 We will continue talking about sounds. So far, we have looked at consonants and vowels and then we were looking at places of articulations of different vowels and different consonants and manners of articulations of different consonants and different vowels. Then, looking at manners of articulations of vowels, we have seen that there are only two ways that we look at it, particularly the ones that I have shown you so far. They could either be a short vowel and a long counterpart of that, where short and long are relative of their production. According to places of articulations, vowels are either back vowel, mid vowel or front vowel. Again, this back, mid and front is this sort of organization is on the basis of the direction of flow of air, which is either, which is exhaling air that this is why we have back, mid and front. Then, we carefully started looking at some of these places, where we have seen five different places of articulations so far namely, velum from where we get velar sounds, pallet from where we get palatal sounds, teeth we get dental sound and lips we get bilabial sounds. Looking at this chart, once again on the vertical axis, we have places of articulations that I just mentioned to you and then, we saw that merely place of articulation, merely identifying place of articulation is not enough for understanding of sounds, because from each place of articulation we see various different sounds. And then, we have to have more things to describe these sounds and then, once we look at this, once we look at two more features such as aspiration which is little bit extra flow of air and voicing which means vibration in vocal chord by putting these two things together, we are able to get unique features for each sound that you have seen so far. And these many of these sounds are common to many languages some of them are a specific to languages spoken in south asia, I am going to show you some of some such sounds. However, there is one more point which is important to mention here that these are not only few places of articulations in this picture, there could be more. For example, when we when we look at sounds like ta, ta has a specific place of articulation, ta is significantly different from ta, can you hear the difference between the two when I say ta and ta, there is a significant difference between the two. The place of articulation for ta is teeth where tip of the tongue goes very close or in between two teeth that are upper teeth and lower teeth and then we get these sounds. However, the place of articulation for ta is different from teeth which is what alveolar age. So, again looking at this picture teeth these are these are our teeth. See this and I want to draw your attention here beginning from here this the sharp part of teeth all the way to this this is alveolar age. So, what would that be in in generic term in general language what would that be how would how can we describe alveolar age in a simpler way because if I tell you alveolar age right right away this does not make much sense it makes sense only when you know the term and when you know the place. So, if you have to explain alveolar age to somebody what will you do? Roof of the mouth has many things in it like like palette is also roof of the mouth. So, it is more specific that is that is nice term roof of the mouth but more specifically how will you describe that? So, it should not be difficult right roof adjoining teeth good. So, the muscular area where upper teeth are in fixed can we say that that is the alveolar age and in that area as well it is the upper part upper area is what we know as alveolar age there is a reason why I am talking about that and I bring you to that point in a moment. So, it is clear alveolar age is the place of articulation then what happens if we want to look at movement of tongue what else is going on with that when we get sound like ta say it for yourself ta because all of us being speakers of our languages that is languages spoken in south asia we can say these sounds several other like speakers of arabic or english may not be able to say these this sound why we will we will look at that but can you tell me about the position of lip position of tongue in that alveolar age sound and that those sounds which come from alveolar age are called retro flex sounds I have talked about wheeler palatal dental and labial so far did not tell you about retro flex this is why I was holding them for this moment. So what what is happening with the tongue bending backwards can you can many of you say this ta ta see this thing can you give me some words where you see this sound ta no I come back to tenets in a minute no no so is this the spelling of tenets or the spelling of tenets or my point is I am glad you gave these examples I was going to give you these examples right away when you are talking about these sounds they are not sounds from alveolar age however when we say by we I mean speakers of south asian languages we do make it sound like them ok what do I mean by this difference by when when when I say I am talking about we make it sound like them I am going to tell you in a moment but that these are not the sounds from that part or or the better way to put it is when speakers of English say these things then in that case these sounds are not from alveolar age and I am going to tell you about that place of articulation also in a moment we are talking about sounds ta ta right so give us some more words where you find that I can give you a clue give me a word from our languages tomato tomato means ok more have you had a word called tum tum yes no some of you tum tum is a horse carriage have you seen a horse carriage where did you see that movies not in real life not yet see how far we have moved ok so tum tum is a horse carriage that is a word for tum tum tum is a word for horse carriage more more words with ta ta have you had a word called thug cheat thug have you had a word called danda danda no danda no that is danda danda stick these are the sounds ta in tomato ta in thug and da in danda have you seen have you heard a word called dhakan tap and dhakan is also metaphorically used for stupid have you have you heard this word right there are lots of words in abundance with these sounds in dervedial languages as well I I do not speak a dervedial language either telugu or tamil so I do not have a word for that but if you think about the sound that I am talking about and try to find a word from that in tamil telugu canada and malayalam there are lots of words lots of words with these sounds can can someone think about that and tell me some of the words from telugu or tamil or malayalam with retroflex sounds ta ta da or are you still thinking about it while you are thinking about it let me continue saying this is another live example of what we know as knowledge of language I am telling you and I I I know that for sure that all dervedial languages to be more generic all languages of south asian part of the world have these sounds in abundance when we say these sounds in abundance we mean lot of words with these sounds I gave you some of the words that I know now I am asking you for some of the words from these languages the languages that you speak the fact that you are you are not able to tell me those sound those words with those sounds does not mean you do not know them it is just that you know all all those words but you do not know that you know them what is the what is the last sound of the word called word tamil when I am saying am I saying it correct when I say tamil tamil see this thing so when I am saying it I am not saying it correct what is that sound that sound is also a retroflex sound which is not in this list but that is also a retroflex sound say it for yourself and then see if this is happening or not whether there may be a different place of articulation where the tongue is rolling back or not it is a retroflex sound see there there could be many more many more our languages are full of them that that is the point I am trying to make tongue curls back hits the flap that is alveolar ish and then comes back these are specific these that these are meaning these sounds are specific features of our languages in other words these sounds are not in languages which are spoken in other parts so anybody trying to learn our languages whose vocal tract is conditioned with the sounds of English or for that matter some other language are going to have difficulty with these sounds just like we have difficulty with some of the sounds of English namely this one the sound ta in tennis is not as ta we say let me let me say it let me say the same word twice and then see if I am making the difference or not tennis tennis tennis am I saying the first sound differently in when I am doing it twice what is the difference anyway any idea not necessarily you have to answer this question I know the answer to this flexing much meaning it is not bending much in fact that that is correct in fact when we say these sounds of English including the sound in table table the tongue is not supposed to roll back but our languages are full of such sounds and in our language we do not have this so what we say is what we are doing with therefore we end up saying table tennis tongue top however the way I am going to describe it first and then I will let you decide the place of articulation for these sounds the way they are supposed to be said or the way English speakers say these things is the following the tip of the tongue goes in between these two places look at this now see alveolar is here and upper teeth it stays somewhere in the middle here the tip of the tongue just stays somewhere there ta ta ta sometimes these descriptions are given like the following English ta is softer right you may have heard there are stereotypical descriptions of Dravidian languages the Dravidian languages are very hard have you heard this thing some of you must have heard this thing I hear this every time many other stereotypical descriptions of not just Dravidian languages many other languages as well what they really mean is Dravidian languages have lot of retroflex sounds which is lot of words with retroflex sounds for example if we are talking about non Dravidian languages that are Indo-Aryan languages namely Hindi, Oriya, Punjabi, Bengali you have only these five ta ta da da na and some more only few of them however just now I gave you one example of the last sound of the word Tamil that is another one in Tamil and there are more another Dravidian language Malayalam has few more of Dravidian sound few more of retroflex sounds compared to Tamil see the point therefore sometimes people say such things which sounds stereotypical and at times derogatory however the point is these languages have more retroflex sounds coming back to English English does not have any retroflex sound this is what people mean when they say ta English ta is softer the tongue is not supposed to roll back and is this place of articulation in your mind for English ta right so that so what is what do you think we are going to call that place take you back there again if the other place was alveolar ridge right and the previous one was teeth so somewhere in between alveolar ridge and teeth we have to find a place for that and that place is called either sometimes it is called alveolar simply alveolar so these sounds of English are called alveolar sounds okay there are more sounds in English specific to English which could be located in these whole vocal apparatus there are some sounds which are in our languages also and in English and Arabic as well which could be located in these vocal apparatus remember languages are going to share sounds right so it is not possible that we have some sounds and that is not in English I am telling you about retroflex sounds that these sounds are not there in English so this is part of the list which are not available in English but then there are lots of sounds which are there in English at the same time there are some sounds of English which are available in our languages too I am going to show you some of them as well is this place of articulation thing clear to everybody do you understand now when I said these things are not retroflex sounds clear I think sorry yeah so keep the keep the tip of the tongue this is not a training place where I can tell when I where I can help you with that but I can describe that and I can show you at least once keep the tip of the tongue near upper teeth that is upper part of the upper teeth that is the place of articulation for that when I say keep keep it there what I actually mean is speakers of English get their tip of the tongue there table tongue teeth top as opposed to top table tongue see that in the second ones what I am doing is it is getting rolled back now a word of caution here as a footnote if I end up saying or if you end up saying table not table table I want to know from you given this description so far is that our fault is that a deficiency if it is not why is it not deficiency conditioning is the key word when we were growing up we were growing up with these sounds with these languages we are not growing up with sounds these languages our generative apparatus that is in our human mind that apparatus got clicked with these sounds and simultaneously our vocal apparatus when we started speaking one word many words few words and full sentence and language during this process of five years or six years or seven years of age but conditioned with these the sounds that we have later on we add one more language to that where we found there are some sounds some of those sounds are different what we end up doing is we end up instead of no not instead we try hard and still the vocal tract does not get conditioned instead what happens is we find sounds that are very close to that therefore instead of saying table we end up saying table remember we do not say table right when we say table table we do not say table what I mean is it is not it does not become dental what it what it becomes is retroflex that is the only difference and it is not a deficiency because of conditioning and it is not a problem if I do not sound like English speakers that is not a problem that is because I am not supposed to be doing that it is like saying I do not look like someone what is the problem in that and these this conditioning trust me is like DNA once conditioned not going to change before conditioning gets matured or while it is in the process you can do anything with that by anything I mean you have to do you have to relocate the child in some other place then it gets gets conditioned perfectly fine but once it is done there is absolutely no way you can change it absolutely no way therefore one should not be at all bothered even about if someone points it out to you that is difficulties of English particularly in terms of pronunciation keep speaking the way you do it is not a problem for you you are not making any error it is not a problem get get get the point and I am saying this thing not because I want to be politically correct I would not repeat this thing again I am saying this thing after showing you the technical aspects of these things and this is the answer to these questions you may have heard about some training programs I see things written on roads come and learn English in 2 months and then I have also heard about some training programs where they where some schools give training where you start sounding like Americans there are some some schools of that type I do not know what they do there I do not know whether they have some vaccines or what what happens I really do not understand I am trust me I am not trying to be sarcastic about them but knowing what we know about language acquisition how conditioning works mechanism of sound production of any language and how we speak what we speak such things are not possible for 5 minutes I can also say that or or if at all you get some training for 5 minutes or if you have done good training maybe you can do it for 10 minutes but that is all about it it is called hyper correction that is all about it the moment you leave that thing you are going to come back to your normal normal self when I am talking about language that is study of language I am talking about spoken language in normal self okay so I could be saying this thing for you twice or maybe 4 times that this is not ta this is ta but trust me when I am speaking fluently either Hindi or English I may be saying the same thing ta as in table ta as in top see this thing can we move ahead now okay so that that is about one that is that is the story of retro flex sounds and it is little bit overlap with some of the sounds in English and the difference between retro flex sounds which come from alveolar rich and alveolar sounds which come from alveolar itself curling the tongue back backward and not curling the tongue tongue backward the differences are these get it alright rest of the sounds we have we have already discussed have we and you have seen how aspiration and voicing did we talk about this or not we talked about that aspiration and voicing are going to give unique feature to these sounds many of you know artificial languages right many of you have done courses in artificial languages what is the most unique feature of artificial language Java C plus more more unique if I say if I say binary does this make any difference to you the use of binary symbols in artificial language either those binary symbols could be either 01 or in terms of plus minus did this make sense no do you see the use of 01 in artificial languages well that is the problem most of the time what when you are doing these things now you are working with a compiler when those things are written they are artificial languages are primarily based on binary coding am I right 01 same thing could be with plus or minus one of that comes from the binary features of natural language how does a sound in natural language gets uniqueness it gets uniqueness only when you look at its binary classification if we are talking about only aspiration or only voicing we are not giving each sound distinctive features the distinctive features each of these sounds get only when we look at plus aspiration minus voicing you see this top things the this thing so 01 application of 01 in binary coding of artificial language is coming from here and important thing is to you need binary coding to give you uniqueness I do not know how artificial language is taught to you because to teach artificial languages you do not even need to talk about this thing but I am taking you somewhere else where are those things coming from the moment we say artificial language it has to be it has to do something with natural language one of the things that come to binary come to artificial language is from here all right okay with this we can move ahead we have looked at these places of articulations in details and these manners of articulations in details there is one more part which I want to talk to you one more types of sounds and they are fricative sounds okay let me show you some of the words and with those words we can talk about some of such sounds the sound sa in a word like subah or a sound sha in a word like sham do you see the difference between these two sha to sa and sha tongue is making this difference let us be more precise of what okay hold on first of all when we say sa sa the first one what is the place of articulation before we look at tongue sa place of articulation because these two things are important to decide any sound or to talk about any sound the first thing you need to look at is the place of articulation in the vocal apparatus is it located in the front or back front fine we are exactly in front that is not the place tip of the tongue is involved in that but where does the tip of the tongue go teeth does it sorry it stays it stays floating but towards which side teeth of the towards teeth these sounds first one is dental just for that and then tip of the tongue what does it do to that teeth does it go in between or does it touch it brush it right sa sa and then what is going on with the flow of air it comes and it is fast because of that fast flow more flow and tip of the tongue and teeth this sound is called dental fricative and dental fricative it is important particularly to know this because if we say this is a dental sound you have seen the dental row do you see them here do you see that here no no if it is a dental sound why is it not here remember I told you about this thing this was designed by Panini approximately 2500 years ago from now that is around 500 B.C. See it is a it is a great thing that this guy came of it it is not a mistake if this dental sound is not there in fact it is in my understanding of this thing it is more than perfect in the sense that is not talking about the manner of articulation which is close to what we say fricative here is putting them somewhere else it is a dental sound but it is somewhere else on the basis of its manner of articulation get this thing now wherever it is put the the chart is not important for us we are not learning alphabet writing system or anything chart is not important for us see the next one sham what is the place of articulation for that that is if lip sorry if tongue is involved you have seen so far most of the sounds that we have discussed tongue is involved in some way or the other everywhere right what is tongue doing to which place palette right palette and what what is it doing sure so this is a palatal sound then what is and again you see this is not in that list of palatal sounds right this is not in the list of palatal sounds so if this is a palatal sound what else is happening with tongue sure sure try little harder should not be very difficult say it again you type of shape so what correct me if I am describing what you are saying as you type the two side blades of tongue are touching palette and then that thus it is making a shape like this and the flow of air is through that so this sound is called palatal fricative palatal fricative there are there are couple of other names given to this type of sound which are not important for us right now get this thing that is sure and so so when these sounds are classified they are classified on a different basis the last one something like I do not know how to say that when we say word like Porush right somebody who speaks Hindi Punjabi or Marathi how do we say that which one is that when you are saying that there is one thing which I did not put here how many of you are familiar with the with Nagri writing system some of you so bear with me I will just take one example from there to indicate something so we I am talking about this kind of thing which is this am I right then we have this which is this which is the second one here and then I am talking about something like this right which is the third one third one is this right so this is a writing system this is a symbol for that sound get it symbol for that sound now when we say the word Porush right do not bring the picture of the word written word in your mind tell me how this word sounds to be more precise how the last sound Shah sounds it is extended order no no no do not tell me that what I am saying is you are right it is harder but are you able to say that or when I say Porush do I sound like this actually every time we say this sound by we I mean here speakers of non-Drividian languages that is speakers of Indo-Aryan languages particularly say when they want to say this they end up saying this one because this sound is almost clear lost in Indo-Aryan languages if we take example of Hindi or Marathi we are whenever we want to say this we actually end up saying this so in a spoken language this is almost lost however this has not gone from writing system which is another way of saying written language change very slow written language is change very slow or sometimes it does not need to there are it is just an example of a particular symbol which we write but we do not say and right now I am talking about spoken language and in a spoken language what has happened is this is lost this is what we have there is another interesting part as a footnote I can tell you in some languages in some languages namely Bangalore this also does not exist if they want to say this one they would end up saying this one now these are the things which help people make stereotypes but trust me these are not I mean in the in the lighter way in people can use these things for fun however these are not funny things in nature these are exclusively dependent on conditioning of vocal tract on other hand some languages does not have this one they only have this one for example languages is spoken in eastern UP or sorry not not not eastern UP and western Bihar or for that matter entire Bihar to all the way to Assam they do not have this one they have just this one so if a speaker of Hindi from Bihar would say Sam instead of Shyam and in that way they would say and that is not their fault either it is just that it is an output of conditioning okay if someone wants to say this thing Subha probably a Bangalore speaker would end up saying Shubha just listen to them carefully you will get these things and this is lost however this is not lost in the Dravidian languages this is intact in Dravidian languages because this is a retroflex sub retroflex sub sometimes ago probably this was available in Hindi also through Sanskrit now it is lost the Dravidian languages have not lost it because the Dravidian languages have more retroflex sounds so it is not too expensive quote and quote for them to retain this one however for Indo-Aryan languages it is too expensive to retain again expensive under quotes expensive simply means human mind works with economy there is a some there is a principle always under operation in human mind which is called principle of economy it does not like ridden densities it does not like complexity when we say human mind does not like complexity we actually mean it does not like ridden densities if there are only few words where you are going to find this sound retroflex Shah it is going to remove it and merge in favor of the existing one which is very close that is called economy of principle which is under operation by human mind so and this is an answer to the loss some we described this that something has lost right when we say Hindi or other other Indo-Aryan languages have lost it it is not that it slipped out of their pocket it is not that they were travelling and they forgot it somewhere it has disappeared what could be compelling motivation for that disappearance we are talking about language there has to be something compelling and compelling motivation for that loss is ongoing principle under operation principle of economy in human mind see this thing because of abundance of retroflex sounds abundance of retroflex sounds such loss is not visible in the remedial languages get it so these are the important things to keep in mind while we understand sounds and its structure alright one more sound and then we stop then we stop we have we often find a sound called fa right please read the words mentioned here I am going to have to spend few more minutes on this thing which we do which I do on Monday okay but I just want to introduce this to you when we say a word like full right and a word like fa like full do you hear the difference between the two full and full what is the difference you can you can see that difference lips touching both the lips touching in which one fa right that is because this is a bilabial sound both the lips must touch now the next one is the first one is fa where lips are not touching each other fa now this sound fa the first one is not in abundance in our languages and the second one fa where lips are touching is not available in English so when we learn a English word like full it is highly likely that many of us would end up saying full okay however these two words are completely different things because of the first sound of these two words are you with me see the you see the difference between the two sounds now what is the place of articulation we already know the place of articulation for fa in the word full or fa in the word full had these two words full and full we know the place of articulation of these two sounds what is the place of articulation of fa clearly both the lips are not touching so where is the place of articulation for that fa right upper teeth and lower lip so what do we call it and that is that is going to be another place of articulation another type of sound in this vocal apparatus right so upper teeth sorry lower teeth and lower lips and lower upper teeth so what is what will be the sound simple lips and teeth labio dental that is called labio dental I am sorry I should not have expected that term from you labio dental right and again what about the flow of air is it too much or like too much therefore it is classified as fricative fa is labio dental fricative see this thing now fa is not in not in abundance in our language there are there are few more which I discuss with you on Monday and then we will close this part on this part of discussion on sounds and then we go to the go to word formation processes where we see application of these things in words okay and possible constraints on word formation thank you.