 mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs, are being widely investigated in lab and clinical trials for multiple disease states due to their differentiation, trophic and immunomodulatory characteristics. However, engraftment efficiency is generally low and transient, and delivery methods should be tailored to the lesion and mechanism of action of MSCs. Intraterial delivery enhances engraftment efficiency by avoiding first pass accumulation in the lung. Targeting methodologies are being developed to improve engraftment and extend therapeutic results, reducing the effective dose of MSCs. This article was authored by Thomas J. King, Paul Lynn, Arnold I. Kaplan and others.