 We want to look at a Fridge structure today okay, soon after discussing components of sentences at two levels. First we looked at lexical level where we have seen words and then we looked at grammatical relations such as subject, objects and verbs okay and then we looked at the abstract part of sentences such as the components that are responsible for agreement okay namely certain lexical features like number, person and gender and then more functional features such as tenses and agreements and so on right. Then we looked at nature of verb in terms of its transitive nature and intransitive nature and die-transitive nature and we have seen that the number of objects in a sentence depends on verb. So these are the things that we have seen and then finally when we were looking at some sentences yesterday we tried to look at the fact that some words seem to be grouping together okay. In other words besides grammatical relations in a sentence like subjects and objects we have more to look at in the sense that each word in a sentence may belong to a particular category but they do not have their independent status only which is to say they may have a block and we want to see what is that block or that the formed constituent mean what is its status how does it work in a sentence okay do they really form a block do they really form a unit and then if they do then how are they represented and how do they interact with other units that is other blocks and components within that unit itself okay. So such as when we look at the sentence when we talked about this the fat monkey were jumping on the roof of this building we are saying the fat monkey is forming a constituent right what makes us think so that it is forming a constituent if you just look at the chunk what can you say why would anyone say that this chunk the three parts of this phrase making a group together and each one of the three parts are not in association with other units of this sentence you with me you understand the question why do you why do we say that the first what is the first word in this sentence the right which category does it belong to it is an article right we call it article why do we say that this word is part of this group not just because they are together right is there something else going on here so we can say the has something to do with monkey right it to be a specific like you said it is a specificity marker and it tells us among many monkeys which are among many fat monkeys which monkey are we talking about okay so that is the function of the more important part for us to understand here is this word is somehow related to monkey right how about the second one fact it is an adjective what is it doing in the sentence what is it talking about we know that adjectives describe something it gives us some additional information so what is it giving additional information about the monkey right so the simple answer to this question that the words in a group are related because rest of the words are talking about one particular chunk one particular thing in the whole chunk right and so which one is the most important part of this chunk monkey right because without rest and the reason why we are saying it is important because without rest of the two we can have monkey but without monkey we cannot have rest of the two rest of the two do not mean anything therefore that is an important chunk so let us hang in here and we come back to the structure of a phrase in a moment to see how it works okay and similarly what jumping on the roof of this building is one large chunk which is predicate and all but when we look at on the roof of this building right on the roof of this building let us just look at this part of the chunk we see that there are two parts okay on the roof right and off this building if I give you the whole chunk together which one is the most important part of this whole chunk anybody please look at the whole thing on the roof of this building this is what we are saying is one chunk right which one is the most important part like monkey was the important part of the first first group of words building or a roof if you are saying roof you need to say why if you are saying building you need to say why go ahead it was jumping on the roof roof of what roof cannot be hanging thing right in a way I am I am trying to answer your your part so why is building important in this whole phrase because on the roof right in a way is talking about off this building alright so the relationship between see these two these there are two phrases in this bigger phrase right and one is related to the other one okay so now if you are looking at the first one on the roof then roof is important because the is describing the is talking about roof and on as a preposition is also telling us something about the roof if you look at another the last chunk of this building same thing is happening what is what is this as a category anybody this as a word which category does it belong to no idea let me ask you this thing again you have heard this word this before right which category does it belong to okay forget about category what does it do what does it do in a sentence no it doesn't specify anything it's a pronoun okay what does what do pronouns do so what is this substituting the here what what you saying is partly right okay but not in this context this and you are also right that it's a pronoun okay but among pronouns and my expectation is not that you have a ready made answer to all these questions by my the reason why I am asking you these questions is because you pay attention to these these little things I mean I don't need to tell you I don't even need to ask you even sarcastically what does this mean right so all I am all I am asking you is that you look at these little things it's definitely a pronoun but it's a specific type of pronoun which is called demonstrative pronoun which demonstrative pronoun which talks about and you are also right that pronouns usually replace nouns okay but in this case it's it's a demonstrative pronoun which is talking about which helps us understand the directionality we are talking about this building not that one okay so but the point so the category why it's a pronoun it's a demonstrative pronoun it has a function all that is fine but it's related to the word building right similarly so on the roof of this building you see it's a large phrase of similar to two phrases of similar status but one is related with the other one right so words group together to make a phrase and phrases are related to one another in one way or the other they do not in other words phrases do not have their independent status you will remember this thing that this is an important in crucial junk juncture for you to understand a sentence words group together to form a phrase okay and then such phrases in a sentence are not independent of one another they are related to one another in one way or the other okay so now before we move to the next next slide in the same sentence if I say if I tell you the let's let's look at the whole phrase again on the roof of this building right we saw that on the roof is related to another phrase of this building now we are talking about one whole chunk on the roof of this building what is this related to in this sentence what is this related to in this building the question clear people decide understand the question yes no no you you need to tell me I can I can see that the question is not clear you see I am talking about this whole phrase okay on the roof of this building and just now I told you that phrases are not independent in sentences so if we have a if this is a sentence isn't it in this sentence this phrase is related with which component of the sentence sorry though the word phrase right it the the whole thing is part of word phrase but it's also related to the word phrase and to be really precise in the word phrase it's related to work right it's related to work so and what is this related with the fat monkey is also related to work right and what's the nature of this word jump this is a transitive or intransitive word transitive or intransitive or transitive or how do you think it's a transitive or it's not the we remember we cannot question jumping on what we can only say jump we can only question the word jump we can only question the verb jump with what can we question the verb jump with what jump what not jumping on what get it stand and a stand up are two different words okay I will I will go to those things later so you after looking at every single word every single part of the sentence how every single part is related to rest of the part is this making sense to you now let's look at some more phrases and see how we how it works so see when this is what we have been looking at so far when we look at the the two words the student we know that this is forming some kind of a group right because the the words like the are some to these are all in a when they precede now in in language like English when they precede the nouns like student book papers pens they seem to be forming a group and in that group the are some and two are called determiners the same thing you you just now somebody said articles it's the same thing articles are determiner together when when we have a determiner and a noun together they form the phrase which is called a noun phrase why do we call it a noun phrase so it should be simple what's the remember when we were looking at the word the fat monkey the phrase fat monkey what's the most important part of this phrase monkey right the the word that is most important part will head the whole phrase because rest of the components are related around it okay the has nothing to do with fat fat has nothing to do with the but both have something to do with monkey right so it's a there it is a head of a noun and therefore it's a noun phrase say similar things you see all the words are nouns therefore with the determiners the phrase that come up is a noun phrase clear I am going to show you the structure in a moment now look at this one what's this we now we see call the doctor I am sorry call the student you see the the the noun phrase is now in association with a verb right the focus changes what's the important part of this this this phrase word therefore it becomes a word phrase so a word phrase can have a noun phrase in it remember just now I was telling you that phrases are not independent entities phrases in a sentence are related to another one and this is how the the the whole combinatorial process in a sentence works this is how we build a sentence so the noun phrase is now part of a word phrase and the whole thing is called the word phrase by a book bring some papers give two pens okay now look at this one you have just seen on the roof you have just seen on the building of this building now see again we have a we still have those noun phrases that we started with like the students a book some papers two pens but instead of verbs we have something else now which is with from again with and by these words are prepositions we have we have talked about prepositions and post positions remember or not remember prepositions and post positions prepositions are some functional words in a language like English which precede the nouns if the similar type of element follows the noun they are called post positions right in a language like Hindi Tamil Telugu Canada Malayalam words like with from by they will be following nouns am I right right what's the word for from in Telugu how do we say from the book from a book what no Telugu speaker here lovely lovely so how do we say the whole word whole phrase from a book post the come runny runny okay so do you see that that word is following the word post a come it's it's never going to proceed the now therefore our languages are post positional languages doesn't change anything it's just the position of the functional element is different okay so now it becomes the fact that the whole NP is part of a part of a preposition so as long as we have we are only talking about NP that is noun phrase the head of that NP is a noun right but in a in a in a prepositional phrase the head of the whole thing is a preposition so when we say with the students in this phrase what's important what becomes important and what becomes head of the phrase is a preposition okay and then we will see what's the relationship between preposition and rest of the rest of the phrase in a moment so you have seen three three phrases right noun phrase word phrase and prepositional phrase likewise we could have more more phrases depending on the category right you also saw that what what's important part of a phrase is what is it that the whole thing whole story is revolving around such as the fat monkey the monkey is important because everything else is talking about monkey okay so the way it works is the following now let me show you something on the board so we see we have a we have a noun right this is a this is called a lexical item a lexical category right and then the moment it is it comes with a determiner right that the two things make a phrase all right which is to say and the phrase is a noun phrase which is to say if noun heads the phrase it's okay that it has a determiner but it but in a noun phrase could be formed even in the absence of a determiner okay that is so if we have to say the boy is a noun phrase and if we don't have this if you simply say boys right we with no determiner it's a still a noun phrase it's a still a noun phrase okay and I'm going to show you more of these stuff so what's the okay let's look at since we are talking about phrases let's let's first talk about phrase structure rules then you saw that we have a we get a we get a preposition here and then it becomes a prepositional phrase so we can say to the boy and it becomes a prepositional phrase right now you put another it gets a war and it becomes a war phrase okay so so far so here you have a noun phrase here you have a prepositional phrase right and now you have a war phrase so how do I close this thing should not be difficult so far now when we are talking about a war phrase it could have only a noun phrase it could have more than a noun phrase that is it may have more than one noun phrase it could also have a prepositional phrase or maybe two prepositional phrases right on the on the roof of this building it may have two prepositional phrases in it right jumping on the roof of this building the whole war phrase has a war phrase and two prepositional phrases right within the prepositional phrase you see a preposition a prepositional phrase on this building on on the roof the roof is a noun phrase and on the roof becomes a prepositional phrase we are talking about the same thing so far but this is not a sentence yet why this is not a sentence so far can we say this is a sentence now even if we know some sentences like imperative ones we can say give give the book to the boy it is a sentence now no it has it still has something missing from here which is another NP okay which is called okay which is now this is now this is a sentence are you with me understand this without this thing it is not a sentence now we can pick okay we can pick where what kind of an NP comes here but there has to be something here for this to get a sentence status and these are the things that that we have been talking about without these without this configuration so even when we do not say you and we just say give the book we mean that this is here okay we have we have a different sentence then something else happens so far now now let me draw your attention to something else you may have seen that the noun phrase becomes part of a prepositional phrase the whole prepositional phrase combines with the verb and becomes part of a verb phrase right but there is there isn't anything what we refer to as agreement okay that takes place only between these two right so if I say John give a book to the boy is that a good sentence John give a book to the boy is that a good sentence yes John give a book to the boy is this a good sentence some of you are saying yes sorry I mean so what basically what you are saying is your punctuation is correct we are saying John you give the book to the boy that's not what I am asking I am asking if I want to say John give a book to the boy is that a good sentence that's not how will that become a good sentence we need to do something here right so what is it missing actually the agreement is not correct that is singular noun singular subject there is no singular marker here or at least this doesn't doesn't reflect agreement properties taken care of so in the in the combinations of phrases the how phrases are combined with another phrase is one part agreement is another part which big which takes place between these two I don't think I'm talking about anything new we have already discussed this thing haven't we yes or no right so this is how we get a full sentence and this thing that that you see sentence NP VP right so we can see now we can simply say a sentence is basically a noun phrase and a word phrase is that true can we say this thing then if I have to expand this I can say a noun phrase is determinant and noun right a word phrase is if I have to give a description for this sentence a word phrase is what word plus preposition phrase right and a prepositional phrase is what preposition and noun phrase right I don't need to specify this again because it's already been specified this is called what you have what you have seen so far is components of a phrase and this is if you put a sentence this way this is called phrase structure rules okay and it will vary depending upon a sentence right for example for this sentence or this is structure that you see this rule takes care of everything it will vary but what is not going to vary is the is what makes a noun phrase what makes a word phrase what makes a prepositional phrase so a prepositional phrase is always going to have a preposition and noun phrase or it depends it may have something else also okay but looking at the prepositional phrase you can give a phrase structure rule right that is how I just wanted you to understand phrases and phrases structure rules is it is there any difficulty here for anyone no this doesn't solve everything okay in the sense that okay I will talk about what it doesn't solve little later these are these are rules describing a sentence describing a noun phrase describing a word phrase and a prepositional phrase but this doesn't tell give you structure in other words it doesn't tell us how different components of a sentence are hierarchically related in a sentence everything do not everything in a sentence doesn't have same status that is on a on a flat line we do see some from hierarchical stuff here but not every hierarchy is clear that is not every kind of relationship between object and the word and subject and the word is clear from this so for that we will talk about we will look at a structure and the reason why we are looking at a structure is structure tells us the hierarchical relations okay so what I am saying is look at this we have a determiner in a noun phrase and we have a noun if you are looking at the linear structure linear representation linear order then it looks like there are two components that is all right it doesn't tell you and we know because determiners talk about the noun so noun heads the phrase and it is it is more important than now than the determiner because determiner alone may not make a noun phrase these things these these generic descriptions are okay but this doesn't tell us the status of components within the phrase or when they combine with another phrase what's the status of this thing and then what becomes what what becomes the status of this noun phrase within this propositional phrase and why does it need to combine with it combine with that so these things are not clear from phrase structure rules are you with me what phrase structure rule simply tells us is it gives us a description it looks more fancy right it what we are looking here if you look at this this sentence sorry these rules right these rules are mere description of this sentence that's what I'm telling you do you follow this thing these rules are mere description of these this sentence what it does not do is how is it why is it that these two things need to combine and once they combine what becomes their status of a noun phrase the whole noun phrase within this propositional phrase is not clear okay of course once we so to absolutely there is an implicit hierarchy that preposition is more important and noun phrase is not important not not that important but then what's the relationship between the two we we can still what you're saying is we can capture the significance of something of a noun phrase within a wolf within a propositional phrase we can capture the significance of a prepositional phrase within a word phrase right or a noun phrase within the word phrase but it doesn't tell us what okay let me put it this way right now it doesn't tell us more with what other kinds of descriptions other kinds of explanation could tell you okay and I'm going to show you show you what are the things what are other things that are more important to explain a sentence okay that that that's what I'm talking about probably it's it's hard to talk about what it doesn't do without describing what what we get to do with other other kinds of explanation so so please keep this these phrase structure rules in mind so that we can compare what was what what are the things that this doesn't do right now before we dismiss this thing we have just seen that and we are we we are not going to dismiss in the sense that it has no meaning now we are not saying that it has no meaning it nicely describes a sentence and what it also does is it gives you the framework for generating lots of sentences for example this is the phrase structure for a sentence so all the sentences are going to have the same same phrases structure okay as far as we are concerned here all the sentences are going to have this then we when all the noun phrases are going to have this all the prepositional phrases are going to have this and all the verb phrases are going to have this whether all of them are needed in a sentence or not is not a restriction a sentence may have simply an noun phrase and a verb phrase right and it may end here with or it just may end here a sentence may not have a prepositional phrase at all now the point is phrase structure rules help us generate lot of lot of more and new sentences phrase structure rules were also part of our part of generative generative framework so once in in the earlier days of this this study this was very prominent when people had not figured out more by now lot more lot lot more things have been figured out and we are going to talk about other stuff okay so see instead of representing these things in terms of rules later on what happened was these things were represented in terms of structural configuration so look at this how it works so the structure of a phrase is this way and then we will we will stop each for the structure the branching is always going to be binary okay the branching is always going to be binary so here is your determiner and bear with me because we want to keep the structure only binary so there was an intermediate category created okay and then we have let me let me put it this way for a moment are you are you with me do you see see this is a structure we are we are almost doing the same thing here we are almost trying to do the same thing but we are putting this thing in terms of structural configuration for that is structure the branching is only and always binary okay so we can say we can see we can we could have also said that look determiner and noun here end of this story right but if we do that then this let us let us put it here if we do this right then there is no other way for expanding this phrase okay no other way to expand this phrase this is this becomes a closed phrase what this kind of to in order to expand this phrase an intermediate category was created this is called n prime or n bar okay it helps us branch further and this becomes the head position in a phrase so this position is called where where we get is a specifier sorry where we get determiner this position is called specifier position in which we get determiner this position is called head position in which we get the main component of the phrase and this position is called a compliment position okay so the idea is in retaining the head of the phrase we need to have these two things give me give me couple of more minutes to show you why and how okay now look at the also this is going to be the the blueprint of structure of phrases we talk about any phrase whether we are talking about a prepositional phrase we are talking about a war phrase we are talking about entire sentence okay this is going to be the structure of a phrase in every phrase we are going to have a specifier and head and a compliment in every phrase we are going to have specifier head and a compliment okay now if we want to look now we want to look at a prepositional phrase okay a prepositional phrase how do we represent a prepositional phrase in this structure right but okay first you are right that it we will add here too but we will see that addition in a moment just give me give it to me here is this clear that by binary branching in this term is not giving us expanding freedom therefore an intermediate category so that we can branch further let me show you a prepositional phrase so this is how a prepositional phrase works remember this is a blueprint of a phrase so we are going to have specifier and here we are going to have what P prime right and then P and this place is going to be for compliment okay so what's the what's the purpose in this phrase to the boy what's the preposition to so that comes here heading the phrase in the the boy we have the and boy right we had a determinant that is the specifier in the prepositional phrase you don't have a specifier so this position stays empty we have a head preposition comes here and then the in the compliment position we have an NP which is the boy the boy right now this NP position is going to be expanded again this way this I think this is what you were talking about it will add so if you bring this NP position here then you see the structure of a prepositional phrase see this thing now this kind of addition or expansion will not be possible if we didn't have this intermediate category so I am I am purposely emphasizing on this intermediate category since so the sole reason for this intermediate category to bring in hypothetically a space for retaining binary branching and creating a space for further addition right I will talk about the nature and the relationship between head and the compliment and head and the spec specifier in a day or so but right now I only want you to see that the structural conflict is in a structural representation the configuration is always binary the branching is always binary we retain it by introducing an intermediate category we have a phrase and we have a category you see this we have a category preposition and then we have a phrase prepositional phrase this thing is not really needed this doesn't mean anything but we created this thing just to retain binary branching and then what is more important is the relationship between specifier and head and head and compliment this gives you this kind of hierarchy and relationship comes becomes clearer and the discussion becomes more relevant when we look at these relations final thing which we will and this is where we will start from tomorrow the blueprint is always like this phrase intermediate category and head compliment and sorry specifier and the compliment and whether we are talking about a noun phrase or a prepositional phrase since it is going to retain this way a word phrase will work exactly like this way so this whole phrase whole structural representation of phrase is called X bar theory X bar theory since it is a one prime so sometimes this this thing is equated as two prime okay so when you put two primes it means MP so the idea is 0 1 2 whether we say NP or N double bar it is the same thing so this this whole structural notion the whole notion of a structural representation is called X bar theory because in that X you can put any any category and get the structure more on this tomorrow we have a class waiting please look at this thing please look at this thing it is it is in the first chapter of the book now now we are we have moved or you have moved from introduction the whole thing is described in that book too okay.