 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Trigley College, University of Allahabad. In the series of discussing many isms, this time I'm going to discuss Realism, that is, Yathathvaad. The lecture will be in bilingual mode as usual, and it must be useful for you all. So let's start, Yathathvaad. We talked about the philosophy of education, we talked about Idealism, Naturalism, and Pragmatism. That is, Aadarshvaad, which should be called as Vicharvaad in a better way, and Reojanvaad and Prakritivaad have been discussed. It was Idealism, then it became Idealism. And are you talking about Yathathvaad right now? So what is Realism? Realism is a school of thought which deals with the existence of an object and considers this physical world to be real and true. What does Realism say? It says that it has come out of that thought, that thought that says the existence of an object, that is, the existence of a object, and this physical world of ours. This is the truth and this is the truth. One more thing, there is no line in this, that Realism came into the opposition of Idealism. Because Idealism used to talk about the world from the outside, so Realism is a philosophy that gives work for this world. As the physical world and object are the main reality, hence it accepts the physical objects and events as real or true. It says that physical world and object are the main reality. In every philosophy, we talked about what is reality? What is the reality in terms of its importance? Idealism is the reality, naturalism is the nature, pragmatism is the usefulness, usability is the usefulness. If our work is useful, if our work is useful for us, then it is the truth. Realism can be a physical world, it can be an object. It says that physical objects and events are real or true. All the things that are happening in our lives are the truth. Even if it does not come to our cognizance, but it is true and existing, especially, it does not matter whether it exists or not in our society. It exists, that is why it exists. In its complete opposition, you can understand Idealism. Idealism was saying that if the idea is in your mind, meaning any idea is the truth, it does not matter whether it exists or not. Realism is the opposite of that. If it is an object, it is the truth. It does not matter whether it exists in your mind or not, whether you are aware of it or not, whether you are thinking about it or not. So, here, Idealism and Realism are exactly the opposite of each other. Realism is the doctrine that is associated with the study of the world we live in. I said that it is the meaning of the world. The world in which we live, we have to take it from that world. In Realism, the word real denotes actual or the existing. I mean, what is the real or the real truth? Which exists, which is the existence. It says that the physical world is objective and factual here as personal feelings and desires are subjective and secondary. It says that the physical world, which is our world, is the objective and factual. Whereas, our feelings, desires, subjectivity and duality are secondary. That is why this philosophy is also known as Objectivism. That is why this philosophy is known as Objectivism. It is also known as Vastuvaad. Then, what is Realism? Aristotle is generally regarded as the father of Realism. He believes that reality exists independent of the human mind. Many times, it will come to your mind that is independent of the mind. That is to say, it exists from the mind of a human being. The ultimate reality is the world of physical objects. It is said that the world of objects is the ultimate reality. Truth is objective. It is said that the objective that is what can be observed. That is what can be observed. According to Butler, Realism is the common acceptance of the world as it appears to us. According to Butler, what is Realism? We accept the world as we see it. And who is its creator? John Locke, Erasmus, Rebilius, Cominius, Bertrand Russell, Francis Bacon, and Milton, the chief protagonist of Realism. Some of the principles of this philosophy are as follows. If we say that some of the main principles of this theory are phenomenal world is true. That is, our world is the same as ours. Sensors are the gateways of knowledge. Look, this was also called naturalism. Here, naturalism and Realism are the same as each other. Sensors are the gateways of knowledge. Because to be with nature, it was necessary to understand nature. And here, truth, logical reasoning, to understand the world, is necessary for the senses. Realism does not accept transcendentalism. He is saying that transcendentalism is saying that this world does not accept the imagination and truth of any other world. That is, what is here is here. Why is it here that what exists is the same truth? We do not know anything about the existence of the world. That is why we accept its truth. Impasses upon the present and practical life of man. That is, the prior life of man, that is, the actual life of Yathar, and the time that is going on, that is the impasses upon that. Impasses on the coming future. Now, let us look at its philosophical stance, theoretical rationale, as to what is the epistemology, metaphysics and exeology, according to which? According to Yathartha. So, the epistemology of true faith, knowledge. According to Yathartha, what is the knowledge? How can knowledge be achieved? It is a philosophical position, a sub-category of objectivism, holding that what you know about an object exists independently of your mind. It is repeatedly saying that this is the philosophical stage, that is the darshanic stage, which is the sub-category of objectivism, that is, mainly it is working on objectivism, and it is only holding on to it. It is saying that an object can exist even beyond your mind. It is not letting anyone know that it is not within your mind. For example, suppose you do not study about the Eiffel Tower, that is why your mind does not have a picture of it, the child who does not know about the Eiffel Tower, so is it not the Eiffel Tower? It is the Eiffel Tower. There can be many more things like this. It opposes epistemological idealism. This is completely different from the epistemology of idealism. Why? Because epistemological realism is related directly to the coherence theory of truth, which claims that the world exists independently and innately to our perceptions of it. We have perceived the world as a world, the world does not depend on it, the world depends independently. We do not know or talk about it, we do not talk about it, it will remain that way. This is epistemological realism. Our sensory data then reflects or corresponds to the innate world. So our sensory data, that is our knowledge of the mind, it reflects or corresponds to the world. In the epistemological perspective, the flow of realism would state that the relationship between the subject and the object is explained as a relationship where the subject gained knowledge of the pure object because of the influence of the object itself and not dependent upon the subject. Understand? That means the subject is you, we are there, and the object is the object. So the subject is not the influence, what is more important is the object. And when we look at the object, we reflect on it, we gain its knowledge, then we know about it. Truth and reality remains the same, whether we know it or not. This is the main crux of it. The subject's understanding is thus determined or influenced by the object, that is, our perception is influenced by that object, it is not necessary to understand the object, because it says that the object is independent of your mind. Then what does metaphysical realism mean? That is, according to realism, according to Tathwad, according to Tathwad, according to metaphysical realism, the world is, as it is, independent of how humans or other inquiring agents take it to be. Then the same thing came out that this world is independent. It does not depend on us. It depends on how humans and other agents take it. Metaphysical realism is the thesis that the objects, properties and relations the world contains collectively, the structure of the world exists independently of our thoughts, about it and our perceptions of it. It is also the same thing that it is based on the principle that things are good, they are good, they are connected, whatever is in the world, it is based on our thoughts. It is independent of our thoughts. It does not depend on how we perceive it. But metaphysical realism is not the same as scientific realism. But you cannot say that the Tathwad of Yathathwad is a scientific Tathwad. That the world's constituents exist mind independently does not entail that its constituents are as science portrays them. They say that whatever is in the world, it is independent of your mind. It does not mean that what is in the world is the same as science portrays it. It means that metaphysical realism is different from scientific realism. Then the broad definition of metaphysical realism would rest on two fundamental dimensions. It is said that if you want to understand metaphysical realism, then understand two things because it is based on existence and independence. It means that you will exist independently. The Tathwad will exist. Existence would be the claim that the world has intrinsic structures which would have existed even if we had not. We do not have its knowledge. We do not have it. The world and its features are as they are not dependent on our beliefs, attitudes and perceptions. We have to express our feelings for them. Our beliefs are independent of them. They are the same as they are and they exist. The first thing is that they exist and the second thing is that they are independent of us. At such, there is a world external to the mental and phenomenal realm of us. It means that whatever is in our mind is external to the world. It does not mean that we have to take it from us. Realism or reality. What is the exeological realism? According to the Tathwad, what is the origin of it? Exeological realism holds that science seeks true theories. Because this whole science is talking about objectivism, scientific explanations, logical thinking, so according to them the origin is that the science is in the search of true principles. And it is justified in doing so. And it is justified to do so. It is a pre-economic work. It is a scientific work if someone is searching for a theory, trying to find out something. An exeological realist has to show that values play an indispensable role in the best explanation of the relevant phenomena. They are saying that if there is a Tathwad the origin is that the best explanation of the relevant phenomena is to search. We have made a few examples on which the exeological realism is based. The explanation of this is not very easy nor is it easy to read. We have as much time as we want for its explanation. But let's find out what the post-studies of exeological realism are. Science seeks true theories. If you find out that the science is searching for true principles. Science seeks theories or is in search of them or is in search of them. Science seeks theories that are not only true but have bearing on and make a difference to the world of experience. Science is the science that is in search of the principles that are not only true but can also bring a difference in our experiences. Science is true and has bearing on the world of experience. Science is in search of the full complex. Science seeks in theory change. Science seeks in theory change. Science seeks true theories that are contained in complexes that have bearing on the world of experience. And last, in theory change science seeks to increase the truth that are contained in complexes that have bearing on the world of experience. Science seeks true theories that are in search of the true principles. Science seeks to change the world experiences that have a complex and increase the truth and increase the truth. Science is a science that is justifiable and correct. Science seeks to increase the truth that are contained in the world of experience. Science divides the world of curiosity and intelligence, which ultimately leaves the world in search of world time. ScienceMEA has started it's development here to struggling with the adverse situation in life. That is to say, why? Because it talks about the practical life, the present life. So, according to the study, the real circumstances of life that a person has the capacity to struggle in the adverse situation and can fulfill the needs of his life, this is the realism. Realistic education is connected with the needs of the life. We are connected with these needs and we can fulfill our needs. Educational Realism is the belief that we should study logic, critical thinking and the scientific method to teach students to perceive and understand reality. What are they saying? Everything exists, we have to perceive it and understand it. And it is independent of our minds. So, they are saying, teach the child the logic, critical thinking and the scientific method so that they can perceive things better. The next question is an important first step in the scientific method and something that many realist teachers focus on. Because the realist teacher will go to the scientific method and the most important thing in the scientific method is the inquiry. Inquisitiveness. Inquisitiveness in us, why, why, why, why? So, we will ask questions and try to answer them. Realism is the view that a reality of material objects and possibly of abstract concepts exists in an external world independently of our minds and perceptions. Historically, Realism is a metaphysical claim about this independently existing world. So, they are saying that if we look at it in a certain way, then what is it? We claim that the world which is related to us is independent of us and its existence is independent of us. Okay? So, what will be the purpose of your life? Will you say that preparation for a happy and successful life i.e. a happy, happy, successful, successful life. Why? Because we are talking about real needs and real life. Training of senses. Why? Because these senses are the gateways of knowledge. And vocational efficiency because we will be able to live a successful life. Okay? Then, in methods of teaching, we are talking about the scientific method. No doubt, we are talking about the inductive-deductive method, we are talking about the observation method, experimental method and field trip. Because we will be able to perceive reality through field trip. So, what is inductive method? What is inductive method? We go from particular to general generalized defect. That is, the education will learn that generalized defect. For example, as you can see that this leaf is of green color, that leaf is of green color, many leaves are of green color. So, children can generalize that generally, the leaves are of green color. So, we have done a general inductive method. And deductive method is that we take out a specific principle from general to particular. It is very easy. And, these methods of teaching are left. These methods of teaching are not there. The heading above is not changed. This is curriculum. Realism and curriculum. Realism recommends the designing of curriculum for realistic education which enables learners to solve different problems of life into the very happy and successful life. That is, everything related to education is that of realism. It does not talk about anything else from the world. So, what does it tell us to teach? All the scientific subjects teach physics, chemistry, biology, astrology, physiology, etc. And, why should we teach vocational subjects as well? Because vocational efficiency is what you have to teach. What does it teach? And what does discipline and teachers say about realism? Realism lays stress on natural discipline and emancipation on the basis of natural and social procedures. Impressionistic, and emancipation means leaving it completely. Idealistic people talk about impressionistic discipline. Naturalism talks about emancipation that leave the child completely. Idealism does not leave him completely. It is said that you should accept the medium of the middle. Take a synthetic form of natural discipline for the learners. That is, the child should control their feelings, desires, and perform duties. So that they can perform their duties by controlling their desires and feelings. And, according to realism, the teacher should have full knowledge of the subject matter, psychology of learners, and the scientific way of delivering education. And what are merits and demerits? So, there are many merits. Lays, emphasis on practical knowledge. Science and technology are given so much importance. Progressive methods of teaching have been talked about. Proper concept discipline has been mentioned here. There is emphasis on objectivity, but there are demerits as well. So, there are advantages and disadvantages. But there are demerits as well. Emphasis on the immediate reality of the physical world. Only what we are talking about is not prepared for the future. No place for intuition and meditation. It is said that only you will learn from observations. But the role of intuition and meditation is also in knowledge-seeking. The science subject matter is much more important than only science subjects. No faith in internal values and high ideals of life. That is, there is no discussion of the principles and principles of life. Because life believes that this is it. There is no life on it. So, there is no discussion on it. This is its disadvantage. But overall, this philosophy came into the opposition of idealism. And the idealism that was destroyed in the last century, it tried to get rid of the science, logic and critical thinking. So, this philosophy is very important in learning. So, this is the way we have concluded a very important philosophy of realism. And I have concluded this one too. So, thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education. I have done from my side.