the English language look at this as it says here English is the possession of every individual and every community that in any way uses it regardless of what any other individual or community or even people within that community may think or feel about this matter of English being used you know or English being a global resource. Now, I would like to draw your attention to a short fragment from this is from a poem by a writer by a poet named Kamala Das and for me really since I first read this poem this has really remained with me as you know it strikes me even as I read it again is how perfectly she puts across this view of using a language that is not one's own right. This also bears upon what Tom MacArthur for instance says about the language being you know used by a person and being sort of being kept alive by that person. Kamala Das also adds another angle to it or the more sophisticated or more you know a complex angle to it. Now, let me read from this poem I speak three languages as she Kamala Das belong to Kerala the state of Kerala in India and her mother tongue was Malayalam. So, she says I speak three languages right in two dream in one this is the talking about the you know the situation of a person who uses several languages look at this I speak three languages right in two and dream in one. I am sure dream in one is the his her own language that is her mother tongue. So, I speak three languages right in two dream in one the language I speak becomes mine this is very important the language I speak becomes mine its distortions its queernesses all mine mine alone it is half English half Indian funny perhaps, but it is honest you see how a language which is not your mother tongue is used by it is half English half Indian funny perhaps, but it is always this is the language that I use my pronunciation may not be right. I may not know everything I may not know many words in the English language I may use my own mother tongue even when I speak you know in English I may put in a few words from my mother tongue but it is an honest language I use it it is an honest language. So, it is half English half Indian funny perhaps, but it is honest it is as human as I am human do not you see right it voices my joys my longings my hopes here is somebody who writes also in the English language and is you know in what strikes me here is so straightforward about it. So, again so quote unquote honest about it a language that has been adopted for whatever socio-cultural political historical reasons and it is as she says this language is mine it may be funny it may be half English half Indian, but it is as human and it voices this is very important it voices it is able to communicate my joys my longings and my hopes. Next says Simeon Potter is what this is what he has you know what we gain from one of his extracts I am reading this out we cannot know too much about the language we speak every day of our lives most of us it is true can get along fairly well without knowing very much about our language and without ever taking the trouble to open a volume of the Oxford English dictionary, but knowledge is power the power of rightly this is important the power of rightly chosen words is very great whether those words are intended to inform to entertain or to move. Then he talks about English, English is rapidly becoming a cosmopolitan means of communication again look at what Tom MacArthur says a global resource is no longer one language belonging to a particular country it is now a global resource it is in Simeon Potter's words a cosmopolitan means of communication and then he says let us read on English is rapidly becoming a cosmopolitan means of communication and it is now being studied by numerous well trained investigators on both sides of the Atlantic. English is commented upon by people by academicians all over the world almost all over the world where we study and teach in English and this is not just a reserve these critics Potter MacArthur for instance are even my you know the poet Kamala Dasa saying that this is the language that is not is no longer anyone's preserve it is a cosmopolitan is become a global resource. Then again coming to Raymond Williams remember we had talked about variation the growth of standard English and standard English really highlighted here quote unquote problematized here of course Raymond Williams in his essay on the growth of standard English says the importance of speech as an indicator of social class. So, one is also to be aware of you know of speech or say the English language that is used speech as a marker or indicator of one's social class so important in you know sociological studies of the use of the language not only in England but also in even for even in India for instance the words vocabulary that is used that can differentiate class variation the importance of speech as an indicator of social class is not likely to be underestimated by anyone who has lived in England class names such as base villain kind noble proud dangerous etcetera. So, you can go to his you know this essay I think is in in the negocious edited volume. So, also talking about you know first we talked about English as a global resource and how it is used and next another aspect of it is the class variation that social class variation that the use of words phrases even of tone punctuation that sort of indicates one's class position is also something that is an important part of the English language of English of studying English language. Then we move on to George Orwell as you know George Orwell is one of the finest of novelists and this is what Orwell says about the English language they and I am reading out from his essay the English language has two outstanding characteristics to which most of its minor oddities can be finally traced. Now, look at this these are the very important these characteristics are English has a very large vocabulary at this moment I cannot tell you the number of words really in the Oxford English dictionary, but we know that English has a very large vocabulary and second simplicity of grammar particularly later on you are going to look at you know the pruning of inflections for instance. So, these are the two characteristics of the English language pointed out by George Orwell what is what are these a large vocabulary and b simplicity of grammar English he says is really two languages Anglo Saxon and Norman French this very you know this sentence really talks about the you know what we talked about a while ago the incorporation of or the you know the effect the impact of languages of other languages other than you know other than English that is I am sorry you know the languages that went into the formation of English and the impact of Anglo Saxon and Norman French English grammar is simple the language is almost completely uninflicted a peculiarity which marks it off from almost all languages best of China to write or to or even to speak English is not a science but an art there are no reliable rules this is important there are no reliable rules there is only the general principle that concrete words are better than abstract ones and that the shortest way of saying anything is always the best this is classic Orwell here and we do not have much time really there is other slides that I had want you know I would have like to talk about maybe I will incorporate these in other lectures I will quickly do you know a recap by way of a question answer sort of a session that is if you know what are the questions that may come if you have a you know text like this this lecture in your in your exams for instance. So, first of all you will have a question like a simple question like what is you know which language group does English belong to and then you know when you go to back to the slide you will see you talk about West Germanic English being a branch of West Germanic and belongs to the Indo-European group the family groups or group of languages and next you talk about the extent of the use of you know if you get a question like what are what is the extent to which English is used all over the world what do the statistics say then you would say that in you know there are over 600 million uses of English as far as English is used as a second language or a third language and then English there are 104 countries we have a substantial number of native speakers of the English language etcetera and these are some of the statistics that you give. Then another question would be historically speaking what are the three broad phases of the English language and these would be what these are you saw in the slides old English middle English and modern English also called by some early modern English. Then another question on would be apart from the factual you know factual knowledge relating or statistical knowledge relating to the English language what are the different ways in which one a scholar may want to talk about the English language what are the different aspects that you may reflect upon as far you know as any language is concerned and in particular the English language is concerned then these are the areas remember we talked about the history and history not only as chronicling the history of the English language and there it includes you know the socio economic political history of the English language and then one might be interested in what happens to the language and diasporic communities in both kinds of immigration one when a native speaker of English moves to another country which is where English is not the first language and people who migrate to English speaking countries like the USA and the United Kingdom. Then there are other areas like the creative use of language. So, one may want to look at what happens to English in the creative what rules are broken so to speak what new ways new expressions words are put in and there I had mentioned for instance Indian writer Indian English writer Arundhati Roy and her novel that won the book of prize and got a small things this is this clear area you know one critic I think even went in to call it linguistic gymnastics, but this really the some beautiful and novel ways of using the language and then also most importantly ideology the ideology is ideological and political issues in the use of English language. Then you may get a question of a longer question for instance like with the help of certain comments and insights given by writers and critics bring out some of the aspects of the English language of the English language that have to talk about that are to deal with its use as a global resource. So, you could then take the help of writers like Tom MacArthur for instance who indeed use the term global resource and how you know English is not the preserve the language the English language is not the preserve not the preserve of any one country or one community any individual or community may feel no matter what he or she or it feels about the English language there is no denying the fact that we have you know we speak in the language work so to speak in this language have helped to keep it alive and even enhance it right then you may also refer to the poet Kamala Das and how she beautifully puts it that her English may be half English her language should be half English may be funny it may be incomplete but it is her own and it is an honest expression tool of expression expressing what she calls her joys and her feelings etcetera right. And then also another important issue of social class as pointed out by Raymond Williams not you know and George Orwell's of course his way is very straight forward in this case pointing out of two characteristics of the English language one is its simplicity in grammar and the other is its enormous vocabulary right. So, these are some of you know the non kind of numerical and non statistical uses you know sorry issues about the English language that one may talk about right. So, we will stop here now and there is a lot more to talk about it and I said in the second module we will be talking about these really in a lot more detail and the fact that this you know these lectures are not meant also for you know students who are say majoring in English and study you know like majorly studying the English language this is for us for you students who are in basically for students in engineering colleges who have to take say English 101 or you know or basic English course or even later on to talk about certain issues in you know English language and literature. So, for them for you I think this it is important and sometimes enough to be simply aware of these issues as we talk about for instance the English language. Thank you for now and we will see you in the next lecture.