 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian grammar. In this lecture we continue studying At Sandhi or Vavel Sandhi. We said that At Sandhi is classified broadly under two heads Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Dvisthanika Ekadesha currently we are studying Dvisthanika Ekadesha classification of At Sandhi. Ekasthanika Ekadesha meant one sthani and one adesha one substituent and one substitute and we studied two instances of this classification namely Yen Sandhi and Ayavaya Sandhi. We also studied the Sutras, we also studied the examples in detail and some other grammatical topics related to these two types of Sandhis. Now we are studying the second classification namely Dvisthanika Ekadesha where we have two sthanis and one adesha two substituents and one substitute. The Sutra which states this is Ekapurva Parayoh 6184 in which Ekaha is one slash one of Ekha namely one substitute. Purva Parayoh is 6 slash 2 of Purva Paray, Purva means previous Paray means latter. Purva Parayoh therefore meaning in place of previous and latter sound. Ekapurva Parayoh altogether means one substitute takes place in place of two sounds previous and latter. This is diagrammatically represented in this manner. You have A plus B so A and B are in close proximity Samhita where B comes immediately after A and A comes immediately before B. Now in place of A and B C is the substitute stated. So we have A and B both substituents and C one substitute. So we have A plus B as the input and any rule in the section between 6184 and 61112 applies and generates the output which is C. A plus B is the input C is the output. This was not the case in the Ekasthanika Ekadesha where A plus B was the input and A was substituted by C. In this second classification we have A plus B as the input and the output generated is C. We said that there are 5 instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha. First it is Guna Sandhi stated by the Sutra Adgunahan 6187. Second Vruddhi Sandhi stated by the Sutra Vruddhirachi 6188 onwards. Third there is Pararupa Sandhi. Engi Pararupam is the Sutra 6194 and some more Sutras thereafter. The next instance of Dvisthanika Ekadesha is Savarna Dirgha Sandhi and the Sutra that states this is Savarna Dirgha 61101 and the fifth instance of Dvisthanika Ekadesha is Purvarupa Sandhi stated by the Sutra Amipurvaha 61107 onwards. Amongst these five currently we are focused on the first instance namely Adgunahan. This is what we are studying right now and we continue studying this Guna Sandhi. This Guna Sandhi we studied that it is prescribed by this Sutra or stated by this Sutra 6187 Adgunahan and to recap the meaning of this Sutra is construed in the following manner. There are two words in the Sutra Ad and Gunahan. Ad is 5 slash 1 of a either short or long. So Ad means immediately after short a or long a Gunahan is 1 slash 1 of Guna meaning Guna substitute takes place. The words continued in this Sutra are achi 7 slash 1 of ach meaning a vowel and so achi means immediately before any vowel. Samhitaayam means in the close proximity. Ekaha is one substitute takes place Purvaparyoh in place of previous and latter sounds. All this put together the meaning of the Sutra is when in close proximity immediately after a short or long when comes any vowel in place of both of them Gunah substitute takes place. To show it in the form of an equation we can say that when you have a followed by achi which means achi coming immediately after a or a coming immediately before achi in place of both of them a and achi comes Gunah as the substitute. Similarly we can say that at the end of a Pada comes a and at the beginning of the next Pada comes achi and when both of these Padas are in close proximity in the Samhita mode then in place of this a and this achi the substitute Gunah takes place after the application of 6187. By the way Gunah is defined by Panini in 112 as Adaying Gunahan that is the Sutra. What it means is that in this Vyakarana of Panini in the Ashtadhyay the word Gunah stands for a, a and o three sounds they are termed as Gunah by the Sutra Adaying Gunahan 112. These are the examples that we noted down previously and we have seen the left-hand side examples. These are the prototypes and we looked at the individual specific examples of all these prototypes as well as the first one a plus o. Now in this lecture we shall study these prototype examples a plus ru and 6187 applies and r is the substitute, a plus ru is the input, 6187 applies and the output generated is r. A plus long ru is the input and the output generated is r. A plus long ru is the input and the output generated is r once again. Similarly, a plus ru is the input and the output generated is l and also a plus ru is the input and the output generated is l. These are the templates of the examples and now we shall study each one of them with individual specific examples hereafter. So, let us take first of all a plus ru as the input 6187 applies and the output generated is r. Here are the examples. So, we have Deva plus Rishi this is a compound Samasa. So, these two words are in Samhita mode. This is the a coming at the end of this powder and this is the ru coming at the beginning of this powder. So, a plus ru this is the case and now in place of both of them a and ru we will have the substitute R by the application of 6187. So, the generated output would be Dev, R and she when joined together we will get Deva Rishi. Deva Rishi the sage of gods. Now, if we take the example of two words in the sentence we have attra plus rachati a at the end of this powder ru at the beginning of this second powder and now 6187 applies and in place of both these a and ru we have R as the substitute. So, we have attra, R and chati and we get attrachati. Then we go to the next examples a plus ru is the input 6187 applies and R is the output generated. Once again we have a compound and we have maha plus rishi this is the stage of derivation we are in where we have a coming at the end of this word ru coming at the beginning of this word this is a samasa. So, they are obligatorily in the samhita mode and that is why we have a plus ru as the situation over here this is the environment. So, in accordance with 6187 in place of both these a as well as ru we have R as the substitute. So, we have maha, R and she when joined together we get maharishi that is the meaning the great stage that is the word and that is the meaning maharishi. Similarly, we have rama plus rachati where rama is a separate word and rachati is another separate word. Now, at the end of the first word we have long a at the end of the first word we have long a followed by ru at the beginning of the second word. So, 6187 applies and this a and ru they both are replaced by R. So, we have rama, rachati as the output. Next we have a followed by long ru and the output generated is R after the application of 6187. So, we have thava, thava followed by ru ka raha. So, a coming at the end of this pada ru long coming at the beginning of this pada in place of both of them we have R as the substitute. So, we have tau R and ka raha. So, we join this together and we get tau R ka raha after the application of 6187. Next we have a plus long ru and output generated is R. So, we have harina plus ru ka raha where you have a coming at the end of this pada and ru coming at the beginning of this pada. So, they are in the samhita mode and so, 6187 applies and the output generated is harin R ka raha, harin R ka raha. Then we have a plus loo as input and 6187 applies and al is the output. So, we have thava followed by loo ka raha, thava is a separate pada at the end of which appears short a, loo ka raha is a separate pada at the beginning of which appears loo. So, here 6187 applies and the output generated is thava al, thava al ka raha that is thava al ka raha and finally, we have a plus loo and the output generated is al after the application of 6187. So, we have harina plus loo ka raha where we have a followed by loo. These two padas are in the samhita mode and so, therefore, 6187 applies and in place of both this a and this loo comes a substitute which is al. So, we have harin al ka raha when we join these together we get harin al ka raha. Now, after we have studied the examples, let us also study the substitute selection criterion that is being used in this particular sandhi. Now, let us list down the substituents first. We have following substituents a whose place of articulation is kantha, e whose place of articulation is talu, u whose place of articulation are oshthau lips, ru whose place of articulation is more than and loo and loo whose place of articulation is dandha. If we look at the substitutes we have only 3. So, a is the substitute whose place of articulation is kantha, a is another substitute whose place of articulation are in the form of kantha and talu, o is another vowel whose place of articulation is kantha and oshthau. So, now we can select suppose we have a plus e so we have kantha plus talu in terms of the places of articulation of the substituents and so the substitute that comes very close to this set of substituents is a because a also has kantha and talu as the place of articulation. So, now we substitute a in place of a and e because of the matching of the place of articulation. Similarly, if we have a followed by u, a has place of articulation kantha, u has place of articulation oshthau. Now in place of both of them we have o as the substitute because its place of articulation is kanthoshthau which matches with the place of articulation of the substituents. Now what about o followed by ru and o followed by lu the place of articulation of o is kantha and the place of articulation of ru is murdhan the place of articulation of o is kantha and lu is dantha. So, if we have to perform guna sandhi what would be the closest substitute that would replace o and ru? This question needs to be answered. This is answered by Paanini in the sutra urand raparaha 1151 what this sutra means is the following uhu and an and raparaha are the three words that are present in this particular sutra uhu uhu an and raparaha uhu is the sixth one of ru which means in place of vowel ru. An is one one of an and stands for uhu and uhu here the pratyahara an is formed by an coming at the end of the first sutra. So, an stands for uhu and uhu raparaha is one slash one of rapar which means a sound after which appears the consonant ru. So, now the meaning of this particular sutra is the unsubstitute stated in place of ru appears with consonant ru added to it. I repeat the unsubstitute stated in place of ru appears with consonant ru added to it. So, we have ru as input and an as the output what it means is ru and the output is an plus ru. So, to explain it further ru is substituted by r where ru is added to uhu and uhu is part of an and ir where r is added to e which is part of an. Similarly, ur and r is added to uhu and uhu is part of an. So, now when we have a plus ru as the substituents a place of articulation is kantha, ru's place of place of articulation is murdhan and so now the substitute which is guna which is only uh a and o. So, in place of ru plus uh the substitute guna which will match the place of articulation of the substituents is nothing but r, ir and ur affected by ur and rapara, 1, 1, 51. What is the meaning of rapara over here? R, para that is the division of words. R, para means a sound after which appears the consonant r. Even though r is stated with the vowel over here the vowel r is for the sake of convenience and convenient comprehension otherwise this r stands for the consonant r. Now, this r is interpreted by the later Paninian grammatical tradition to mean the pratyahara r. How is this pratyahara formed when you take r sound as consonant in the fifth sutra, hyabaret as the beginning and then you have this r coming at the end of l. So, this r is also marked as it and then this consonant r is taken from this fifth sutra and these two are joined together and so you get the pratyahara r. What does it cover? What does it stand for? It stands for consonants r and l. So, rapara means literally a sound after which appears the consonant r as well as l. So now, urndapara means the unsubstitute stated in place of ru appears with consonant r and l added to it. So, un plus ru is substituted by r, ir and ur and l respectively. In case of lu when lu is the input and un is the output lu ru. Once again, this means that lu is the input and in fact, un plus lu is the output. This also means that lu is the input and l, il and ul these are the outputs. So now, let us revisit the question, what about the substitutes in place of the substitutes r plus ru? So, r's place of articulation is kantha, ru's place of articulation is murdhan. Now, we have amongst the substitutes r, ul etc available. So now, in place of r plus ru, we will substitute r where r's place of articulation is kantha and r's place of articulation is murdhan. Similarly, when the substituent is r plus lu, then r's place of articulation is kantha and lu's place of articulation is dantha. The closest substitute in place of both of these is ul where r has kantha as the place of articulation and l has the place of articulation dantha. Here is an example, tawa plus lu ka raha and here we have r as the substituent together with lu and r's place of articulation is kantha, lu's place of articulation is dantha. So, we have r and l as its substitutes. So, we have tawa, ul, ka raha, finally, tawa, l, ka raha is the derived form. After having studied all the examples of this guna sandhi, let us now study the interrelation of ruls. First, let us look at rt akha, 61128. What it means is, it has got two words, rt and akha. Rt is 7 slash 1 of rt. Rt means vowel short ru. Rt means immediately before short ru. Akha is 6-1 of akk, in place of akk. Prakritya is another word that is continued by nature or in its initial or unaltered form. Sakallya means in view of the grammarian sakallya. So, what this sutra means is that immediately before short vowel ru, akk remains in its unaltered form according to the grammarian sakallya. What it means is that according to panini, before short vowel ru, akk does not remain in its unaltered form rather it gets the substitute guna sandhi. So, this situation results in an optional form. According to panini, guna sandhi takes place. According to sakallya, no guna sandhi takes place. So, we have deva plus rushi as the input, 6187 applies and the output generated is dev, r and she. And when this is joined together, we get deva or by the application of 6-1-1-28, we also get deva plus rushi. Now, the interrelation of akas-savarnedirgaha. This is very important. The sutra akas-savarnedirgaha has got 3 words. Akha, which is 5-1 of akk, meaning immediately after akk. Savarna is 7 slash 1 of savarna, meaning homogeneous. Savarna means immediately before a homogeneous sound. Dirgaha is 1 slash 1, meaning long. One substitute in the form of long vowel takes place. The word that continues in this sutra is achi, 7 slash 1 of ach, meaning a vowel. So, this means immediately before a vowel. So, the overall meaning of the sutra is when in close proximity immediately after akk and immediately before any vowel that is ach, in place of both akk as well as ach is placed the substitute in the form of their long homogeneous vowel sound. So, we have a plus a as input and the output is a. Similarly, a plus a as the input and the output generator is a. Then we have a plus a as the input and the output is a. And finally, we have a plus a as the input and the output generator after the application of 6-1-1-0-1 is also long a. Now, all these 4 cases fulfill the conditions of 6-1-87 to apply. And so, Gunasandhi can take place. But we observe that 6-1-1-0-1 requires special environments in comparison with 6-1-87. That special environment is in the form of right hand side environment being the homogeneous sound which is sovereign sound. And so, the scope of application of 6-1-1-0-1 is limited in comparison with 6-1-87. And so, in this limited domain 6-1-87 does not apply. To summarize, in this lecture, we studied in detail the Gunasandhi. We also studied remaining part of the examples in details at different levels within a pudder and also in between two pudders. We also studied the interrelation of 6-1-87 and 6-1-128. We also studied the interrelation of 6-1-87 and 1-1-51. We also studied the interrelation of 6-1-87 and 6-1-1-0-1. Finally, we also studied how the Rapprakkhara got interpreted. Now, we study the next instance of this Thanika Ekadesha. So, we study the Vridhisandhi and the Sutra 6-1-88 for its study. Thank you for your patience.