 let me begin but I have a small quiz to begin have you seen this painting yes do you recognize these buildings have you come across them in in the town yes so which one is this that's a church and what is this temple which one you can very randomly say a temple in India come on this is a bullock temple in right it's very nearby and this is actually the entire set there a replication of somebody's paintings or sketches can you guess who excellent thank you so now that you are I'm hoping that you like Alipay and you've seen things out let me tell you what we are doing as part of improvement improving vehicles management or waste water management in therapy what I will be discussing is why do we need FSM in the town what is the methodology we adopted and why we adopted that methodology in to understand the current status then I will discuss the outcome of our strategy what what are our findings regarding current status what are we recommending to the local government or municipality and conclude essentially talk about everything that I talked about I mean summarize in the conclusions so this is the chain Sharda showed right keep this in mind always ok and I will all in my talk I will be following the sequence of user interface collection or containment emptying or conveyance treatment and disposal of use why do we need FSM in Alapura the point the simple reason is that most of the toilets in Alapura according to census are connected to some kind of on-site system whether they are pit or septic tank doesn't matter but point is all these systems fill up and when they fill up they need to be emptied ok that is one second this and Alapura is also declared open defecation free under the Swach Bharat mission Alapura has been declared open defecation free but you continue to see pollution in canals and visually my colleagues who are experts in understanding pollution they tell me that it is dissolved or suspended solids or dissolved solids essentially meaning that it is coming from grey water or black water from the domestic waste water so and then we thought why do we need FSM we should compare what are the other alternatives that we have so first option obviously is sewerage as Charda explained it is very capital intensive it is very water intensive you need water to transport waste and in a water scarce future that we are looking at because of climate change water is going to become probably gold second it is a see so laying sewerage system needs a topography which is conducive to it right you need to the water need or the sewers need what is called as self cleansing velocity right and in the flat terrain of Alapura it is not possible so it is like almost maybe a kilometer down the line you will need a pumping station and plus there are canals in town so you can't take line or sewage lines under the canal so there is complexity involved and then sewage also needs that you bypass the existing on-site systems because sewage systems need a minimum load of microbes and pathogens and nutrients to be treated if you don't get that then you are under utilizing your treatment capacity and that is why you will have to dismantle the existing systems and as Sharda explained it involves money spent by households which they may not be really willing to do there are examples I have come across in Gujarat when I was working where cities have laid sewerage systems but households have not accepted it because once they connect to sewerage systems their taxation increases ok so that is one then there are decentralized systems sure you heard of them but in India except for Bangalore no city has taken it up at city scale ok so there exist at institutional levels some school may have it some industry some IT company will have it in other parts in Bangalore they have it for all the areas where there is no sewage but decentralized system so we don't really have an experience for decentralized systems but FSM two advantages one it builds on the existing on-site systems so whatever is there you can actually use them as it is and second there are some successful examples in out of the country and now very recently in India also methodology used we had to now census gives us I mean most planning in India depends on information from census related to data related to demography comes from census but when it comes to sanitation we realize that we can't rely on it totally and part of the reason you already know we are asking questions about the type of on-site system in the town right in your questionnaire you have those questions right yes that is because we want to know or decipher what is the type of on-site system they have and we want to do that because that has an implication on the quality of FSM that will be generated which will in turn influence what is the treatment technology or treatment levels needed ok so what type of on-site system you have makes a big difference for managing the remaining part of the chain so OS so on-site system related data from the census we can't kill totally rely on so we use two types of two methods to collect data one was household survey and a lot of interviews which preceded the household surveys for two reasons one we wanted to check what questions we should be asking also you have a lot of questions where alternatives are already provided material of the wall the bottom etc right so though they all come from those qualitative interviews and we did this household so this study relies on two studies that we did as part of our summer school one was a socio-economic survey and one which I think most of the questions you are also using and second was willingness to pay survey for FSM and these I mean the both the studies have common questions that the analysis relies on you already seen the questionnaire right so I am not going to dwell much on this so these are the questions related to on-site systems what is the shape material of the wall of the bottom whether it is with it has an opening or no at the top availability of vent pipe this is just to ascertain whether the OSS is an septic tank or no not emptying frequency mode of emptying whether they are doing it manually or they use mechanized systems or and the charges paid for emptying and qualitative interviews we use to confirm the questions and we also pilot tested the questionnaire so the questionnaire that you are using this was pilot tested by group of students from who were pursuing masters in social work they pilot tested it they gave us their responses in terms of what is this is the sequencing right is the options that we are providing in answers are they right and this all plays a very important role when you are doing research because anything that goes wrong here makes an impact on the analysis and we used ODK collect and we also used maps and on while using it we also learned on the way so to begin with we were providing this kind of map to the enumerators that is participants where we said that this red line a team will go on this side and cover two houses and this side and cover two houses but we soon realized that in areas which there were dense lines it would be difficult for participants to manage so then we started using polygons so that every team knows which area they are exactly focusing on the strategy we chose for sampling was random sampling its benchmark for selecting or sampling and the way we are the way we described it to participants was you choose so every time you are dropped at a location you choose the first house randomly and then each study had their own criteria so willingness to pay needed a wider coverage of samples so we said that you can choose every 6,000 and socioeconomic survey because they were concentrating on a smaller patch of area just two rows besides the canals we said they could take every alternate or third house and if in case that household is locked or not ready to participate then they can go to either the earlier I mean the neighbor either of the neighbors and I do not know whether you have come in the area that you are going if all along the canal there are no houses in parts of alopee the density varies and some places it is very less so in such places we ask the enumerators to survey all the houses so this is how we and then we can carry out training of participants for ethics of research ethics of doing household surveys like all the practice that including how do you approach household how do you ask questions and I hope our teams our team leaders did that for you we had volunteers who had done those surveys earlier and they actually carried out mock surveys for them so that they understand so all our questionnaires were in English but the conversation was to be in Malayalam so what exactly are the words to be used what words are not to be used was very crucial we trained them for odike collect maps we explained each question in detail significance of the question and the instructions for sampling as I said earlier data was collected by two so as you know we had in the summer school we had two batches so for willingness to pay we had 40 participants who from the first batch who collected data and in social economic survey we had from both the batches we had about 300 students who collected data and they were as you are going they were always teams of two one of them had to be Malayalam speaker every five every five teams had a captain and this captain came from one of the volunteers who did pilot testing of the survey there was parallel data collection between multiple so two types of teams right willingness to pay and social economic survey and both of them going to the same area so how do you know whether a household is surveyed or already surveyed or not so we gave them stickers that they could stick on gate of the household so we surveyed about 2100 more than 2100 households in the process and this is the outcome of that so this is census which says that 14 percent has 16 percent has pipe sewer network which is not true 61 percent have septic tank and our questions we asked respondents to tell us what kind of onsite systems they have and then we also analyzed based on the detailed questions we had we had asked what is the onsite system and we realized that only half the systems that reported that they said that they had septic tank only half of them was actually septic tanks so remaining half were not septic tank they were pits then we also questioned about emptying practices so we realized that 43 percent of onsite systems have never been emptied and that could be from anywhere from one year and in the age of the septic tank could be anywhere from one year to 50 years and more so that was one second there is no formal emptying service by the municipality and this came from interviews not only from the household survey that the municipality does not provide any service nor has it licensed service providers as Swarda was telling right you have to so in Devan Ali they they are planning or they they license service providers so that you can keep a you can keep an eye on them you can check them as municipality you do not want them to dump it everywhere or anywhere so you need to bring in some mechanisms of accountability but that is not the case and there is absolutely no use of protective equipment whether it is done manually or it is done by mechanized emptiers also now recognizing that manual emptying increase exist is a little tricky because no government would want to acknowledge that the practice or in their city manual emptying exist because there is a ban by law and then there is mechanized emptying is provided by an organization or an association of septic tank emptiers they have about 25 members total 50 trucks each truck is capacity is about 5000 liters and they operate only at night and Sharda has written a paper in EPW where he describes their operations of emptiers at night in Bangalore and it is very similar here and we got our so the venue you are here we got our septic tank emptied before the summer school the winter school started and they came at 4 a.m. in the morning they got it emptied the second load they emptied they went for 20 minutes and came back so any guesses where they dumped and not I do not know we do not know so that is a good guess and we also try to find out with the households how much do they pay now if you see here this is so some households pay up to 500 a lot of households between 500 and 1000 and these are all because they get it emptied manually getting emptied manually is much cheaper is much cost effective for households and this is most of it is for mechanized empty and some of them also pay more than 7 to 10 K and more than 10 K 10,000. So, this is where we are trying to figure out if we regulate them can we ensure that they charge a fixed amount for households etcetera. There is also an alternative practice which we have not come across in literature and but this has come up in two places one Alapie one Redumablad a small town near Trivandrum where we also did a small case study where we found that these manual so households call these emptiers they come with some chemical and they spread that chemical or mix that chemical in the tank and over a period of few days or couple of days the sludge volume reduces by 2 less than half and then it need not be I mean then it need not be emptied. So, we are still figure trying to figure out what is that practice or what is that chemical whether it is safe or whether it is environmental friendly etcetera, but that is also the case. Currently there is no treatment system in the town the septic tank association coordinator he claims that the trucks take them to a treatment plant to a town which is 24 kilometer 25 kilometers away Chertala, but as our own experience shows it is that may not really be the case. Also it is I mean as Sharada explained right you have to spend money to take your vehicle from here to Chertala or 25 kilometers away and plus the plant at Chertala charges some money about 1000 rupees to deposit their load. So, any sound any good businessmen would not want to do that right. So, our guess is that it is not taken there there is so manual emptiers they would generally either spread that vehicle sludge either on the plot on the same plot or in a joining plot and or they would dig another pit and emptied there and there are proposals under consideration in the municipality where they are having a 24 KLD plant in general hospital 10 KLD plant in Watson Park and they are also planning to have 4 mobile FSTPs. So, this is a mobile FSTP it is low it is mounted on truck and it uses electropyrolysis technology and the owner claims that it can treat about 50000 liters of vehicle sludge in 20 years so every 24 hours it can treat about 10 truckloads of vehicle sludge. But yes again this is this photo survey only yesterday and we will want to see more of it before we get here. This is a shift flow diagram based on the analysis that we that I presented earlier. So, yes so this shift flow diagram is a methodology developed by researchers all from all over the world specially funded by the world by the World Bank and the Gates Foundation. So, it on this side it shows what is the type of containment system. So, this is on site system there is no off site sanitation and there is no open deputation in the town. So, all of it is contained on site part of it is emptied, but whatever is emptied is going to the environment without any treatment and whatever is not emptied is also not considered safe in the pit and why do you think it is not considered safe in the pit? Exactly ground water level the ground water level. So, literature says that if you want a pit to be considered safe there has to be a distance of about minimum 2 meters depending on soil type between the bottom of the pit and top of the water table. And here specially in the Mohansons energy you realize that this area flooded the water and the or waste water all mixed together including flood water etcetera. So, water are recommendations based on what we have studied here. So, one we recommend that for collection system all the unscientific septic or non septic tank OSS should be replaced by septic tanks and this can be done gradually because it is households who will have to spend money, but we also carried out a willingness to pay survey in the summer school and we realized and I mean our finding is that households are willing to pay to get their on site system replaced and if it is managed. So, if the entire chain is managed more people are willing to pay. So, all the more reason for the municipality to ensure that the remaining part of the chain is managed right. It also I mean we would also want to suggest that you standardize sizes because if you do not standardize sizes then you cannot I mean there will be situation where a household will empty it every 3 years and a household will not be required to empty it for 10 years. So, if you can standardize sizes you can more or less standardize empty and this can be done in two ways. One you must have seen some prefabricated plastic ones the orange colored ones if you moved around in town you must have seen them on the shops. Second you can do so that they are prefabricated in fiber reinforced plastic. The other way of other prefabricated material which they are available in is concrete and second you can do training of mesons contractors who construct on site systems. So, that they do not exceed the size of on site systems. And because our on site or willingness to pay survey found that people are willing to pay then we advise the municipality that instead of funding it yourself why not you ask or you promote households to get them replaced and you can promote it in several ways. Like for example, in Nashik my hometown people who install solar water heating systems they get a 5 percent rebate in property tax which is a good enough incentive for households to go for solar it. So, similarly you can try and incentivize that. Similarly many places in Maharashtra they get if you want to install a solar water heating system you get loans for that at 2 percent interest rates and market rates are about 12 percent. So, all these incentivizes people to get their or these are the mechanisms you can use to incentivize people. Then finally, if some households are likely that they will not be able to afford it. So, then they can be incentivized by giving a partial subsidy like 50 percent or 60 percent of the or I mean the trend is to go for 100 percent, but if you give 100 percent the other side of the story is that there is no ownership. So, if you let them spend part of the money then there is some kind of ownership. And finally, the local government or the municipality should develop a database where each septic tank is geotag where location is geotag. So, that so it and then they have the data of size of when was it last emptied. So, that say 3 years down the line you want to check which households emptied in 3 years earlier and then you want to prepare a schedule that these are the households you want to get them emptied. So, you know exactly when which households are to be emptied. You can so we are so emptying there are two aspects to it one who will emptied. So, because the number of trucks involved are there is a quite a number of involved. What do you think determines how many trucks will be required for emptying? Yes, sorry, time. How long it has been for them and how much it has been. But how would that you were on to something and I am guessing that is. It is both connected I guess like if there is a home and the family obviously this is an upward of the 80 percentage of it definitely goes to service water. And then with due course of time if it has been like a year long probably that septic tank would take. No, no, what I am saying is my question is how many so how a city has say 1000 septic tanks. What will or septic tanks or onsite systems. What will determine how many trucks it will require to empty capacity. Opacity of septic tanks. Opacity of septic tanks, yes. Time to emptied right distance to the emptying location right. Population density. Population density. I am little. Scaling. Scaling. Scaling what? For each 5 or 10 houses there should be one tank. No, that is a lot of. So, essentially there are 3 or 4 I mean the number of trucks that are required depend on one number of septic tanks in the city of course. Second how many how many of the OSS can be emptied in a day by one truck and that depend on inter depend on location of the treatment plant. How much time does it take to empty the onsite system and how much time does it take to transport that vehicles less to the emptying location. Third is number of working days in the town. Can you guess how much should be the standard number of working days? Year. Year. One year. Two years. Two years. Two years. Two years. Two years. Three years is generally 300 but it can be substantially reduced in a place like Kerala. Why? Strikes. Strikes. Wow, interesting answer. But not substantially reduced they are like if you count once a month it will be 12 days. Yes, close rains. Plus也是, exactly so if you select treatment systems that will not be operational during monsoons you cannot empty the tanks during monsoons, right and in Kerala you have 6 months of rains and at least the 4 monsoon months it rains almost every day that is what Sridhar tell me ok. So, that will. So, your treatment technology in turn will decide your emptying or number of trucks that you need ok. Again as I discussed earlier the data may should reflect when the OSS is emptied alternatively you can go for such a plan there you know you decide you divide the city if you decide that you will have you will empty the on side system every 3 years you divide the city into 3 zones you decide that this will get emptied in year 1 this in year 2 this in year 3 this is because the population is more or less similar the number of households is more or less similar in this. So, and then you go back to year 4 year 4 you go back to year 1. So, that is another way instead of if you cannot geotag or that is difficult then this could be the other way. Treatment and reuse there are 2 ways to going about selecting the treatment technology. When you select a treatment technology and then you look for avenues where you can reuse the products that you produce. The other way is you look for what are the alternative products that are available in the market and what products you want to. So, if there is a demand for say compost then why do not you design a treatment technology or select a treatment technology that will produce compost right. So, instead of designing for disposal or planning for disposal you plan for reuse and there are some advantages of this approach one is it optimizes treatment. So, depending on what the reuse is you can decide on what is the level of treatment needed. If you are going to incinerate it finally, like if you are using it as an industrial fuel you do not have to reduce pathogens to zero level right, but instead if you want to use it for agriculture then you have to ensure that the pathogens reach zero. Similarly, it brings in automatic quality control say the reuse product is used as a compost in farms and the farmers find that they are not getting benefit as projected or as desired. Then they then the demand will automatically drop and that will ensure that you improve the quality of your treatment plan or quality of treatment and plus it will generate some revenue for the municipality. Again a rosy picture it may not actually do so, but there is at least an opportunity to generate revenue. Possible alternatives suitable for Kerala or suitable for Alapura include soil and richer fuel pellets and building material. Building material in a sense that you can mix it with something like when you are baking bricks you mix it with the mud and when you put the bricks in kin all the this organic matter will also get burnt that will effectively reduce the weight of the bricks and reduce load on the structure itself ok. And, but as we discussed earlier as Sardar discussed earlier that to decide on treatment technology or treatment capacity needed you need to know what are the characteristics of FS that you are empty and which vary from town to town depending on many many factors and you also need to understand the quantum of FS in on in each type of OSS you need studies to characterize and quantify FS and second you for this to follow this design for service approach or design for reuse approach you need to have a study of assessment of what is in demand what end product will be in demand in the town. So, these are our recommendations finally, to financially sustain the service there are two ways of doing it and there are advantages of doing it and of course, the municipality can always choose to start with an on demand service where every time a tank is full they can call the municipality and the municipality can charge them then in there and over a period of time move to one schedule emptying second make it a tax based system ok. So, finally, conclusions what have we done through this study. So, what we have done is we have developed a methodology to understand the current status moving beyond survey information census information. Second we have demonstrated that census is not the reliable I mean census information on sanitation is not very reliable when it comes to planning at city and subsidy level at all India level it does not really matter whether you have 32 percent septic tank or 40 percent septic tank it would not really matter because you are making policies depending on that, but at ground you are actually planning in in much detail right. So, at town level or word level that planning is very sensitive to the type of information you have and therefore, at town level it is very important to have as accurate information as possible. Then this picture demonstrates the service chain of service chain in Alapura user interface almost everybody has or everybody has a toilet there is some practice of collection and emptying not as desired, but there is some service and there is no treatment and disposal recommended action points include that all we suggest that all onsite systems in the town should be septic tanks I mean whatever is built in future should be septic tanks and whatever exist other than septic tanks should be replaced gradually. Development maintain a database of all onsite systems provide scheduled emptying service through license service providers. We need further research to assess demand of end products, quantity and quantity characteristics of FSR needed and levy tax to recover operational expenditure over the emptying cycle. Thank you.