 Good afternoon, everybody. Thanks to the organizers for this session, and thank you also for accepting my paper. Talking about the 12th century, or 11th century, in Bohemia and Movedia, we have to start. In the 20th century, in 1918, after the First World War, the new state, Czechoslovakia, was declared. And it was the moment of a constructing of a new identity, of a newly established state. And also, this was one of the reasons, a foundation one year later, the state archaeological institute. Since 1948, maybe you know there's a time where the communists came to the power in the Czechoslovakia, started a systematic support of the research of early medieval fortified sites. It's necessary to say that the focus on early medieval centers, central places, started already between the wars and was very highly supported by official places, even by the president and other private money. It was a very strong focus on the pre-state formations to, let's say, justify the new country. And the focus was on the great Movedia in the 9th to the beginning of the 10th century, and then the move of the power to Bohemia, to the pre-state domain. The era that was controlled by family or pre-state that later in the 13th century came as a royal power. The concepts, the narratives that were used presented the Bohemia and Movedia, they wanted to present the independent units. As the great Movedia, as the first pre-state domain, the units they were fighting against the out-of-enemy. And this approach was very useful between the wars and, again, after the war, during the communist regime, when the iron curtain was built, also the western enemy was something that must be stressed also by the archaeologists. And of course, there was also a nationalistic part, so the enemy mostly was the German, not the Slavic, of course. This approach very hard to change, very hard to influence the picture of our knowledge. You can see that the 50 of excavations for fortified sites were carried only on 10 sites, sites that were mentioned, especially in the written sources, most of them in the chronicle of the cosmos. The chronicle was written in the 12th century and it was something like a justification of the Przemyslites to rule over Bohemia and Movedia. So again, who is writing our concepts of research, the chronicles from the 12th century? And there are the other red dots, so they are the most investigated are green. The other red dots are fortified sites that were investigated in much less effort and 120 for almost 200 together fortified sites were surveyed only by the non-destructive metals. So our picture is very hardly reformed. That leads to some results. So it's Western or the European view on the position of the Bohemia and Movedia. So you can see it's on the eastern side of the whole Roman Empire. But the narratives that we can see still in the Czech schools are a little bit different. There's a school atlas used still where you can see, sorry for the Czech writing, but at this moment it's necessary, only the Czech state, the Czech state, that is independent fighting it as the German enemy, fighting against the big Roman Empire. That's very, very strange to understand what is the position of the country. I've been talking that the main source are the central places. And in the development of the central places, we can see very big change between the 10th and the 11th century. As I told you, the research focused on the Pseumistic domain. According to one of the theories, the domain was located in the central Bohemia, in this circle. And from the domain, the Pseumistic started to control the other fortified sites. But most of them were at the beginning independent, controlled by the local rulers. During the 10th century, the central places were slowly occupied by the Pseumistic youth. There are several ideas, how long does it take, what was, how the take over the whole country by the Pseumistic went. It's not necessary to talk about what happened in the 11th century. Very briefly, after the year 1000, we can see a very interesting structural change. At this time, the Bohemia is completely under the control of the Pseumistic elites. And they started to build a centralized system of the custom classes. These customers were under control of the main ruler. There are the classes with the red dots. And something that is typical for these centers is that they are much more smaller. They were used a different way. So there is one side of coaching. We will look at it later, like an example, and the red slag. And we count the extent of fortified sites from the first phase in tens of hectares. And the small castles are no larger than 10 hectares. Very interesting question is, what is the difference between the local rulers in the 10th century and the rulers or the castles who control the castle and its surrounding? And the castles were completely responsible to the king, to the Duke. But we don't know exactly how that worked. And I think if you want to find the difference between the local rulers in the 10th century and the castles, it's the level of the autonomy. Because all the time, since the end of the 9th century, the Pseumostates were as a top ruling family. One of the best examples we have, the transformation from the 10th century large strongholds to 11th century, also the 9th century and the 11th century, Castelon Castle, that ended in the 13th century by medieval town. There is picture reconstruction of the fortified sites from the 11th century to Castelon Castle. What is important to understand, let's say, the administration or the centralization of the state? We know, as it's quite popular, the hierarchy of central places based on the functions described by Ike Grimut-Dalmer. But in check conditions, this structure is a little bit unclear. As we know, as we can reconstruct from the Ike Grimut-Dalmer resources and also from very few written information, we can see that most of the settlements, the hinterland of the fortified sites, is situated up to the distance of seven, not more than 10 kilometers. So it's very close to the castle. And the other analysis of the needs, of economical needs, of these centers shows that can be fulfilled, the needs, up to five, six kilometers again. So it's very, very probable that these sites were existing as independent economical units. That's something that we missing in the 10th century is the real structure, the real pyramid, the real hierarchy. We have the central places with many central functions and normal agriculture settlement. That, the creation of the centralized structure, the beginnings, we can see from the 11th, but more in the 12th century. Another example was a lot of said in this session about the Christianization. Christianization is nothing new. The contact with this belief in Bohemia in Moravia goes very deep to the 9th century. But at the beginning of the 9th century, the Bavarian missions, the other very unclear moment occurred in 845 when 14 Bohemian yugs, 14 yugs from the whole country, that probably were the rulers of the other strongholds, not only under control of Shemistit, came to the Wroegensburg and asked to be baptized. And of course, the first Shemistit yuke was baptized in great Moravia. All the contacts with the Christianity is connected with the elites. And the Christianity is coming to society through the elites. And it can be very good visible on burial places and structures of burial places. Now I will show you several examples. We will start at the center of Bohemia, at the Prague Castle. The Prague Castle is here. And the orange places, the places mined by the orange, are the burial places surrounding the castle. And only small, much more small burial places will be found inside the castle nearby the churches. This structure exists until the end of the 10th century. And then it has changed, that you will see later. The question is also that the definition of this elites' graves is not only in equipment, but much more important are the positions of the places where the people were buried, nearby the churches. Because also in the other burial places, we can find very richly-equipped graves with the chivalry, with weapons, and other typical light features. Another example also from the center of Bohemia, the site Budej, where you can see again the same picture. Fortified era, still standing church from the first half of the 10th century and in the burial places in the surrounding. The last picture, it's in an Eastern Bohemia, fortified site called Libitsa. Again, the picture where the center charged at the so-called acropolis or even belly of the stronghold. And the other, very important center, cemetery with almost 2,000 graves. And this picture, and it's unique for the site of Libitsa, where you can very quickly follow the change in the 11th century, when all the graves from Eastern Bohemia moved inside of the fortified era. And the reason why the graves has moved, or the burial places has moved, just in the center of the settlement can be one of the result of the Christianization, not only the highest part of the society, the elites, but also the rest of the inhabitants of the stronghold. Of course, like in any other European regions, it's very important to say that it's not the end of the Christianization. So some remains of the paganic rituals we can find in the 14th, 15th century. But probably, this 11th century is one of the crucial points of the Christianization. Glass, connected with the changes of the 11th century, is connected with the technology and with the processing of nonferrous materials at several, again, central places where was discovered a special pottery that was secondary used for processing of nonferrous materials, especially for processing of cleaning of silver. But also there are remains of gold that we can see here in the undershirts. And, of course, copper and lead. Lead is one more interesting feature of the 11th century or the end of the 10th and 11th century. During last years, thanks to the meta-detectorists, especially meta-detectorists, started to appear on many fortified sites, remains of lead in form of bars, in form of debates, but also in form of special circles. We don't know how they were, what was the purpose to produce them. It's not debates, they occur on a very large area from Poland to Slovakia, part of the Eastern Germany to Elb. I don't know about the evidence in the western part of the Europe, but it's only one part. But the question is, why so much lead occurs on the sides? Because the lead was not used in the construction material, as a construction material, we don't have lead roof, for example, and probably the most of the lead was used for the cleaning of silver. And it started with an idea to look for the production sites. This is a picture from excavations of this summer, led by Ladislav Arazzin, who is sitting here in this hall. And this excavation discovered a furnace. The furnace, we have a data here. And so the analysis with the portable et cetera found proved that this furnace and other features are connected with the production of nonferrous materials. I know. There's a large amount of copper, of course. Lead, also gold, but we have no silver. We have also no slag in this production area and no remains of silver ore. Probably in this place was partly refined silver ore, changed into the pure silver. And we have the evidence nowadays very similar from two sites. One is in Visehrad, one is already mentioned in Libitsa. And this had probably connected with production for the mines. The mining started in the second half of the 10th century. So that is how we shared that with Libitsa. And this research, we can say it's at the beginning. So conclusions, there are very important structural changes in the second half of the 10th century to the 11th century. The economy of the state changed from the extensive use of the resources as the change in the centralized system of the classes. And of course, with that occurs very important changes in the society, crystallization, and emergence of the number of families in the 11th century and, of course, the technical innovations. Thank you for your attention.