 Good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar I.S. Academy for the date 13th November 2021. These are the list of articles we are going to discuss today. So without wasting much time let us start today's discussion. Let us start today's discussion by taking up this editorial article. See this editorial here deals with the non-aligned movement but very few points are discussed in this article. So what I am going to do is I am going to add some more points and discuss non-aligned movement holistically. Okay. So let us get into the discussion. See tomorrow that is the 14th of November is the birthday of our first Prime Minister that is Mr. Javar Lal Nehru. His birthday also marks the 60th anniversary of the non-aligned movement. See non-aligned movement is one of the important events which reflect Nehru's major contribution to the field of international relation. See today we are going to have a detailed discussion about the non-aligned movement, its origin and implication. Okay. The syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference. So go through it. Okay. First let us quickly brush up through the history of non-aligned movement. See the non-aligned movement was created and founded during the height of the Cold War. This period coincided with the freedom struggle by the people of Africa, Asia, Latin America and other regions of the world which led to the collapse of the colonial system. And it is during this time the non-aligned movement was conceived and formed. See during the early days of the movement its actions were a key factor in the decolonization process. It even helped many countries achieve independence. Okay. So throughout its history the non-aligned movement has played a fundamental role in the prevention of world peace and security. Okay. Now let us see how the non-aligned movement was formed. See it is important to note that the stand of the third world countries during the Cold War. So who are the third world countries? The newly emerged nations after the end of the World War II were commonly referred to as the third world. The term third is there because the capitalist block led by the United States and the communist block led by the Soviet Union represent the other two worlds. Okay. While some meetings with the third world perspective were held before the 1955 historians consider the Bandung Asian African Conference as the main conference that led to the creation of the non-aligned movement. This conference that is the Bandung Conference which took place in Bandung in April of 1955 brought together 29 heads of state from two continents belonging to the first post-colonial generation of leaders. See the aim of the conference is to identify and assess the world issues at the time and to pursue joint policies in international relations. The 10 principle of Bandung which would regulate the interaction between large and small nations were proclaimed during that conference. The 10 principles of Bandung are given here for your reference. Go through it. See here you can find the similarity between the 10 principles of Bandung and the Nehru Spanchashil. Okay. These 10 principles of Bandung were later embraced to the core goals and objectives of the non-aligned policy. The fulfillment of these principles became the primary requirement for non-aligned movement membership. In 1960 in the right of the results gained in Bandung the foundation of the movement of non-aligned countries were given a major push during the 15th ordinary session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1960. A key role was played in this process by the then heads of state and government including Gamal Abdul Nazir of Egypt, Kwame Krumah of Ghana, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Ahamad Sukarno of Indonesia and Tito of Yugoslavia who later became the founding members of the movement and its implementing leaders. Okay. The five founding members were, let me repeat, Gamal Abdul Nazir of Egypt, Kwame Krumah of Ghana, Nehru of India, Ahamad Sukarno of Indonesia and Tito of Yugoslavia. Okay. So six years after the Bandung the movement of non-aligned countries were formed on a wider geographical basis at the first summit conference of Belgrade. See this conference was held on September 1961. Okay. See Belgrade here is the capital of the no-extin Yugoslavia. Okay. The conference was attended by 25 countries including Afghanistan, Algeria, Yemen, Myanmar, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Mali, Morocco, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia and Yugoslavia. To avoid the bureaucratic ramification the founders of NAMM chose to proclaim it as a movement rather than an organization. Okay. See this movement was not intended to play a passive role in international politics but rather to formulate its own position independently in order to reflect the interest of its members. Okay. Now let us see some of the objectives of non-aligned countries. First is the non-aligned movement support of self-determination, national independence and the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states. Second is the non-aligned movement's opposition to apartheid. Third is the focus of non-aligned movement to the independence of the non-aligned countries from the great provers that is U.S. and the USSR. Fourth is the non-aligned movements support to the struggle against imperialism in all its form and manifestation. Fifth is the non-aligned movements support for the struggle against colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, foreign occupation and domination and disarmament. See the non-aligned movement also believed in the non-interference into the internal affairs of states and peaceful coexistence among all nations. Seventh is the non-aligned movements focus on the strengthening of uniter nation. Eighth is that the non-aligned movement supported the democratization of international relations. See this movement also supported the socio-economic development and the restructuring of the international economic system. Finally, the non-aligned movements stood for the international cooperation on an equal footing. These are the objectives of the non-aligned movement. Now let us see how India evolved with the non-aligned movement. As I already said, India is one of the founding members of the non-aligned movement. See India's policy of non-alignment was a result of its own colonial experience and its non-violent indeminent struggle. It was determined that an indeminent India's new foreign policy should be free from the political domination and economic interference from western capitalism and Soviet communism. The term non-alignment was first coined by India's first defence minister, Mr. V. Krishnameran during a speech at the United Nation in 1953. And later it would be used by our Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru from 1954 onwards. In a speech at Colombo, Sri Lanka the same year that is 1954, Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru laid down the five principles that would be the cornerstone of the non-aligned movement policy. The principles were mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in domestic affairs, equality and mutual benefit, finally peaceful coexistence. These five principles would become the Panchashil, the guiding force behind the Indo-China relationship. India's stance of non-alignment earned it tremendous worldwide reputation among former colonies who were fearful of joining either the US or the USSR during the Cold War period. However, certain events in the 1980s stained such status. Events like the signing of Treaty of Friendship between the Soviet Union and the interference in the internal affairs of its smaller neighbors during the 1980s, India's position regarding non-aligned movement was severely questioned. India's regional adversaries believed that New Delhi's non-alignment and non-interference policy exclusively applied to countries outside the region. So, these factors contributed to the failure of NAM as well. See, India being the founder and the largest member in NAM was an active participant in the NAM meetings till the 1970s. But India's inclination towards the erstwhile USSR created confusions in smaller members. It also led to the weakening of NAM and the smaller member countries drifted either towards the USSR. Further, the disintegration of the USSR led to the creation of a unipolar world order dominated by the United States. See, India after its new economic policy of 1991 started inclining towards the United States. So, this also raised questions regarding India's commitment to the non-alignment. See, recently the Prime Minister of India skipped the 17th non-alignment summit held in Venezuela in 2016. It was only the second such instance when the head of the state didn't participate in the non-aligned conference. India in particular and almost most other non-aligned countries have integrated themselves at varying degrees with the liberal economic order and have benefited from it. India is a member of the G20 and has declared itself a nuclear weapon power and has all the practical purpose abandoned the call for global nuclear disarmament. India has also engaged itself with the new and old global powers. India joining the Quad Initiative, a coalition seen by many as a counter force to China's rise in the Indo-Pacific and India joining Shanghai Cooperation Organization led by China shows India's balancing approach in the new world order. India is striving hard for a multi-polar world order and asserting itself as one of the players. Multi-polar world order according to India is very similar to the earlier principles of norm. So, India is denying the claims that it is non-aligned and is still focused on the principles of the non-aligned movement. So, does non-aligned movement have a relevance in the modern world order or is it a vestigial organ? See, actually non-aligned movement still does hold relevance. So, let's see some points that states that the non-aligned movement is still relevant. First is the new Cold War. See, a new silent war is going on between China and the United States. The war is manifested in the recent US-China trade war, the United States Quad Initiative to counter China and the emergence of Indo-Pacific narrative. So, the non-aligned movement can play a positive role in bringing down the tensions between the two sides. Second is the rise of the neocolonialism. So, what is neocolonialism? See, in the 18th and 19th century, the countries through their direct military control imposed their hegemony. In the 21st century, countries used various tools like capitalism, globalism, cultural imperialism and conditional aid to influence a developing country. So, this is known as the neocolonialism. China's Belt and Road Initiative and the Depth Trap Diplomacy is an example of neocolonialism in action. So, non-aligned movement can help the third world countries to tide over this neocolonialistic forces. The third is that the non-aligned movement can play a significant role in the restructuring and the democratization of the United Nations. Presently, the United Nations is undemocratic due to the veto power of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Non-aligned movement countries can voice their concern together and help bring the changes in the United Nations setup. The fourth is that the non-aligned movement can also help mobilize international public opinion on safeguarding the rights of the developing countries and help generate opinion regarding the climate change. See, the non-aligned movement countries which are mostly developing countries have contributed least to the climate change and would be affected most by the climate change. So, they can fight together to ensure climate justice and make the developed countries pay their share for their contribution to the global climate change. Fifth is that non-aligned movement countries can also help voice the rights of the developing countries in the global institution like World Trade Organization. See, in the WTO, the non-aligned movement members mostly developing countries can fight for their rights to continue their food procurement program and help find a permanent solution instead of the peace clause which is currently in action. So, even though their original objective is now not relevant, the non-aligned movement can reinvent itself and can act as a collective outlet of voices of the third world countries. So, yes, NAM is a still relevant organization which should not be ignored. So, now to recap, in this discussion, we covered various aspects of NAM like its history, its evolution, its objectives, India-NAM relation through the years and finally, we saw the relevance of non-aligned movement in the 21st century. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next article. Now, let us take up this news article. The news article talks about a rare infection reported in Kerala. It is the Norovirus infection. As of now, the infection spread has been brought under the control and measures have been taken to prevent the further spread of the virus. So, actually what is this Norovirus? See, Norovirus is a very contagious virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea. It causes acute gastroenteritis, that is inflammation of stomach and intestines. It affects people of all ages and it is highly contagious because it can spread very easily. Infected people can shed billions of Norovirus particles and only a few virus particles are enough to make other people sick. So, how does this virus spread? See, this virus commonly spreads through food or water that is contaminated during preparation or through contaminated surfaces. It also spreads due to close contact with an infected person. What are the symptoms of Norovirus? See, its symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, nausea and stomach pain. A person usually develops symptoms 12 to 48 hours after being exposed to Norovirus. Because of these symptoms, Norovirus is sometimes called the stomach flu or stomach bug. But actually remember, Norovirus is not related to flu which is caused by influenza virus. Therefore, Norovirus is a common virus that is not related to the flu. Now, let us see some important facts related to Norovirus. Norovirus is the most common cause of vomiting and diarrhea and foodborne illness. See, these symptoms that is vomiting and diarrhea can lead to dehydration especially in young children, older adults and people with other illnesses. If dehydration happens, then medical attention is necessary. If you look at the disease burden, an estimated 68 crore Norovirus cases are reported annually and about 20 crore cases are seen among children under 5 years old. This leads to an estimated 50,000 children death every year. This mostly happens in the developing countries. So, the points to remember is that it is the number one cause of foodborne illness and one among the four main causes of foodborne deaths in developing countries. See, this Norovirus illness is a problem in both low-income and high-income countries also. Another fact to be noted here is that a person can get Norovirus illness many times in his life because there are different types of Norovirus and the infection with one type of Norovirus may not protect against another type of Norovirus. This also makes development of vaccines against Norovirus a difficult task. And also note here that most people get better within one to three days. So, this is not a very dangerous virus. So, now let us see how to prevent the spread of the Norovirus. See, it can be prevented if infected individuals wash their hands frequently with soap and water. We cannot use hand sanitizer against the virus because alcohol handles do not kill the Norovirus. Along with this, we can take these measures also. The measures include isolating the sick. The next is the careful food preparation. And the third one is the immediate cleanup after the illness. And the last is the using the water after treating it properly. So, our next question would be what is the treatment available against Norovirus? Actually, there is no specific medicine to treat people with Norovirus illness. Rather, the infected individuals are asked to drink plenty of liquids to help prevent dehydration. So, in this segment, we discussed about the Norovirus, mode of transmission of the virus, symptoms of the virus, measures to prevent the transmission of the virus and the treatment available for the virus. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next article. Now, let us take up this article for our next discussion. This particular news article is about the Personal Data Protection Bill 2019. When introduced in the parliament in 2019, the bill was referred to the Joint Parliamentary Committee. The committee's report on the bill has been stalled due to last minute changes which led to protests by the opposition. So, the syllabus covered by this article is highlighted here for your reference. Go through it. First, we shall see some of the basic details about the bill for the better understanding. Now, what is data? See, data is of two types. First is the personal data and second is the non-personal data. See, personal data is used to identify an individual. For example, caste, religion, biometric data, etc. And non-personal data includes data through which individuals cannot be identified. For example, traffic flow, weather details, etc. See here, by looking at the traffic flow data, we cannot identify the individual, right? So, this is a non-personal data. Okay, know that we have seen the definition of data. Let us see what is data protection. See, data protection includes the policies and procedures that aims to protect the privacy of an individual. See, normally privacy of an individual is affected by the collection and usage of their personal data. Here, data protection helps in the protection of the privacy of the individuals. Okay, since we have seen the basic details, now let us look into the question why such a bill has been brought up. That is, why such a bill is necessary? See, it was drafted. That is, the personal data protection bill 2019 was drafted following Supreme Court judgment in August 2017 that declared right to privacy as a fundamental right. We all know that the case, that is the Putta Swami case. Currently, the personal data is regulated by the Information Technology Rules 2011. So, there was a need for a separate act to manage the personal data and ensure privacy of the individual. So, that is why this bill has been drafted. Okay, now let us see some of the salient features of the Personal Data Protection Bill 2019. See, the bill regulates personal data related to an individual. When I say it regulates, it actually regulates the processing collection and storage of the personal data. There are some important terms mentioned in the bill like data principle and data fiduciary. Let us see them one by one. See, under the bill, a data principle is an individual whose personal data is being processed. The processing of personal data can be done only on the basis of consent given by the data principle that is the individual whose data is being processed. So, basically, data principle is the data owner. Now, let us see what is a data fiduciary. See, a data fiduciary is a service provider who collects, stores and process the data. These data fiduciary use the data for providing goods and services. So, data fiduciary is an institution or a service provider which process the data. See, for example, Facebook is a data fiduciary, Twitter is a data fiduciary, and UIDAI is also a data fiduciary. Hope you guys can understand. So, whom does this bill govern? See, this bill governs the processing of personal data by both government and private companies that are incorporated in India. The bill also governs the foreign companies if the foreign companies deal with personal data of individuals in India. So, companies like Facebook and WhatsApp are governed by the bill. The bill also provides some rights to the data principle that is the data owner. The rights include right to seek confirmation on whether their personal data has been processed, right to seek correction of their data, right to seek completion of their data, right to seek transfer of data to other data fiduciaries and right to restricting the disclosure of their personal data. So, these are the rights provided to the data principle by the bill. The bill established an authority called the Data Protection Authority. See, this authority aims to protect the interest of the individuals and prevent misuse of personal data. See, this authority also ensures compliance with the bill. That is the Personal Data Protection Bill. See, this bill also includes a provision for removal of data mirroring. So, what is data mirroring? See, data mirroring refers to the real-time operation of copying data as an exact copy from one location to a local or remote storage medium. The bill also ensures data localization of sensitive personal data such as biometrics, financial data and critical personal data notified by the government. So, what is data localization? See, data localization is nothing but storing data on any device physically within the borders of a country where the data is generated. For example, if an Indian makes a financial transaction using GPA, this critical financial data must be stored by Google in a data center located in India. Okay, hope you guys can follow. So, now that we have seen the basic provisions, let us understand the issue discussed in the article. It is said that three subclasses from the draft bill is removed. These subclasses give the data owner or the data principle the right to file complaint against the data controller or the data fiduciary. The counter argument given by the officials of Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology is that latest IT rules deal with the social media accountability. So, it will be a duplicity if it is included in the data protection bill also. Adding to this, a member said that amendment of the provision for penalty for misuse of data has not been discussed yet. We will know the changes brought in the bill in the upcoming sessions of the parliament. See, data is going to be a key factor in geopolitics in the coming years. So, India should have a solid yet effective data protection policy to back its stand in the geopolitics. Okay, so in this segment, we discussed about the basic definition regarding various terms like data, data protection, data principle, data fiduciary, data mirroring and data localization. We also saw some key provisions of the data protection bill 2019. With this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next article. Now let us take up this article for our next discussion. See, there has been a sudden surge of migrants including women and children in the Belarus-Poland border. This has caused tension between both the countries. See, the migrants who are estimated to number between 2000 to 4000 are largely from West Asia including Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria. They have attempted to cross into Poland multiple times in hopes of obtaining the refugee status in the European Union country. This is the context behind the news article. So, first, let us understand how the migrants ended up in the Polish border. See, according to Poland and Lithuania, who are two European neighbors of Belarus, the Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko is the reason behind the entire catastrophe. See, his victory in the 2020 presidential polls was widely perceived as fraudulent and this incident triggered nationwide protests by pro-democracy activists. Lukashenko launched a violent track down to which the European Union retaliated by imposing punitive sanctions on officials and entities linked to the Belarusian regime. Protesters fearing repression were also granted asylum in Poland, where they were permitted to spread anti-Lukashenko propaganda. Poland therefore views the migrant surge at its border as Belarus' attempt to retaliate against the sanctions. It has claimed that Belarus is waging a hybrid war by deploying unconventional methods to apply pressure to an adversary, that is Poland. Lithuania too has accused Belarus of weaponizing migrants by attracting hundreds of them into minx from West Asia and then pushing them into the forest along the border with the goal of causing unrest in the European Union. Despite the several sanctions, Lukashenko threatened to lift border controls on movement of refugee, drugs and possibly nuclear materials in June this year. As a result, the European Union seized this week's event as Lukashenko carrying out the threats. Belarus on its part has stated that migrants arrived in Belarus legally and made their way to Polish border on their own. Now let us see how Poland has responded to this issue. Poland is ruled by right-winged populist law and justice party, that is PIS, which is anti-immigration. And it has tightened its border security deploying 15,000 troops and established a two mile wide buffer zone to prevent illegal border crossing. Those who have managed to cross over were pushed back into Belarus by Polish security forces. Now let us look at the geopolitical ramification of the issue. After Poland's troop build up along the Belarus border, Russia in solidarity with Belarus has deployed two bombers to patrol the region. Through this move, Russia is signaling Poland that Belarus is having the full backing of Russia. Russia also views the move by Poland as hostile. Russia also blamed the European Union's anti-immigration stand as the reason for the current migrant crisis. Because of the present situation, European Union is planning to further put sanctions on Belarus. Poland has also planned not to take any migrants. Belarus on their part is not providing any aid to the migrants camping in the Belarus-Poland border. So with the winter closing in, lives of many migrants are at risk without any proper support from the countries. This is the issue. So in exam perspective, focus on the geography of the area here. Like focus on countries bordering Belarus. Does Poland have a land border with Russia? Major rivers of the areas like Neman, Pripyat, Diniper, where these rivers originate and where these rivers drain. Does Poland have a border with North Sea or Baltic Sea? Take your atlas, go through the areas around Belarus and look for the answers for the question that I have just mentioned. This is how you have to prepare for map-based questions. Actually, when you study for a long time, taking your atlas and looking at places in it will give you the necessary and useful distraction. Also, try and post in the comment section the facts to help your fellow aspirants. So in this discussion, we saw about the recent border crisis between Poland and Belarus and we also saw how to prepare for map-based questions. So with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next article. Now let us take up this article for our next discussion. This article is based on the National Sample Survey conducted by two organizations. They are ICREER and LIRNE Asia. See, ICREER, that is the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, is an autonomous policy-oriented, non-profit research institute. This is a think tank that focuses on supporting India's interface with the global economy. And LIRNE Asia is a think tank focused on digital policy. For this survey, 7000 households were covered from all over the country except the state of Kerala. This article covers some of the findings of the survey. The survey says that only 20% of school-age children in India had access to remote education during the pandemic, of which only half participated in live online classes. That is only 10% of school-going children participated in live online lessons. Next shocking figure is that 38% of the household surveyed said that at least one child dropped out of school completely due to COVID-19. The survey states that although digital connectivity shot up by 40% during the pandemic, the low access to devices, poor signal and high costs prevented most school children from reaping the benefits of digital connectivity. See, among the children, those aged between 5 to 18 years, it found that 80% of those who were enrolled in schools prior to the pandemic did not receive any educational services after the schools were shut down due to the pandemic. Among the 20% who received education, only 50% had access to live online classes, while 68% had access to recorded audio or video lessons. Also, almost 70% of the children surveyed had contact with their teachers via phone calls. So these are some important findings from the survey, okay? See, you can use these data in your main sensor, mainly in the interaction part. See, adding data in your main sensor give legitimacy to the claim you are making, and it will also help you fetch more marks. You can use the above in main sensors relating to digital divide impacts of COVID and questions related to internet penetration. So with this, let us conclude today's discussion. Now, let us take up the practice films questions. Now, let us take up the first question. This question is regarding norovirus. They have asked us to find the wrong statement in reference to norovirus. The first statement is, it causes acute gastroendities and affects people of all ages. This statement is true. Second statement, it is related to the flu caused by influenza virus leading to vomit and diarrhea. So this statement is wrong. See, actually, we saw that norovirus is actually caused by norovirus, which is not an influenza virus. So even though it causes vomiting and diarrhea, it is not related to flu. So the correct answer is option B, okay? We can also see the other statements also. See, it is the leading cause of foot bone illness in both low and high income countries. This statement is true. And the last statement, no specific medicine is available to treat people but drinking plenty of liquid helps. So we saw it causes vomiting and diarrhea. So it will cause dehydration. So it is advised to drink a lot of liquids. So the fourth statement is also correct. So for the first question, the correct answer is option B. So now moving on to the second question. This is a map based question. The question asks, which of the following countries does not border Baltic Sea? See, the Baltic Sea is surrounded by nine countries. They are Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Finland and Sweden. See, Belarus is a landlocked country and does not border Baltic Sea. So the correct answer is option A, Belarus. We have two main questions today. Write the answers and post it in the comment section so that I can evaluate. So actually, I was not able to evaluate the answers for the past two presentations which I took. So what I am going to do today is I will evaluate the answers. So keep writing the answers and post it in the comment section. So with this, we can conclude our discussion. If you like this video, like, comment and share it with your friends and do subscribe to Shankara AS Akadabhi YouTube channel. Thank you.