 my self-professor, SP Mankani, assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur. So, today we are going to discuss the basics of steam formation. At the end of this lecture, students will be able to understand the basic principle of steam formation. Also, the various term related to steam formation. So, here in this particularly, I have shown as the piston and cylinder arrangement, which is having double as the weight we have kept it. On this particularly, the volume of this, the ice section, it is at a 0 degree centigrade. So, here the heating process from the right with the start, it is up to this end. The conversion of this steam in this ice into a superheated steam, this process will be continued. Only the term I am going to use in this one as the addition of heat energy. So, here the ice is going to be converted into an water. So, in between the stage also, we are going to be explaining in the next graphically, the next slide. So, here in this stage, the water as well as the steam conversion is going to be taken place. And in this particularly, it is at a dry saturated steam, it is at a dry saturated steam. So, when it comes to the last stage, so it is going to be represented as a superheated steam. It is nothing but, it does not have any the moisture contained in the steam. So, in general cases in your house also, whenever you are going to prepare the food, that time of the steam is also going to be coming out from the vegetable preparation. So, that steam is a normal steam which contains the moisture. And this steam is a superheated steam and required in the huge quantity. So, here in this particularly, all the related terms you are expected to remember it. The saturation temperature, temperature of superheated steam and the volume of this water, the volume of dry saturated steam and the volume of superheated steam. So, here Vg minus Vf is represented in this one and this is totally, this totally are going to be considering it as the term Vg. And here in this particular as a superheated steam. The detail you are going with the next slide. So, here in this case, previously I have shown the actual the content of water inside the piston and cylinder arrangement. Piston and cylinder arrangement are represented only with the intention of maintaining with a constant weight as well as the volume. So, here coming to this graphically representation, we are going to make it. Here in this, the temperature you have taken it on the y-axis and in the x-axis we are going to be considering it as a heat supplied. So, when the supply of heat is going to be taken place during the solid stage of water. So, here in this particularly graph right from the solid stage, the conversion is going to be up to the gaseous stage. So, in between that one there is a water content and here it is there as a solid state. So, here addition of heat energy are going to making it and from the point A to B. This graph, the addition of heat energy is going to be representing here. So, here this particular temperature is going to be sensed by the thermometer, the change in the temperature. So, that is the reason we are going to be representing here as from A to B. So, when it comes to B to this particularly as a C point. So, here the solid stage is going to be converted into partially liquid as well as partially solid phase. So, here this particular we are going to be calling this as a latent heat. The latent word is nothing but the term as hidden. So, this is latent heat of fusion, we are given the representation here as latent heat of fusion. So, here it is solid as well as liquid stage and this temperature changes in the temperature is not going to be sensed by the thermometer that is the reason we are going to call this as a latent heat of fusion. The term when the 100 percent of this particularly solid of ice is going to be converted into water. So, from that particular point the word we are going to be using it as a sensible heat. Sensible heat nothing but it is going to be sensed by the thermometer. The addition of the heat is continuous from the right from the beginning up to the end, right from the beginning up to the end. Here it is a minus 10 degree centigrade and when it comes to the 0 degree centigrade it is in the combined stage of solid as well as liquid. And from here to the 0 degree centigrade up to 100 degree centigrade this is in the liquid phase. This is in the liquid phase it is in the water condition. So, here the temperature changes from 0 degree centigrade up to 100 degree centigrade. We are going to be identified the steps of changes in the temperature with the thermometer. So, that is the reason we are going to be calling it as a sensible heat means it is going to be sensed by the thermometer. So, when it comes to this particularly the point d point when water reaches to the d point. So, here the water is going to be converted partially into an vapor stage partially into an vapor stage. So, now it is the combination of liquid as well as a vapor stage. It is a combination of liquid as well as a vapor stage. So, here also this we are going to be calling it as a latent heat of vaporization. Latent heat of vaporization is nothing but the temperature changes in this particularly the d to e phase is not going to be sensed by the thermometer it is at a 100 degree centigrade. So, the water whatever you have taken it is in the normal condition here as a one atmospheric pressure. We have taken it in the one atmospheric pressure. Now, when they are coming to this particular part the pressure is also going to be a place major role in the next slide we are going to discuss that part. So, here from this particularly d up to this e point it is in the liquid as well as in the vapor phase and that we are going to be calling it as a sensitive this is latent heat of vaporization. This particular portion is latent heat of vaporization. So, when it the point reaches to the point this one as the water reaches this particularly point as a e point. So, from here it is going to be converted into a gaseous stage that is called as a superheated stage and this we are going to be calling it as superheating is going to start from this particular point. So, just note one point here as so this particular point and this point is very important in the next graphical discussion of the steam is concerned. So, here in this particularly the phase we are going to call it as a heat of superheat. This is a superheat our requirement of this particularly the total process of conversion water into a steam is the conversion into a superheated stage this particular part. So, next step we are going with the different terms the same graph representation is there in the next step with the some more details the some more details. So, this is the temperature line in the y axis and this is enthalpy in the x axis. The term whatever we are going to be considering previously the continuation I have given it and nothing more than that major difference in this graph. So, you are we are going to continue the same graph with the some more additional terms. So, this is a b c d e of the same graph you are taken in previous graph and here I represented this is solid stage and this is solid as well as liquid stage and here in this particularly the complete water means it is in the liquid phase and here it is a liquid as well as a gaseous phase and once it crosses the point e point the this particularly we are going to be calling this as the superheated stage. So, so now coming to this one as the term as h is equal to C p d t h is equal to C p d t the term we are going to use it as C p d t d t temperature from 0 degree centigrade to saturation temperature you are taken we are going to get the enthalpy of that one here it is enthalpy of ice and latent heat of ice and this is enthalpy of fluid and enthalpy of vaporization liquid as well as fluid F g are represented here enthalpy the suffix representing the status of that particularly position this is a enthalpy line ok. So, coming to this one these are the three terms we are going to use it as C p w C p s C p a ice. So, this particularly we are going to remember this terms as the specific heat of water specific heat of steam specific heat of ice these terms we are expected to remember during the numerical solutions ok. Heat of super heat is nothing but C p d t d t now we are going to be considering it as T super heat minus T saturation for this particular position is concerned. So, in continuation with this one the next I represented here. So, let me know what exactly this a b c d it is representing in this particular graph what exactly representing this a b c d graph see I have taken this one from the previous graph only with the additional as the important part of our further discussion is a b c d graph that is the reason just I have taken it separate and this b c representing it as the liquid as well as the gaseous stage. So, the notations are given with this particularly here also the changes and the b is this point and this is the particular as this particularly water stage. And this continuation we are going to study in the next part of our lecture as detail discussion about the graphs. Thank you.