 So, I welcome Mr. Divesh Varia for the session on the industrial perspective of open form. So, Divesh has completed his graduation in mechanical engineering from Gujarat Technological University. He has a work experience in domains like CAD and CAE. He also worked at FOSI as a FOSI summer fellow full-time research assistant and as an assistant project manager. He's a member of the technical committee of open form and has developed video tutorials on platforms like spoken tutorial project and YouTube, which is accessible to everyone at free of cost. And currently he's working on development of technology for the solar silicon manufacturing at Adani solar. So, welcome, welcome, Divesh. We're happy to have you here. Thank you. Thank you very much. These three days I talk a lot mainly with this hands-on session. So, spoken tutorial was designed that way in a way that will let you explore things and you do, when you do things on your own, you learn a lot, right? So, okay, so, you know, I'll just start my presentation. So, myself, Divesh, I work at Adani solar. And here we are doing a lot of simulations. We design a lot of things. We run simulations. We redesign things. And that's how we are trying to, you know, explore the technologies for technologies in making the solar panel that you see on the rooftop. So, before, you know, coming onto the solar part, I would like to explain a couple of other things. For example, so, this is our open form committee, where we are trying to develop documentation tutorials. So, some of the tutorials are there on a spoken tutorials website. Then there are tutorials available on YouTube platform. And you can also visit this website called picty.openform.com. You'll also find a lot of PDFs and some explanation on how you can go with the, how you can learn open form from step by step. Okay, so, first thing that you would like to know is, why should I go into the domain like design and simulations in general? So, and especially when you see the numbers of R&D spending throughout the world, right? So, India spending just 0.7% of the GDP on R&D, wherein if you look at Europe, China, USA, all these countries are spending more than 2% of the GDP. So, there's always challenge when you'll go outside the academia and then you'll say that, okay, I want to do some CFP work for your company. So, in that case, there will be a question like why should I go into the CFP? Why should I do the CFP? Or let's say any simulation, FEA? Or why should I design things? There are already a lot of designs available in the market. I just pick somebody's design, I manufacture things and then I'll start the production manufacturing. Okay. So, there's always challenge. So, first thing that you would want to do is, you want to be very clear on why you should go into this sort of domain. So, first thing is like design and simulation plays major role in research and development. So, if you'll see European companies, American companies or Chinese companies, they keep on developing things. There are already things available in the market, but that's where not, you know, world stops. We keep on developing, that's the nature that a world is following. Those who are spending major majority of their part, they are the leaders, the market leaders. So, that's where the role of design and simulation comes in the picture. So, when we say simulation, what do we do? We understand the physics, we understand the chemistry and then we use mathematics. The mathematics that is there behind the, these codes, these softwares. So, that is actually doing all these works. So, that is in the backend. What we do is, you know, we just click on a couple of things and then it generates the results. First thing is like, when you see new technologies, for example, this solar technology, there are this renewable energy, for example, green hydrogen. So, as I was saying, the new technologies. So, when you see new technologies, when you are working with new technologies, it's always a black box if you don't go into the details or basics or fundamentals of those new technologies. And there are always uncertainty when you are, you know, commissioning your manufacturing facility. So, at that time, you are always, you know, in the in the fear factor, you're living in the fear factor, okay, I'll damage my equipment. There could be some safety issues. If I'll go with some different operating condition, and still you want to try to, you know, use those optimum operating condition, and you want to run your manufacturing plant in the best way possible, right? And not just about new technologies. If you are, if we look at the existing technologies, there are always a scope of improvement with this existing technologies. So, we always want to, you know, improvise whatever we have. If you just look at the design of the pump, there are a lot of designs available. And still there are companies who are spending a lot of money on the R&D, because they want to improvise as per the customer need or their need. And that's how, you know, that's where we do simulations. We figure out, we change some design parameters, and then we figure out that, okay, with this design, we will get the optimum output. And that's where we see how we can become a market leader. So, if you look at any company, any European company, USC company, who is spending good amount of money on their R&D, they are always, you know, thinking three, four, five steps ahead of the market. And they introduce things to the market. And that's how they, they stays the market leader. Now, this says, if I ask, what are the technologies that you hear in the manufacturing, especially, if we don't look into the IT sector, where in, you know, these days, AIML is leading. These technologies are electrical vehicles and renewable energies. You'll see everywhere that, you know, new, these electrical vehicles are coming in, people are trying to figure out and optimize things they want to do. They are trying to build a charging station. They are trying to do a lot in this sector, as well as in the renewable energies and green hydrogen. So wind is something that was there. But in the field of solar and green energy, you will see a lot of new, so here I built that entire, this thing during our schools and in your colleges, that there is this solar manufacturing chain, how we make, how we convert the quarts and the silicon that is there on the surface of the earth, how we convert the module. So I'll just walk you through this. At Adani Solar, actually we are trying to, we are the first, one of the first Indian company, who are trying to establish this entire solar manufacturing chain through backward integration of technologies. So right now, if we just look at the manufacturing, the solar silicon manufacturing chain, we start with the quartzite. So we know that the quartzite that is there on the surface of the earth, we mine it. But the problem with the quartz is that it has SiO2, chemical property, right, silicon dioxide. And we need to extract that particular from silicon dioxide to silicon. So that is the first part. So for that, you know, we use the submerge apparatus, I'll come to this later. But we first extract that silicon, we remove the oxygen from the quartzite, later we use that silicon metal as raw material, and then we purify it. So here when we extract the silicon, there are a lot of impurities. And we know that to make the silicon a good semiconductor, we need to remove impurities, like generally, the priority of this sort of silicon is 6N. We call it one PPM of impurities should be there, should be less than that. And of that level, we try to purify the silicon. Later, we take that particular silicon as a raw material. It's a polycrystalline silicon. So either we can make a solar cell using that polycrystalline silicon, but that technology is quite outdated. And now the world is moving into the single crystal silicon. So once again, we take that polycrystalline silicon, the best 20 of silicon, we again, you know, go through a purification process. And we make it as a single crystal silicon. I'll show a couple of images as well at the end. What is this single crystal silicon? Then we take that single crystal silicon, it's like a big rod with some diameter and with some length. Later, we slice it, make it a wafer. And you see on the solar panel, there are the square blue boxes, right? Blue wafers are there. So we use that wafer and we make it a cell. So there are a lot of, on the surface of the cells, we need to add some material, for example, and type and P type doping you may have heard. So for that, we need to add boron, phosphorus, this sort of chemicals. And later we, using these cells, we place it on a PV module. We make some connections using those silver wires. And that's where it becomes, you know, ready to provide the power from the solar rays or photons that impact or inject on the surface of this panel. So that is basically how, you know, the journey starts of the silicon from quartzite being as a SiO2 to generate the power from PV module. So here, this was just an introduction of the solar silicon manufacturing chain. From now on, I'll explain what are the things that you can do or you can offer. So instead of going into the physics, I would like you to see it as a problem identification process. So when you go into the industry, what kind of problem that is already there that you can solve or you can offer to the companies. And that's where, you know, the first step starts, all the other things, simulation, designing, and then offering some solutions are the latest steps. But here, the first thing that you need to do is identify the problem. Right? So first thing is making a metallurgical grade silicon. So here, wherever, you know, if there is any question, just unmute and you can ask. There's no issue with that. So metallurgical grade silicon, the manufacturing of this silicon, metallurgical grade silicon is through submerge arc furnace. So there is a furnace, if there is anybody from a metallurgical department background, they must know about this terminology, submerge arc furnace. So what is submerge arc furnace? Basically, you see it as like, there is a shell. And inside that shell, there are three electrodes, and we pass some energy, electrical energy through those electrode, and that electrode will convert that particular electrical energy into a thermal energy. So here you can see on the right hand side, this, this two rods you can see, they are the electrodes. And from here, slowly, those, the electrical energy will start generating this temperature difference, there will be this arc, and slowly, slowly temperature will rise. And the, the quartzite that is there around the electrode that will react with the carbon. Carbon is also one raw material. It could be in the form of coal or charcoal or food chips, it could be anything. So the SiO2 in the quartzite will react with the carbon and as a metal, and this carbon dioxide will escape from this the furnace and after some purification processes, we release it into the air. So that is overall how meturgical grade silicon is produced. So here you can see on the right hand side, this, this temperature profiles slowly starts increasing, and here a sort of melt pool will generate. So this kind of simulation we can do, and we can check if I'm supplying, let's say, if, if my transformer capacity is, let's say 24 megawatt, then I don't want to use this furnace for, with full power or full capacity, because my later on whatever equipments are there are like some, some, some of the equipments are under the maintenance or let's say something happened and because of that those are in the maintenance. So I want to reduce the power and don't want to use with this full capacity. So here I'll check, I'll give some different electrical source for example, reduce the power and that will slowly decrease the entire process will slow down and this melting thing will also slow down and that's how we see the output will be lesser. So that is one thing that we can do. So here if you break down the problem there are chemical reactions that you can add, the entire bed that is there, this entire shell, it's a porous media sort of problem because wadzite and pole and group chips, if you put everything together it will become a porous media. Then a joule heating problem, how much voltage you are providing and what temperature it is. So basically after this metallurgical grade silicon, what we do is we purify it, we make it so pure that the impurity is 0.0001% in the silicon. So there are a lot of this chemical processes, it's like a huge chemical plant varying, there are fluidized bed directors, there are columns, there are a lot of things and at the end a special equipment is that that is called Siemens reactor that's where this chemical vapor deposition happens. So here you can see this is how this Siemens reactor will look like. This rod you can see u-tube type rod, these are the acid silicon. So when we'll pass through some silicon with that metallurgical silicon through the bottom of this reactor, it will react with some gases and silicon will again start depositing on the surface of this acid crystals and the impurities will react with gases and that will come out of this Siemens reactor. Other than that here the main physics is maintaining the temperature. The temperature should be very uniform throughout the process. If the temperature is not uniform on this acid crystal then it will form a popcorn sort of structure. So you'll see some bubbles formed inside the on top of this acid crystal and the problem with those popcorn structure is that some impurities can you know trap into that bubble and that will stay forever inside those bubbles. So that's what not we want and other than that is you know this process is very costly process because it requires enormous amount of energy as well as it's very time-consuming process. So you are running your reactor for 8 to 10 days and you are spending a lot of energy on this and the end result is not that good that's the best of your money as well as your energy. So that's how we basically create a polycrystalline silicon. Then there is this single crystal silicon. So here you can see this is some reactor something let me just play the video so it will give you the catch. So basically this is the reactor and you can see slowly from this melt this crystal single crystal will come out and this entire process is happening in a furnace. So it's not a fixed furnace the furnace outside and this crucible you can see here they are rotating. So if the furnace is rotating on the clockwise direction the inside of this crystal this crucible is rotating counterclockwise direction and solidification happening then some heat transfer happening radiation happening again to capture the impurity on the surface of this crucible. We add electromagnetic force from side so your metal impurities other metal impurities are not sticking with this single crystal structure. So this is also again a very like three four days it will take three four days to come out a big crystal with the diameter that you want. So here again the concept of conjugate heat transfer radiation electromagnetism melting solidification all these things are there. So actually you can either you'll have to spend a lot of money on different software different code or you can do it in open form. So that is a biggest advantage with open form that you can implement all this physics there without spending any money on software. Other than that after taking this silicon ingot we need to make it a cell. So here you can see some gases are passing by over the surface of this silicon, silicon wafers or cells and we deposit phosphorus for one sort of thing and then there are some other layers and that's how it becomes a cell solar cell. So here again uniform deposition of this the dopants that you are depositing that is something very crucial here. Again after depositing that there is this diffusion that you diffuse that let's say force for us so you need to diffuse that on the surface of the silicon. There are some other things for example PE, CVD, plasma enhance chemical vapor deposition all these processes are there in the making this your solar panel best efficient. After making this PV module you want to make sure that whatever solar radiation is exerting on the surface of this solar panel is how much of power it is generating as well as the wind load whether this panel structure is strong enough to sustain in the condition where you are putting it. So this wind load is something which is very important. So these sort of simulations we could do using open form. Other than that I would like to just conclude my presentation with this great news that we at Adani Solar have unveiled India's first biggest silicon ingot. So you can see the ingot that I was talking about a single crystal silicon so it looks something like this and later you cut the excess part. So basically this is that ingot that we just unveiled. It's India's first biggest silicon ingot. You can see this is basically the purest silicon metal that we can use for cell manufacturing. First what we do is we take this ingot or say a single crystal and silicon we slice the top part side part make it a square and then after making it go through some processes of doping it will become it is ready to generate the power when we exert a solar load or photons on the surface of the silicon. So here on this with this message I would like to conclude my talk. If there are any questions I think I'm not able to see all the questions so even from my previous talk if there was any question if you guys have any other question right now you can unmute I would be happy to answer. I think there are no questions. Yes I also think so. Yeah if anybody has any questions later on they can also ping me on.