 Rhizobial nitrogen fixation is a symbiotic process that takes place between rhizobia and leguminous plants. It is driven by solar energy and converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which can then be used by the host plant for growth. Researchers have studied this process extensively, focusing on its agronomic, plant physiological, microbiological, and molecular aspects. Despite significant progress, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the efficiency of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia. This article was offered by Christina Lindstrom and Saeed Abdullah Musavi.