 I would like to present to you the first results of the project RPCM Apulia, meaning Reconstructing Prehistoric Communities Mobility in Apulia, which is currently underway as a cooperation between Munster University, Germany, Bologna University, Italy, and the subcontinent densa in Forge. Our aim is to conduct landscape archaeology in southern Italy and do social network analysis with the wish to improve our knowledge of Apulian prehistory. We want to analyze the influence of human presence on the territory. And we would like to gain an understanding about how prehistoric communities kept in touch with each other. So this is the area. If we zoom in a little bit, this is it. It's bordered in the west by a river valley, the valley of the Fortora River. In the east, we have the outskirts of the Gagano Mountains. In the north, the area is bordered by the sea coast, but also two large, sweet water lakes, which is Lago di Lesina and Lago di Barano. And in the south, south of the city of San Severo, and we have the northern border of the Tavoliere, which is a large limestone plateau with very fertile soils. Apulia is of special importance for the Neolithic and the Copper Age in Italy. It is this place where the first Neolithic settlers entered Italy around 6,000 before Christ. And it's probably also due to these very fertile regions here. I already mentioned the Tavoliere plain with fertile soils over limestone substratum, and also other regions like Altopiano del Emugio is a very fertile region. And due to these areas being made up of limestone, it's also these regions sent to carcify. So we have a lot of caves that have been used already since the Paleolithic times, but also during the Neolithic and the Copper Age. And of course, and this has been said before, we have to take into account the special situation of the Gargano, which bears large flint formations, which have been mined already since the earliest Neolithic. And these landscapes together with the sea post, the sweetwater lakes, and these raw materials poses quite an interesting research area. Now, I would like to give you just a real quick overview of the chronological scope of our project, which encompasses the times from the earliest Neolithic to the early Bronze Age. And as I mentioned, the first Neolithic settler set foot on this earth around 6,000 before Christ and started to own the landscape by creating villages surrounded by large ditch systems whose actual function is still widely unknown. And yeah, they took possession of the landscape in this way. And everything changes a little bit with the end of the Neolithic. And human impact now starts to become more intricate relationships with communities from neighboring regions and regions farther away start to intensify. And settlements now change as well. They arise now progressively in points of control, in points of transhumance roots. And by the start of the early Bronze Age, a lot of these sites tend to become fortified as well. These changes in settling also reflect in the material culture. After the Neolithic, we have this fascist Machia amare, which marks the beginning of the Copper Age. And it shows similarities to pottery from the regions further to the north, to the region of Abruzzo, but also along the sea coast and further down south to Calabria. And we cannot talk about archaeological cultures in this sense, but it's rather a set of ideas that is shared by different communities in a larger area. And this intensifies in the middle Copper Age with the fascist Piano Conte. Further, stressing connections to the south, to Sicily as well. For example, there's very close parallels at these sites in Sicily with very similar pottery. And again, it's not one big cultural phenomenon, but it's rather a set of ideas that is distributed, is traveled. And in the end of the Copper Age, the fascist Latterza emerges. And again, it displays strong connections to southern Italy. And interactions again intensify in this part of Italy. And we can notice that new types of economy arise during this time. They lay more and more emphasis on the possession of land. The control of routes, the control of economic and transhuman routes becomes crucial. And for this reason, settlements were set on top of hills, for example, close to inland water courses, also close to the sea coast to gain control, to dominate passages of the landscape. In order to find out how communities communicated, how they interacted with each other, we employed a set of different methods. And my colleague Robert will now take over. So, good afternoon, everybody. So whereas we recognize the important role of Apulia during prehistory, we have some problem with the considered area, just because we have an archaeological blood frame because of the anthropic action acted during, since prehistory, to today. So we started to collect all the information about the sites from several sources, such as the Britain sources, or sources about the landscape usage or changing. So we use the bulk of this data in order to perform some analysis. First of all, for example, the viewshed analysis and the observed point analysis, that it gave us the field of view from each site. And we used these analyses on the site located along the river Fortora. So the triangle are ancient and early peak settlements. The core of the spot are the area that the sites could see with a maximum radius of visibility of 15 kilometers, with the weather conditions, of course. And we established the height of the server to 1 meter and 65 centimeters. So to continue, we applied to decide also the buffer zones in order to understand the interaction between the sites. Every buffer zone has a maximum radius of 3 kilometers. This means one hour, 25 minutes working distance with an average speed of 4 kilometers per hour. So we continue with the least cost-pop analysis in order to obtain a predictive model about the mobility into the area. So the starting point is the red point from which all the path network spread into the area, reaching all the other sites. So in order to obtain this kind of model, we decided to get a smoother surface, so a more weighted surface, and then create an accumulative surface in which the cost was calculated by the Tobler's eigenfunction. And then the result is this path network in pink. So anyway, all these data has to verify and check on field, for instance through surveys. And all these data also we want to use in order to perform also analysis with the social network analysis in order to create a network about the mobility and the circulation of the artifacts. So from these first attempts, we obtained these results. Detailed according to the vision and buffer zones analysis, we could assume that each site located along the river had a good visibility on both shores. And especially for the settlements placed in the medium northern part, there would be a good connectivity. So we could assume also that the river worked not as a barrier, but as a communication way for the sites spread along the river line and perhaps also for reaching the sites in the surroundings. According to the list cost path analysis, we could assume that there was a good connectivity. And there are two kinds of connections. One is straight, so side to side directly. And the other one instead, in order to reach the settlements that was placed far away from the starting point, could involve some intermediate stops. These stops could be all the settlements themselves or some areas in which we found just some pottery shirts. So passage point. So as aforesaid, these results will involve also the social network analysis in order to create a network about the role played by the settlements. So for example, according to the site position, so if, for example, a site was very close to a connection way, maybe it played an important role into the network. While if it was in a between position, maybe it played a role as hub, or if it was outside of the network, probably it could mean that it was outside of the communication way, of very far away, of course. So involving also technical and statistical analysis, we want to create also a network about the circulation of the artifacts into the area. So understand if there were some influences both inside the area or coming from the surroundings. The same with the elemental physical analysis, with which we want to achieve the elemental composition. So understand also the kind of raw materials and if it's possible to understand the raw material extraction point. In order to understand also if it was local, or maybe it was outside of our area. So thank you for your time.