 Thank you Sally. First of all, it's an honor to be here today to talk to you and really I think we've heard about the criticality, the importance of really decarbonizing our society as a whole. And certainly as an automotive industry, as an automotive company, we certainly endorse that vision of decarbonization and this one that certainly General Motors has been doing certainly over the last decade and in fact Mary Barra, who's our CEO in fact is a member of the board here at Stanford and absolutely endorses and lives that vision. So what I wanted to do today was to give you a little taste of some of the things that are happening within the industry and within GM that is supporting that. And actually as Sally said as well is when we think of transportation, we think of the mobile transportation, but actually this industry again is a manufacturing industry. So I want to talk a little bit too about what's happening on the manufacturing side. But before we look to the president and the future, I just want to use this one slide and I use this to basically show what can be done because again you hear a lot of people say well we can't do this, there's always tremendous resistance to change and if you actually go back and look what happened with regard to noxious emissions and by that I'm talking about carbon monoxide, I'm talking about NOxS, I'm talking about hydrocarbons and certainly coming out of Europe, when I grew up in Europe, when you looked at the smog in the cities of Belfast and Dublin and London, I was there during that time and I saw that and now you look at how clean the environment is here, Europe and actually we're cleaning up the environment in China as well and in other countries around the world. And all of that happened and I would say really for the students here, when you start thinking about change, you think about change happening and it's a large organization, it's a large amount of people. But this change happened actually with a very small number of people because if you go back to 1970, Ed Cole actually ran General Motors, GM had 60% market share so they could really decide what was happening, they decided to do it, it would happen if it didn't, it didn't happen. He stood up in Congress in 1970 and said okay we will abide by the Clean Air Act that's being proposed but we need lead free fuel, we have to convert all of our engines, we need lead free fuel and we'll introduce a catalytic converter. In one year the government basically mandated lead free fuel. So again if we work together we can make that happen and we can make it happen quickly but in 1971 we basically converted all of our engines, we had lead free fuel introduced into the marketplace, Canada, North America and between 1974 when we introduced the catalytic converter to today, we've reduced the emissions by about 99.5%. Now think about that, if I was in my position at that time, I would say that would be impossible. I would say that it would be exorbitant from a cost perspective, I would say that you would change the whole utility of the car and I'd also say that you sure as heck wouldn't be burning fuel. We'll look at what happened and look at what had been achieved and also what I would say and what I'm very proud of is that the catalytic converter was actually developed within my lab, obviously I wasn't there then, but by a small group of researchers and that small group of researchers changed the world. Well today we now have similar challenges, not actually even I would say more demanding challenges because when we looked at the emissions, it was about the catalytic converter, it was about air fuel control, etc. Now we're looking at CO2, how can we get dramatic, dramatic reductions in CO2? How can we get dramatic reductions and improvements around safety? 33,000 people every year die on our roads, 50,000 in China, 100,000 in India. How do we prevent those? And the answer is we can and we need to go after them. What about congestion? All of the other features that we look about around transportation and what you're going to find and what you'll see here is we're in a transformation right now. Mary Barra will say that the next five years you will see more change than you saw in the last 50 years. I completely support that and give it all that we are doing in the research side and implementation. That is not a weak statement at all, that was a very very strong statement and again so we're in this transformation and next five to ten years is going to be absolutely astonishing. So again let me start talking about some of them. First of all if you actually want to read this in detail we do have a sustainability report that we put out each year. It's several hundred pages. I actually read it coming here on the plane and I would highly recommend that it'll tell you everything that we're working on, cradle to grave with respect to what we're doing from a sustainability perspective. So again go on the GM website, this is open to anyone and again you will find again that it's very very comprehensive. But let me give you a couple of examples and I want to start on the manufacturing side but a couple of examples. We have about 350 facilities around the world. We have about a quarter of a million people that work for General Motors and we sell in about 140 countries. So again we really touch everywhere in the world and can have an impact there. First of all land-free facilities, we are driving towards all of our facilities being land-free and we're currently at 90 for our manufacturing operations and 41 for our non-manufacturing operations and you can see again this is not just in North America but this is around the world. And we want to continue to drive to get all of our facilities to be land-free. EPA actually has as a partner of the year between 2013 from 2013, 14, 15, 16 and again this is their highest accolade that they can give again that's looking at energy management within corporations. So again we're very pleased with this. In fact 73 of our plants have the EPA energy star which is showing that they're getting a reduction in energy over a five-year period typically of 10 percent but clearly we really go after getting a lot more than that. But again we're getting recognized for reducing energy within our plants around the world. And we're also actually we're on the Dijon Sustainability Index. We've been named on that for the last two years. For that North American index actually we're the only automotive supplier that's on that index and is recognized on it. And again that's really a benchmark for corporate sustainability as well. So again this is this is about sustainability of what we do looking at social aspects, looking at economic aspects and of course looking at the environmental side. Let me talk about one of the plants Lansing Delta Township. It's one of our largest plants. It produces our large SUVs for Buick, for Cadillac, for Chevrolet. And again this actually has the EPA energy star certification which again is the first plant to receive this. It also has the lead gold certification. And while it's one thing about doing lead for an office facility or even a small manufacturing facility, this is a large facility making about 250,000 vehicles, 290,000 vehicles. So again when you think about actually the effort that goes in to actually make this and this was the first lead facility for actually the first in the world with respect to a automotive manufacturing plant. Something again we're very proud of and something that we're pushing more and more. Solar power installations. Again as we look at reducing energy, I'll talk about what we've achieved here over the over the last number of years. But solar power, we're using extensive solar power installations. Think of the plant, think of the opportunity for solar power within the plant. Remember these 350 facilities around the world. By the way if you have good ideas we'll try them out as well. So I heard some of those this morning that I'm looking forward to hearing. But again 22 facilities producing 48 megawatts of power and growing by the day. Wind power, we're using extensive use of wind power within our plants. Mexico you can see here we have about 34 megawatts. In Texas actually our Arlington plant where all of our large SUVs come out of Arlington. Again about half the energy is coming from solar power by 30 megawatts. And actually this is the example we can spend a whole lecture here talking about what do we do with batteries? What do we do with basically batteries after end of life within the vehicles? And what you're seeing here is one example that we have. This is our enterprise data warehouse that was built out in Milford. We have three of those in the world and again this is where all of our data is stored. And I think most of you know when you have a data warehouse they are energy hogs. This one got LEED certification by the way. It's the top 5% from an energy perspective of all data warehouses. And what you're seeing here is that actually we have we're using used volt batteries to store electricity both from solar and from wind to operate this facility. The great thing about these batteries when it's end of life for the vehicle they still have about 80% of the storage capacity remaining in those batteries. So there's a tremendous opportunity in the secondary market for these as we again ramp up with electrification. Bottom line again we talked about the whole vision around decarbonization of the auto industry and we firmly are going after that as general motors and pushing it again for the auto industry as a whole. By 2050 we want all of our 350 facilities, 59 countries around the world to be 100% renewable energy. And if you look at what we've achieved so far looking from 2005 to 15 we've taken about 43% of the CO2 out of looking at it from a CO2 per vehicle perspective. In fact we're producing a lot more vehicles now. We've produced about 9.9 million vehicles and from 1990 we've taken 60% of the CO2 out of our plants from again a CO2 per vehicle perspective. But again we're not finished and we need to keep pushing and pushing since again this is a high energy intensive industry when you look at it even from a manufacturing perspective and not from the from the mobile side. But clearly again we need to look cradle to gray for all of these as we look at CO2. So let me touch now on some of the key drivers for the mobile side of the business. Those 9.9 million vehicles, the 250 million vehicles that you see that are out there in the vehicle park today in North America. And you can talk, I can talk a lot about what you know basically what are all the key drivers and of course a lot of those drivers are conflicted. It's a highly regulated industry of course if you look at it from an emission and CO2 perspective 90% of all of our vehicles around the world are highly regulated today and rightfully so and we'll continue to be highly regulated and we'll continue to push again to improve those vehicles both from an emission standpoint and again from an environmental standpoint. Technology is exploding and technology capability and I'll talk a little bit about that. We got to look at the economics of all of this. You know you can't just add technology to vehicles. It's the second biggest purchase people have today. When you look at 140 countries, if we're going to solve the CO2 problem, it's not with high cost solutions. We have to find solutions again that we can scale across all of those countries. Urbanization is impacting us significantly. I'll talk a little bit more about that and then energy. Of course we need diversity in our supply. We need low carbon energy and again that's something again is that the forefront of our business because whatever happens in the energy side has a huge impact of course to us. The regulatory requirements again I could go into a lot of detail on these but I'll just the simple chart is we're driving again we have a fuel economy requirement for our fleet of vehicles of 54 and a half miles per gallon for 2025. That's 58th in Europe for 2020 and again these are not the end game but these are gates that we go through and continue to improve and actually the most range of one from my perspective is the 56 that you see in China for 2020 primarily because we have a high percentage of diesel in Europe supporting the 58th and of course virtually no diesel in China so again significant challenges and challenges that the industry will drive for and again surpass as we go through these these time periods as well. The other big one that's changing us actually and I'll be talking about this is you know customer expectations around their digital life. Everyone now has a digital life and our newer generations are completely connected to the internet. People want to bring that digital life into their vehicle. They want to expand that digital life and again that's going to have an impact on everything including energy and I'll talk about that in a little bit of detail. Connected living if you look at connected living these are these are the megatrends that we're watching very closely and how it impacts us. Seven billion cellular subscriptions more than the number of people on earth didn't you know to put it into perspective. Three billion uses of the internet. I think there's about a hundred hours uploaded of movies basically onto the internet every minute and my two daughters can attest to that. Facebook 1.4 billion active users. Ninety percent of the world's data has been created in the last two years. Think about that 90 percent in the last two years and again a significant amount of data is being generated with our vehicle fleets. I'm going to talk about that in a little bit detail. Urban mobility you know we surpass 50 percent of the population living in urban settings and that's continuing to grow as we move forward we're seeing the growth of mega cities and of hyper cities. How do we move people within those dense populations again significant impact to our business. Global youth again very different mindset a mindset that's moving away from ownership to access as long as we can have access to transportation that's what we're looking for access to mobility. Again changing our business significantly but don't forget the aging one side with the millennials the other side with the aging population it's growing in a lot of the countries and again it's not aging is not what it used to be people are active they want to have freedom of transportation as long as they live and how do we make sure that happens. So let me talk about some of the megatrends that we have that are driving and supporting those societal megatrends. First of all it's all about efficiency. Efficiency of the propulsion systems efficiency of the vehicle. I'll talk about the mixed material strategy for the vehicle but the one thing's for sure we are going to have conventional gasoline engines or liquid fueled engines and transmissions for a very long time. We'll electrify those some of them will electrify heavily and then we'll have all electrified vehicles as well but for those of you working on biofuels or liquid fuels we have to decarbonize the liquid fuels because they're going to be there for a long long time. We're doing a lot to improve the efficiency of those downsizing you're seeing what you know virtually most engines now go into turbocharged and downsizing I'll show that a little bit as we move forward. Variable valve trains again a lot of sophistication a lot of technology being put into much smaller engines to make them much more efficient. Multi-speed transmission 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 speed automatic CVTs DCTs etc. Stop start is really rolling out across the world why have an engine running when the vehicle is stopped and then ESS does light electrification the order of maybe 15 kilowatts so you hear about heavily electrified vehicles but light electrification will have a significant impact as we look at CO2 as we look again at those 140 countries that you sell in across the world. Clearly full electrification of the vehicle plug in hybrids extended range electric vehicles and of course what you're seeing now with the bolt with the full electric and you're going to see more and more growth of electrification. Next year I would say by 2017 will have produced about half a million what I would call electrified vehicles those vehicles that are highly electrified plug-ins or full electric. The lightweighting strategy don't forget there's a lot we can do there and it's all around a mixed material strategy. First there's the fundamentals that you're sort of the efficient fundamentals really look at removing material where you can let you know lightweighting where you can right-sizing the vehicle look at a topology optimization and that's driving costs down and then you can add more and more premium materials to try to control the cost because again you want to put this out in scale you just don't want it in your luxury vehicles and here you'll see some of the lightweight material innovations that are in products today. Bottom here is probably I would say in the more premium vehicles but at the top again the DNA has changed to press hard and steel so again a lot of work has gone on in steel aluminum magnesium and also carbon fiber but it's not going to be a one material solution it's a mixed material solution so as much of an issue as the material is how do you join those materials how do I join carbon fiber to steel how do I join aluminum to steel or to magnesium those are all the challenges we're going to have. Let me talk about one of our new vehicles top-of-the-line Cadillac CT6 you know again it has got every technology in it again it's the luxury vehicle getting 37 miles per gallon this is a plug-in hybrid vehicle and it's top-of-the-line luxury so again 37 miles per gallon you'll see basically that it again it has an all-new two motor electric drive on the rear and on the front basically a conventional engine a 3-liter engine on the front lots of luxury features and what you'll see is again the plug-in hybrid and aluminum-tensive architecture in fact it's using about 11 different materials to really drive the mass down and we've taken about 300 pounds out of this compared to what would have been an all-steel design but it's okay to do it for the CT6 how do you scale that to across your fleet the Malibu 47 miles per gallon on the new model or sort of new Malibu hybrid electric vehicle and by the way this is the vehicle it needs to get to 55 so when you think about 55 miles per gallon this is a type of vehicle it needs to be there as we talk about what we need to do for 2025 we're at 47 again all electric up to 55 miles per hour and again what you're seeing it is a hyper full hybrid electric vehicle with a lot of light weighting done again through different materials that were added so again it's very much you'll hear people talking about this mixed material strategy put the right material in the right place to do the right function the volt we're now on a second generation volt just introduced 53 miles all electric and again 500 miles basically full capability with the engine and then of course the bolt we brought the bolt out 238 miles range on the bolt going to production as we speak and again so this is this is going to have a significant impact I believe as a game changer as we think about electrification $30,000 vehicle with 240 miles all electric range lots of complexity as we look at the battery systems on this as we look at the power electronics as we look at the motors etc and it is all about the batteries what is happening with battery technology tremendous amount of research ongoing we're now scaling up batteries and really it's all about how do we get to about 400 watt hours per kilogram the volt was about 140 the bolt is probably about 250 and we got to get to 400 that's what I'm putting all my effort on get to there and above and to do it very cost effectively as you can see DOE target around a hundred dollars per kilowatt hour it's doable we have to do it but think about where you have a volt at 140 versus 400 the opportunities are endless much more range or much smaller size much smaller or lower cost lots of technology being developed rightfully so we got to continue doing that from a research perspective my lab I have people in China I've got people in North America I have identical facilities in both locations putting every effort into developing the battery technology for the future I'll finish with as we talk about cradle to grave on the vehicle or this part of it there's a very good this is a report put out by Argon but it was done by a number of companies it was done with US Drive so it was with DOE it was NREL it was EPRI a number of the fuel companies number of the OEMs this is a very extensive report that looks kid or cradle to grave looks at all of the fuels looks at what we can do as we really want to reduce CO2 in in the fleet so I'd highly encourage you to take a look at that and then I want to talk about another area which doesn't impact us directly but is impacted from an energy perspective but is really driving the industry significantly and that's connectivity of the of the vehicles back in 96 we actually introduced on-star we got about 12 million new users I think we've had about 1.2 billion interactions with the users as we introduced it but we've connected the vehicle now more recently we've added 4G and so significant 4G capability across we got about three and a half million units out there already with with the hotspot capability so now we have this big pipe that we have going back to the cloud going back to the internet what can you use it for we've introduced basically Android Auto and Apple CarPlay across across many of our products this year 2016 we've also done prognostics won't dwell on this but I'm very proud of it because my team worked on this and developed it and rather than having diagnostics on the vehicle would not be nicer to be able to predict the future we are now we now have vehicles in production that will contact you if your battery is going to die in the next month if your starter is going to break in the next month if your fuel system is going to break in the next month so you'll never be stranded you'll know ahead of time and so this is about prognostics you're going to see more and more of that and it's all about data that's all about analytics also you're going to see the merger of vehicle intelligence with connectivity and it's all driving towards cars that don't crash I mentioned the 33,000 units or 33,000 people that die every year a lot of that can be prevented most of those fatalities can be prevented and that's what we have to go after as well vehicles that don't crash vehicles that drive themselves this is a roadmap that shows where we're going from driver alerts to emergency intervention you're seeing those in vehicles today to limited on-demand driving in the highway etc which we're doing with supercruise introducing to again full autonomous operation super cruise is limited autonomous automated driving on the highway we're introducing this as we well shortly I would say the next months on the CT6 so again this this will give people the capability of going hands-free you still have to be alert you still got to be watching but again on the left hand side you'll see the active safety you'll see what we have on our vehicles today like vehicles today have about a hundred million lines of code there's about 70 80 90 you know ECU's on the vehicle now we've got on production today we got six radars we've got ultrasonic sensors we've got cameras etc and that's just going up exponentially as we go to supercruise and beyond next year we'll introduce V2V communications dedicated short-range communications this is a single technology that's going to save many many lives but we got to be able to scale it up we're working with the government on that and then finally what I see the whole transformation occur is as you think about not any of these in isolation but if I think about shared first of all the shared economy I think about the connected economy and then I think about the enablers of electrified and autonomous connectivity again people are not connected to their vehicle so we've connected them to their digital eyes we have carplay Android and we're also looking at transportation as a service so again it's back to having access it's back to having a service and this shared transportation is growing and growing dramatically you've seen the growth of Uber we've invested in Lyft it's growing dramatically here in North America we have Maven which is our brand we're today in fact this has now been introduced in California where again you can now go and get access to vehicles you can get an express drive that just takes you to the airport you can get a vehicle for several hours several days and again this is the Maven brand we're working with Lyft as well in supporting Lyft and ultimately going to an on-demand transportation system that ultimately will be fully automated so this is transforming the industry and it's the connectivity of all four of these it's about connected it's a bit electric it's about shared it's about autonomous some of you may be aware of the acquisition we had of cruise some of you may have seen our vehicles here we currently have the autonomous vehicles driving here in San Francisco we're continuing to develop those and really the first application of these these vehicles will be with the likes of Lyft with the likes of Uber with Maven where again that now you have these robo-type taxis operating in geofenced areas ultimately we want to take that and scale it so that we will have those vehicles available for personal transportation that people can buy and put in their garage and drive anywhere that's ultimately the vision for the future so I'll end by saying that we're if you look at what's happening here we're spanning everything from personal ownership to really the on-demand multimodal transportation systems so you're seeing these new systems being developed you're seeing them being implemented and it's happening very very rapidly and why do I say that that this can impact energy because now when you think if I have automated systems how does that impact congestion can I reduce or eliminate congestion what about parking when you look at a lot of those hyper cities today mega cities and hyper cities most of the fuel is actually driving around looking for parking now with this on-demand connected transportation system then the whole vision for the future is very very different but I would say that it requires all of us working together in the past it was the automakers introducing technology now this is a huge ecosystem we have to look at local government state government we have to look at the NGOs we have to look at the insurance companies we have to look at the intelligent transportation systems that we can put out there it's a huge ecosystem that has to work together because the enabling technologies are happening and happening rapidly now we got to create the right vision for transportation for the future to make sure that we take full advantage of these enabling technologies so with that I'll end and be happy to answer any questions hi my name is Ronnie Bargada I'm the CEO of Genesis LLC a local company here in Silicon Valley we developed a solar amplifier in conjunction with a photovoltaic cell that reduces or eliminates lithium ion batteries for stationary applications our first beta site is in Africa it's part of the big electrification program my question to you is does General Motors consider solar amplification technology as viable for mobile applications we're certainly open to any of the technologies and you know certainly we see solar as becoming more and more dominant we're looking obviously I talked about solar and what we're doing with our plants and we're looking at potential operation on the vehicle as well now that we have the highly electrified vehicles there's different opportunities that we're going after so what I would say is we have I have a facility here in Silicon Valley Frankie James or Frankie James is the director and the function we have here is going out and talking to people like you so please see me afterwards and I will give you my card and connect you with the team here but certainly we are we're looking for every opportunity to improve the efficiency of the vehicles and I would say the one thing I would say if you go back four or five years ago let's go back pre bankruptcy because that was not a nice time but but you had the companies were resistant to change what you're going to find out the companies are not resistant to change what I tell people is the ideas that you were afraid to talk to me about please talk to me about because that's what I want to be working on I spent a lot of my time here in Silicon Valley we have a facility here and a lot of that is going out to Skype these type of ideas hi trip out of energy new with the more complicated vehicles of the future how will today's vehicle recycling infrastructure deal with it when we start seeing lithium ion batteries going into auto shredders yeah very good point and there's a lot of legislation around recycling and if you look at this with CO2 perspective in fact if you go into the Argonne's your study you'll actually see how much of you know when we look at the CO2 footprint of the vehicle how much of it is manufacturing the recycling etc it has to be done there you're seeing you know you have legislation in Europe today about recycling you will see legislation more legislation here so this is a huge issue and it's a nintical part of the business you have to have solutions you know we are in our infancy with lithium ion of course but we are working diligently to look at what will we do with respect to recycling it because we haven't had the quantity of that we will have 10 years from now 15 years from now so big deal we're working hard on it and that's why first of all the secondary use makes a lot of sense getting more value out of it but we still have to look at the recycling because it's pretty limited today what it's used for since it's been used in the construction industry etc but I think no one's ever really looked at it seriously from a scalability perspective of what what it is now not as a problem but an opportunity you give some numbers for the fuel efficiency standards that you project for new cars but if you look at 2050 does anybody know what the requirement is for the average not the new cars but the average fuel efficiency that's needed to reduce the the fuel the greenhouse gases to a level that's compatible with all the other use users well I think a good indication of that is the Zev mandate that we have here in California and if you look at what we're looking you know we're looking to reduce 80% CO2 by 2050 the calculations would show that certainly by 2025 we would have to be putting out a significant portion of new vehicles probably about one in seven of our new vehicles would have to be either a Zev or a P half right so highly electrified here in California by 2050 the fleet of vehicles not the new vehicles but the fleet of vehicles running in 2050 87% of those would have to be Zevs to be able to meet that that standard so the one thing that and again you'll see it in the argon report but one thing you can look at you can look up what we can do from a light weight in an arrow etc and you know we can get certainly we can improve CO2 but if we're going after the 80% we have to go after the decarbonization of the fuel that's that's critical to us and the good thing is you know the thing I like about electric vehicles is as we green the grid the electric vehicle has a lower and lower carbon footprint even after it's been introduced so typically you don't see that with the vehicle because you don't see it with the liquid fuels but we got to be looking again cradle to grave but certainly those standards are very obviously very very aggressive but as I said at the start what I looked at what we went after basically with noxious emissions you know we have to work together collaborative or collaboratively to actually make it happen because one of the things that frustrates me is when I look at noxious emissions the the OEMs fought the government every step of the way and yet they made it every time so there'd be a new standard and you stand in and everyone's well we can't meet that but we can't meet that well we did and we did and we did so you're always seen as part of the problem I think you should be part of the solution we got to work together on this we have to make this happen and you're seeing within the end industry I'm certain I can say for GM a very strong commitment to make this happen but as I say 87% of the fleet to be ZEVs in 2050 is a very very tall order so we got to work hard to see what what other alternatives there are to thanks a lot for the talk so I'm curious why you believe that we're going to be needing gas and other liquid fuels for a long long time when you were also talking about vehicle electrification and from the estimates that I've heard electric vehicles should reach cost parity with internal combustion engines by 2022 yeah I think I think what you know certainly what you're seeing with liquid fueled engines again think about it we're selling them across the world we're selling them in 140 countries so CO2 is not a national problem it's a global problem and so certainly we're doing everything to drive down batteries but now you look at you know people who are towing people are looking at larger vehicles so it depends on the utility vehicle if it's if it's driving an urban setting it may be very suited to a electric vehicle all electric certainly the technology is getting better and better we're also developing fuel cells which I didn't talk about the fuel cells again and as Sally talked about fuel cells give us the opportunity of going into the larger vehicles whether it's small buses etc etc so so there's no it's not to me it's going to be a strategy for quite a while you're going to have a portfolio of solutions you know people these these investments are billions of dollars whenever whenever you do new engine programs etc so there's an installed base out there that we can continue to improve upon but at the same time develop the alternatives and as the alternatives get better and then they're economically viable the end of the day the customer then decides and that's that's where you want it to be I would say back 14 years ago I was arguing basically about fuel cells because everyone said fuel cells was the answer and the answer is no it's a diversified portfolio that fuel cell was part of the answer so we got to be very careful that we don't sort of say hey there's one solution we need to be developing alternative solutions and ultimately the market the consumer the regulations in place will probably drive us towards one versus another of those solutions but again what we see is you know if you think about today liquid engines gasoline engines have break if I look at their efficiency they're probably running in the 30 percent range you know we have opportunities to take that up dramatically into the mid 40s into the 50 percent range so again the liquid fuel engines still have an opportunity of improving dramatically and we got to be investing in that we got to be investing in electrification we got to be invested in hydrogen and then we got to look at how do we scale that both in the North America's the the China's the Japan's the Europe's of the world and then also the developing nations as well okay I'm gonna take the last question so so going back to what Laurence to be honest said earlier that you know cop 21 sort of was a tipping point in the views amongst world leaders that this is a you know climate change is something we have to address that it was possible that we could all make the contributions that were consistent with our you know own vision of success and so forth and as I listen to you and I think about the auto industry and you know as a as a citizen here in this country I mean I would say it's fair to say that the American auto industry was not viewed as terribly innovative and that they were resistant to change and but I listen to you and that's a completely different picture like what happened what how did you get how did you go from there to where you are today was it technology was it a leader was it a belief system what was it I think I think it's a combination of things but I think again if you look at what the industry has done and not really got the appreciation for and again I talked about the noxious emissions and no one really understood that if you said to people how much of the missions do you take out of a vehicle no one would say 99 some people might say 50 60 if you look at what's happened from a safety perspective you know we have been leading in certain GM has led in safety for you know from the 50s and you look at the technologies that have been introduced with airbags etc etc there has been a huge amount of technology developed and introduced and not recognized and that's what I'm saying I think that it's to me it's a case of we understand what has to be done and we need to look out far enough into the future to go after those grand challenges and figure out how to do them but we have to do them in an economical way right because at the end of the day if it's not you're out of business we haven't fixed the problem so I think it's a combination of a number of things I think you have you know again you were looking at a North American market we now look very much at a global market certainly I know within our company we've put much more focus as well with the customer understanding what the customer wants needs what their aspirations are and how do we meet those because also then the day the customer buys the vehicle we can put a vehicle out there and if the customer doesn't buy it it doesn't help so I think it's a it's a combination but I think when you look at what we've done even within you know the the energy savings within the plants has saved money and that's the best way to get energy savings is actually to be able to do it and benefit from it so I think more and more people are looking much more holistically at this and what we need to do and go after those challenges well thank you and I really did appreciate you spending a little bit of time talking about manufacturing because when we invited you I was thinking you were going to talk about the second part but but I'm delighted that you know you point out that this is a very you know energy intensive industry materials intensive industry and that you guys are working so hard on that site too is really encouraging so thank you very much for a fabulous talk thank you