 section 34 of London Labour and the London poor volume 2 by Henry Mehue this liprivox recording is in the public domain recording by Gillian Henry of the streets of London there are now three modes of pavement in the streets of the metropolis one the stone pavement commonly composed of Aberdeen granite two the macadamized pavement or rather road three the wood pavement the stone pavement has generally in the several towns of England being composed of whatever material the quarries or rocks of the neighborhood supplied limestone being often thus used in some places where there were no quarries available the stones of a river or rivulet side were used but these were rounded and slippery and often formed but a rugged pathway for London pavement the neighborhood not being rich in stone quarries granite has usually been brought by water from Scotland and a small quantity from Guernsey for the pavement of the streets the stone pavement is made by the placing of the granite stones hewn and shaped ready for the purpose side by side with a foundation of concrete the concrete now used for the London Street pavement is Thames ballast composed of shingles or small stones and mixed with lime and so on macadamization was not introduced into the streets of London until about 25 years ago before that it had been carried to what was accounted a great degree of perfection on many of the principal mail and coach roads some 50 miles of the Great North Road or that between London and Carlyle were often pointed out as an admirable specimen of road making on macadam's principles this road was well known in the old coaching days as lemming lane running from Borough Bridge to Greta Bridge in Yorkshire the first thoroughfare in London which was macadamized a word adapted from the name of Sir W. Macadam the originator or great improver of the system was St. James's Square after that some of the smaller streets in the aristocratic parishes of St. James and St. George were thus paved and then but not without great opposition Piccadilly the opposition to the macadamizing of the latter thoroughfare assumed many forms independently of the conflicting statements as to extravagance and economy it was urged by the opponents that the dust and dirt of the new style of paving would cause the street to be deserted by the aristocracy that the noiselessness of the traffic would cause the deaths of the death and infirm that the aristocracy promoted this new fangled street making that they might the better sleep on nights regardless of all else one writer especially regretted that the Duke of Queensbury popularly known as Old Q who resided at the western end of Piccadilly had not lived to enjoy undisturbed by vulgar noises his bed of down until it was his hour to rise and take his bath of perfumed milk in short there was all the fuss and absurdity which so often characterized local contests the macadamized street is made by a layer of stones broken small and regular in size and spread evenly over the road so that the pressure and friction of the traffic will need grind crush and knit them into one compact surface until road making became better understood or until the early part of the present century the roads even in the suburbs immediately connected with London such as Islington Kingsland Stoke Newington and Hackney where repaired when they wanted it if there were a rut or a hole it was filled up or covered over with stones and as the drivers usually avoided such parts for the sake of their horses feet another rut was speedily formed alongside of the original one under the old system road mending was patchwork defects were sought to be remedied but there was little or no knowledge of constructing or of reconstructing the surface as a whole the wood pavement came last and was not established even partially until 11 or 12 years ago one of the earliest places so paved was the old Bailey in order that the noise of the street traffic might be deadened in the criminal courts the same plan was adopted alongside some of the churches and other public buildings where external quietude or at any rate diminished noise was desired at the first there were great complaints made and frequent expostulations addressed to the editors of the newspapers as to the slipperiness of the wooden ways the wood pavement is formed of blocks of wood generally deal fitted to one another by grooves by joints or by shape for close adjustment they're placed on the road over a body of concrete in the same way as granite in constructing roads or rather streets through towns or cities where the amount of traffic is considerable it will be found desirable says Mr. Law in his treatise on the constructing and repairing of roads to pave their surface the advantages belonging to pavements in such situations over macadamized roads are considerable where the latter are exposed to an incessant and heavy traffic their surface becomes rapidly worn rendering constant repairs requisite which are not only attended with very heavy expense but also render the road very unpleasant for being travelled upon while being done they also require much more attention in the way of scraping or sweeping and in raking in ruts and some difficulty would be experienced in towns to find places in which the materials which would be constantly wanted for repairing the road could be deposited in dry weather the macadamized road would always be dusty and in wet weather it would be covered with mud the only advantage which such a road really possesses over a pavement is the less noise produced by carriages in passing over it but this advantage is very small when the pavement is properly laid concerning wood pavements the same gentleman says of late years wood has been introduced as a material for paving streets and has been rather extensively employed both in Russia and America it has been tried in various parts of London and generally with small success the cause of its failure being identical with the cause of the enormous sums being spent annually in the repairs of the streets generally namely the want of a proper foundation a want which was sooner felt with wood than with granite in consequence of the less weight and inertia of the wood the comfort resulting from the use of wooden pavement both to those who travelled and those who lived in the streets from the diminished jolting and noise was so great that it is just matter of surprise that so little care was taken in forming that which a very little consideration would have shown to be indispensable to its success namely a good foundation slipperiness of its surface in particular states of the weather was also found to be a disadvantage belonging to wooden pavement but means might be devised which would render its surface at all times safe and afford a secure footing for horses as regards durability it has scarcely been used for a sufficient period to allow a comparison being made with other materials but from the result of some observations communicated by Mr Hope to the Scottish Society of Arts it appears that wooden blocks when placed with the end of the grain exposed were less than granite at first sight this result might appear questionable but it is a well ascertained fact that where wood and iron move in contact with machinery the iron generally wears more rapidly than the wood the reason appearing to be that the surface of the wood soon becomes covered with particles of dust and grit which become partially embedded in it and while they serve to protect the wood convert its surface into a species of file which rapidly wears away whatever it rubs against such then are the different modes of constructing the London roads or streets I shall now endeavour to show the relative length and relative cost of the streets thus severely prepared for the commercial professional and pleasurable transit of the metropolis the comparative extent of the macadamized of the stone and of the wood pavement of the streets of the metropolis has not as yet been ascertained for no general account has appeared condensing the reports returns accounts and so on of the several specific bodies of management into one grand total it is however possible to arrive at an approximation as to the comparative extent I have spoken of and in this attempt at approximation in the absence of all means of a definite statistical computation I have had the assistance of an experienced and practical surveyor familiar with the subject macadamization prevails beyond the following boundaries north of the new road and of its extension as the city road and westward of the new roads junction with listen grove westward of park lane and of the west end parks eastward of brick lane spittle fields and of the white chapel high street southward on the surrey side from the new cut and long lane bermondsy and both in the eastern and western direction of lambeth and the other southern parishes stone pavement on the other hand prevails in the district which may be said to be within this boundary bearing down upon the Thames in all directions it is doubtlessly the fact that in both the districts thus indicated exceptions to the general rule may prevail that in one for instance there may be some miles of macadamized way and in the other some miles of granite pavements but such exceptions i am told by a commissioner of paving may fairly be dismissed as balancing each other the wooden pavement i am informed on the same authority does not now comprise five miles of the london thoroughfares little notice therefore need be taken off it the miles of streets in the city in which stone only affords the street medium of locomotion are 50 the stone pavement in the localities outside of this area are six times or approaching to seven times the extent of that in the city i have no actual ad measurement to demonstrate this point for none exists and no private individual can offer to measure hundreds of miles of streets in order to ascertain the composition of their surface but the calculation has been made for me by a gentleman thoroughly conversant with the subject and well acquainted with the general relative proportion of the defined districts parishes and boroughs of the metropolis we have thus the following result as regards the inner police district or metropolis proper granite paved streets 400 miles macadamized streets or roads 1,350 miles wood streets five total 1,755 this may appear a disproportionate estimate but when it is remembered that the inner police district of the metropolis extends as far as hamsted to ting brentford and grenic it will be readily perceived that the relative proportions of the macadamized and paved roads are much about the same as is here stated as to the cost of these several roads i will before entering upon that part of the subject state the prices of the different materials used in their manufacture abradeen granite is now one pound five shillings per tonne delivered and prepared for paving or as it is often called pitching a tonne of seven inch granite that is granite sunk seven inches in the ground will cover from two and three quarters to three square yards superficial measure or nine feet per yard the cost labour included is therefore from nine shillings to 12 shillings the square yard this appears very costly but in some of the more quiet streets such as those in the immediate neighborhood of golden and fitsroy squares a good granite pavement will endure for 20 years requiring little repair in other streets such as cheap side for instance it lasts from three to four years without repavement being necessary supposing the best construction has been originally adopted for macadamized streets where there is a traffic like that of tottenham court road three layers of small broken granite a year are necessary the cost of this repavement being about two shilling sixpence a yard superficial measure the repairs and relays on macadamized roads of regular traffic range from four shillings to six shilling sixpence yearly the square yard the wood pavement which endures with a trifling outlay for repairs for about three years costs on an average 11 shillings the square yard the concrete used as a foundation in this street construction costs four shilling sixpence a cube yard or 27 feet by which ad measurement it is always calculated a cube yard of thames ballast weighs about one and a quarter tonne the average cost of street building new taking an average breadth or about 10 yards from footpath to footpath is then granite built 96 pounds per mile macadamized 44 pounds per mile wood 88 pounds per mile or as a total 400 miles of granite paved streets at 96 pounds per mile 38 400 pounds 1350 macadamized ditto at 44 pounds per mile 59 400 pounds five wood ditto at 88 pounds per mile 440 pounds total 98 240 pounds this then at about 100 000 pounds is the original cost of the roads of the metropolis the cost of repairs and so on annually is shown by the amount of the paving rate which may be taken as an average 400 miles of granite at 20 shillings per mile 400 pounds 1350 macadamized ditto at 13 pounds four shillings per mile 17 820 pounds five wood ditto at 20 shillings per mile five pounds total 18 225 pounds note for the wooden repairs this relates merely to the repairs to the wooden pavement but if a renewal of the blocks be necessary then the cost approaches that of a new road and a renewal is considered necessary about once in three years end note according to a general survey of the metropolitan highways by mr thomas hughes the principal roads leading out of london are one the cambridge road from shore ditch through kinsland two the epping and chelmsford roads from whitechapel through bow and strutford three the barking road along the commercial road past lime house four the dover road from the elephant and castle across blackheath five the brighton roads a through croydon b through Sutton six the gillford road along the westminster road through battersey and wandsworth seven the stains or great western road from night's bridge through brentford eight the amersham and ailsbury road along the harrow road and through harrow on the hill nine the saint albin's road along the edgware road through elstree ten the oxford road from bayswater through ealing eleven the great hollyhead road and twelve the great north road both from islington by and through barnet as to the amount of resistance to traction offered by different kinds of pavement or the same pavement under different circumstances the following are the general results of the experiments made by mr moran at the expense of the french government first the traction is directly proportional to the load and inversely proportional to the diameter of the wheel second upon a paved or hard macadamized road the resistance is independent of the width of the tire when it exceeds from three to four inches third at a walking pace the traction is the same under the same circumstances for carriages with springs and without them fourth upon hard macadamized and upon paved roads the traction increases with the velocity the increments of traction being directly proportional to the increments of velocity above the velocity 3.28 feet per second or about two and a quarter miles per hour the equal increment of traction thus due to each equal increment of velocity is less as the road is more smooth and the carriage less rigid or better hung fifth upon soft roads of earth or sand or turf or roads fresh and thickly graveled the traction is independent of the velocity sixth upon a well-made and compact pavement of hewn stones the traction at a walking pace is not more than three-fourths of that upon the best macadamized roads under similar circumstances at a trotting pace it is equal to it seventh the destruction of the road is in all cases greater as the diameters of the wheels are less and it is greater in carriages without than with springs in Sir H Parnell's book on roads page 73 we are told that Sir John McNeill by means of an instrument invented by himself for measuring the tractive force required on different kinds of road obtained the following general results as to the power requisite to move a ton weight under ordinary circumstances at a very low velocity on a well-made pavement 33 pounds force required on a road made with six inches of broken stone of great hardness laid either on a foundation of large stones set in the form of a pavement or upon a bottoming of concrete 46 pounds of force on an old flint road or a road made with a thick coating of broken stone laid on earth 65 pounds of force on a road made with a thick coating of gravel laid on earth 147 pounds of force in the same work the relative degrees of resistance to traction on the several kinds of roads are thus expressed on a timber surface two on a paved road two on a well-made broken stone road in a dry clean state five on a well-made broken stone road covered with dust eight on a well-made broken stone road wet and muddy ten on a gravel or flint road in a dry clean state 13 on a gravel or flint road in a wet muddy state 32 off the traffic of london i have shown at page 159 volume 2 that the number of miles of streets included in the inner district of the metropolitan police is 1750. Mr Peter Cunningham in his excellent handbook of modern london tells us that the streets of the metropolis if put together would measure 3 000 miles in length but he does not inform us what limits he assigns to the said metropolis it would seem however that he refers to the outer police district and in another place he cites the following as the extent of some of the principal thoroughfares new road 5 115 yards long or nearly three miles oxford street 2304 yards long or nearly one and a half miles regent street 1730 yards long or nearly one mile piccadilly 1690 yards long city road 1690 yards long strand 1396 yards long of the two great lines of streets parallel to the river the one extending along oxford street hoburn cheapside cornhill and whitechapel to the regents canal mile end is says mr mccullough above six miles in length while that which stretches from night's bridge along piccadilly the hay market pal mal east the strand fleet street watling street east cheap tower street and so on by ratcliffe highway to the west india docks is according to the same authority about equal in length to the other mr wheel asserts as we have already seen that the greatest length of street from east to west is about 14 miles and from north to south about 13 miles the number of streets in london is said to be 10 000 though upon what authority the statement is made and within what compass it is meant to be applied i have not been able to ascertain it is calculated however that there are 1900 miles of gas mains laid down in london and the suburbs so that adopting the estimate of the commissioners of police or 1760 miles of streets within an area of about 90 square miles we cannot go far wrong now as to the amount of traffic that takes place daily over this vast extent of paved road it is almost impossible to predicate anything definitely as yet there are only a few crude facts existing in connection with the subject all we know is that the london streets are daily traversed by 1500 omnibuses such was the number of drivers licensed by the metropolitan commissioners in 1850 and about 3000 cabs the number of drivers licensed in 1850 was 5000 but many cabs have a day and night driver as well and the return from the stamp and tax office cited below represents the number of licensed cabriolets in 1849 at 2846 besides these public convences there are the private carriages and carts so that the metropolitan vehicles may be said to employ altogether upwards of 20 000 horses in the morning chronicle i said when treating of the london omnibus drivers and conductors quote the average journey as regards the distance traveled by each omnibus is six miles and that distance is in some cases traveled 12 times a day or as it is called six there and six back some omnibuses perform the journey only 10 times a day and some but a minority a less number of times now taking the average distance traveled by each omnibus at between 45 and 50 miles a day and this i am assured on the best authority is within the mark while 60 miles a day might exceed it and computing the omnibuses running daily at 1500 we find a travel as it was worded to me of upwards of 70 000 miles daily or a yearly travel of more than 25 million miles an extent which is upwards of a thousand times more than the circumference of the earth and that this estimate in no way exceeds the truth is proved by the sum annually paid to the excise for mileage which amounts on an average to nine pounds each bus per month or collectively to 162 000 pounds per annum and this at a penny per mile the rate of duty charged gives 25 920 000 miles as the aggregate distance traveled by the entire number of omnibuses every year through the london streets end quote the distance traveled by the london cabs may be estimated as follows each driver may be said to receive on an average 10 shillings a day all the year through now the number of licenses prove that there are 5000 cab drivers in london and as one of these must travel at the least 10 miles in order to obtain the daily 10 shillings we may safely assert that the whole 5000 go over 50 000 miles of ground a day or in round numbers 18 250 000 miles in the course of the year according to a return obtained by mr charles cochran from the stamp and tax office summer set house there were in the metropolis in 1849 to 50 the following number of horses private carriage job and cart horses in london 3683 ditto in west minster 6339 cabrio lays licensed 2846 having two horses each 5692 horses omnibuses licensed 1350 four horses each 5500 horses total number of horses in the metropolis 21214 i am assured by persons well acquainted with the omnibus trade that the number of omnibus horses here cited is far too low as many proprietors employ 10 horses to each bus and none less than six hence we may fairly assume that there are at the least 25 000 horses at work every day in the streets of london besides the horses above mentioned it is estimated that the number daily coming to the metropolis from the surrounding parts is 3000 and calculating that each of the 25 000 which may be said to be at work out of the entire number travels eight miles a day the aggregate length of ground gone over by the whole would amount to 200 000 miles per day or about 70 million miles throughout the year there are as we have seen upwards of 1750 miles of streets in london it follows therefore that each piece of pavement would be traversed no less than 40 000 times per annum or upwards of 100 times a day by some horse or vehicle as i said before the facts that have been collected concerning the absolute traffic of the several parts of london are of the most meager description the only observations of any character that have been made upon the subject are as far as my knowledge goes those of mr darcy which are contained in a french report upon the roads of london as compared with those of paris this gentleman speaking of the relative number of vehicles passing and repassing over certain parts of the two capitals says quote the boulevards of paris are the parts where the greatest traffic takes place on the boulevard de cappuccine there pass every 24 hours 9 000 and 70 horses drawing carriages on the boulevard des italiens 10 750 boulevard poissonnier 7 720 boulevard sardinie 9 609 boulevard des filles de carvers 5 856 general average of the above 8 600 rue de faubourg centintois 4 300 avenue de chancelizé 8 959 at london and paul mal opposite her majesty's theater they're past at least 800 carriages every hour on london bridge the number of vehicles passing and repassing is not less than 13 000 every hour on west minster bridge the annual traffic amounts to 8 million horses at the least by this it will be seen that the traffic in paris does not amount to one half of what it is in the streets of london end quote of the dust and dirt of the streets of london we have merely to reflect upon the vast amount of traffic just shown to be daily going on throughout london to think of the 70 million miles of journey through the metropolis annually performed by the entire vehicles which is more than two thirds the distance from the earth to the sun to bear in mind that each part of london is on the average gone over and over again 40 000 times in the course of the year and some parts as many as 13 000 times in a day and that every horse and vehicle by which the streets are traversed are furnished the one with four ironbound hooves and the other with ironbound wheels to have an imperfect idea of the enormous weights and friction continually operating upon the surface of the streets as well as the amount of grinding and pulverizing and wear and tear that must be perpetually taking place in the paving stones and macadamized roads of london and thus we may be able to form some mental estimate as to the quantity of dust and dirt annually produced by these means alone but the table in pages 186 to 187 which has been collected at great trouble will give us still more accurate notions on the subject it is not given as perfect but as being the best information in the absence of positive returns that was procurable even from the best informed here then we have an aggregate total of dust collected from the principal parts of the metropolis amounting to no less than 141 466 loads the value of this refuse is said to be as much as 21,221 pounds eight shillings but of this and more i shall speak hereafter at present i merely seek to give the reader a general notion upon the matter i wish to show him before treating of the laborers engaged in the scavenging of the london streets the amount of work they have to do end of section 34 section 35 of london labor and the london poor volume 2 by henry mayhew this liprivox recording is in the public domain recording by jillian henry of the street dust of london and the loss and injury occasioned by it the daily and nightly grinding of thousands of wheels the iron friction of so many horses hooves the evacuations of horses and cattle and the ceaseless motion of pedestrians all decomposing the substance of our streets and roads give rise to many distinct kinds of street dirt these are severally known as one dust two horse dung and cattle manure three mud when mixed with water and with general refuse such as the remains of fruit and other things thrown into the street and swept together for surface water when mixed with street sewage these productions i shall treat severally and first of the street dust the detritus of the streets of london assumes many forms and is known by many names according as it is combined with more or less water first in a perfectly dry state so that the particles no longer exist either in a state of cohesion or aggregation but are minutely divided and distinct it is known by the name of dust second when in combination with a small quantity of water so that it assumes the consistency of a pap the particles being neither free to move nor yet able to resist pressure the detritus is known by the name of mac mud or simply mud according as it proceeds from up macadamized or stone paved road third when in combination with a greater quantity of water so that it is rendered almost liquid it is known as slop dirt fourth when in combination with a still greater quantity of water so that it is capable of running off into the sewers it is known by the name of street surface water the mud of the streets of london is then merely the dust or detritus of the granite of which they are composed a glutinated either with rain or the water from the watering carts granite consists of silics felspar and mica silics is sand while felspar and mica are also silics in combination with alumina clay and either potash or magnesium hence it would appear to be owing to the affinity of the alumina or clay for moisture as well as the property of silics to gelatinize with water under certain conditions that the particles of dry dust derive their property of agglutinating when wetted and so forming what is termed mud either mac or simple mud according as i said before to the nature of the paving on which it is formed by dust the street cleaners mean the collection of every kind of refuse in the dustbins but i here speak of course of the fine particles of earthy matter produced by the attrition of our roads when in a dry state street dust is more properly speaking mud deprived of its moisture by evaporation miss london lel used to describe the london dust as mud in high spirits and perhaps no figure of speech could convey a better notion of its character in some parts of the suburbs on windy days london is a perfect dust mill and although the dust may be allayed by the agency of the water carts by which means it is again converted into mac or mud it is not often thoroughly allayed and is a source of considerable loss labour and annoyance street dust is not collected for any useful purpose so that as there is no return to be balanced against its prejudicial effects it remains only to calculate the quantity of it annually produced and thus to arrive at the extent of the mischief street dust is disintegrated granite that is pulverized quartz and felspar felspar being principally composed of alumina or clay and quartz xilex or sand it is the result of the attrition or in a word it is the detritus of the stones used in pavements and in macadamization it is further composed of the pulverization of all horse and cattle dung and of the almost imperceptible but still i am assured existent powder which arises from the friction of the wooden pavement even when kept moist in the roads of the nearest suburbs even around such places as the regents park at many seasons this dust is produced largely so that very often an open window for the enjoyment of fresh air is one for the intrusion of fresh dust this may be less the case in the busier and more frequently watered thoroughfares but even there the annoyance is great i find in the reports in which this subject is mentioned but little said concerning the influence of dust upon the public doctor are not however is very explicit on the subject it is says he scarcely conceivable that the immense quantities of granite dust pounded by one or two hundred thousand pairs of wheels working on macadamized streets should not greatly injure the public health in houses bordering such streets or roads it is found that notwithstanding the practice of watering the furniture is often covered with dust even more than once in the day so that writing on it with the finger becomes legible and the lungs and air tubes of the inhabitants with a moist lining to detain the dust are constantly pumping in the same atmosphere the passengers by a stagecoach in dry weather when the wind is moving with them so as to keep them enveloped in the cloud of dust raised by the horses feet and the wheels of the coach have their clothes soon saturated to whiteness and their lungs are charged in a corresponding degree a gentleman who rode only 20 miles in this way had afterwards to cough and expectorate for 10 days to clear his chest again in order that the deleteriousness to health incident to the inhalation of these fine and offensive particles may be the better estimated i may add that in every 24 hours an adult breathes 36 hogs heads of air and mr irasmus wilson in his admirable work on the skin has the following passage concerning the extent of surface presented by the lungs quote the lungs receive the atmospheric air through the windpipe at the root of the neck the windpipe or trachea divides into two branches called bronchi and each bronchus upon entering its respective lung divides into an infinity of small tubes the latter terminate in small pouches called air cells and a number of these little air cells communicate together at the extremity of each small tube the number of air cells in the two lungs has been estimated at 1744 million and the extent of the skin which lines the cells and tubes together at 1500 square feet this calculation of the number of air cells and the extent of the lining membrane rests i believe on the authority of dr addison of malvern end quote what is the amount of atmosferical granite dung and refuse dust received in a given period into the human lungs has never i am informed been ascertained even by approximation but according to the above facts it must be something fearful to contemplate after this brief recital of what is known concerning the sanitary part of the question i proceed to consider the damage and loss occasioned by street dust in no one respect perhaps can this be ascertained with perfect precision but still even a rough approximation to the extent of the evil is of value as giving us more definite ideas on the subject table showing the several divisions of the metropolis cleansed by the scavengers and parish men the names of the contractors the number of men and carts employed in collecting the quantity of dust and mud collected daily in the streets in dry and wet weather with the annual value of the whole kensington contractor parish number of men employed at scavenging in dry weather three in wet weather five number of carts used daily in scavenging in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather three in wet weather five number of cart loads annually collected by the scavengers 1252 annual value of dirt collected by the scavengers 187 pounds 16 shillings chelsea contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather three in wet weather five number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings chelsea handstown contractor mr c humphreys number of men employed in dry weather three in wet weather four number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather three in wet weather five number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings st george's pymlico contractor mr redding number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather four number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of cart loads annually collected 1878 annual value of dirt collected 281 pounds 14 shillings st george's hanover square contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather three in wet weather five number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one and a half in wet weather two and a half number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings st margret's westminster contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of carts used daily in dry weather two in wet weather three number of loads collected daily in dry weather eight in wet weather ten number of cart loads annually collected 2817 annual value of dirt collected 422 pounds 11 shillings st john's westminster contractor mr herne number of men employed in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather eight in wet weather 10 number of cart loads annually collected 2817 annual value of dirt collected 422 pounds 11 shillings st martins contractor machine number of men employed in dry weather six in wet weather nine number of carts used daily in dry weather four in wet weather four number of loads collected daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds and 15 shillings hungerford market contractor mr j gore number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings st james westminster contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather four number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of cart loads annually collected 1878 annual value of dirt collected 281 pounds 14 shillings picadilly contractors parish and machine number of men employed in dry weather 20 in wet weather 28 number of carts used daily in dry weather two in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather eight in wet weather 12 number of cart loads annually collected 3,130 annual value of dirt collected 469 pounds 10 shillings regent street and pal mal contractors parish and machine number of men employed in dry weather eight in wet weather 12 number of carts used daily in dry weather two in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings st annes soho contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather three in wet weather four number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings woods and forests contractor machine number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather four number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of cart loads annually collected 1878 annual value of dirt collected 281 pounds 14 shillings paddington contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather four in wet weather six number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather six in wet weather eight number of cart loads annually collected 2191 annual value of dirt collected 328 pounds 13 shillings marley bone five districts contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 20 in wet weather 35 number of carts used daily in dry weather three in wet weather four number of loads collected daily in dry weather 15 in wet weather 25 number of cart loads annually collected 6,260 annual value of dirt collected 939 pounds portland market contractor mr tame number of men employed in dry weather three in wet weather five number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather two in wet weather four number of cart loads annually collected 939 annual value of dirt collected 140 pounds 17 shillings hamsted contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather four number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather two in wet weather four number of cart loads annually collected 939 annual value of dirt collected 140 pounds 17 shillings high gate contractor parish number of men employed at scavenging in dry weather two in wet weather four number of carts used daily in scavenging in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather two in wet weather four number of cart loads annually collected by the scavengers 939 annual value of dirt collected 140 pounds 17 shillings st pancreas south west division contractor mr stapleton number of men employed at scavenging in dry weather two in wet weather four number of carts used daily in scavenging in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings summer's town contractor mr starkey number of men employed in dry weather three in wet weather five number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather seven in wet weather nine number of cart loads annually collected 2500 and four annual value of dirt collected 375 pounds 12 shillings south hampton estate contractor mr c starkey number of men employed in dry weather four in wet weather five number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather three in wet weather five number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings bedford estate contractor mr j gore number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings brewers estate contractor mr c starkey number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings call third estate contractor mr c starkey number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings kromer estate contractor mr c starkey number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings doughty estate contractor mr martin number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings foundling estate contractor mr martin number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings Harrison estate contractor mr martin number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings Skinners estate contractor mr h north number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings union estate contractor mr j gore number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings islington district contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather six in wet weather eight number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather three in wet weather five number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings battle bridge contractor mr starkey number of men employed in dry weather four in wet weather six number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of cart loads annually collected 1878 annual value of dirt collected 281 pounds 14 shillings hackney contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather two in wet weather four number of cart loads annually collected 939 annual value of dirt collected 140 pounds 17 shillings st giles in the fields and st george bloomsbury contractor mr redding number of men employed in dry weather seven in wet weather nine number of carts used daily in dry weather two in wet weather three number of loads collected daily in dry weather six in wet weather ten number of cart loads annually collected 2504 annual value of dirt collected 375 pounds 12 shillings st merrily strand contractor mr j gore number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather five number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings savoy contractor mr j gore number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather three number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings st clement danes contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of carts used daily in dry weather three in wet weather three wagons number of loads collected daily in dry weather two in wet weather six number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings st paul's covent garden contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather three in wet weather five number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two carts number of loads collected daily in dry weather three in wet weather five number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings covent garden market contractor mr stapleton number of men employed in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of carts used daily in dry weather five in wet weather six number of loads collected daily in dry weather nine in wet weather 12 number of cart loads annually collected 3 130 annual value of dirt collected 469 pounds 10 shillings hoburn contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather six in wet weather nine number of carts used daily in dry weather two in wet weather three number of loads collected daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings since eppelkerge contractor mr j gore number of men employed in dry weather three in wet weather four number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather two in wet weather four number of cart loads annually collected 939 annual value of dirt collected 140 pounds 17 shillings cotton garden contractor mr's prat and soul number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings st james's clarkinwell contractor mr dod number of men employed in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of carts used daily in dry weather two in wet weather three number of loads collected daily in dry weather eight in wet weather ten number of cart loads annually collected 2817 annual value of dirt collected 422 pounds 11 shillings st john's clarkinwell contractor mr j gold number of men employed in dry weather five in wet weather seven number of carts used daily in dry weather three in wet weather three number of loads collected daily in dry weather six in wet weather eight number of cart loads annually collected 2191 annual value of dirt collected 328 pounds 13 shillings st lux clarkinwell contractor mr dod number of men employed in dry weather seven in wet weather ten number of carts used daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of loads collected daily in dry weather eight in wet weather ten number of cart loads annually collected 2817 annual value of dirt collected 422 pounds 11 shillings goswell street contractor mr redding number of men employed in dry weather three in wet weather four number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather two number of loads collected daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings liberty of the rolls contractors messers pratt and sewell number of men employed in dry weather two in wet weather two number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather one in wet weather three number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings black fryers bridge contractor mr jenkins number of men employed in dry weather three in wet weather five number of carts used daily in dry weather one in wet weather one number of loads collected daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings city division eastern a contractor mr g sinnet number of men employed in dry weather 10 in wet weather 16 number of carts used daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of loads collected daily in dry weather 12 in wet weather 16 number of cart loads annually collected 4382 annual value of dirt collected 657 pounds six shillings city division north middle b contractor mr t rook number of men employed in dry weather nine in wet weather 13 number of carts used daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of loads collected daily in dry weather eight in wet weather 12 number of cart loads annually collected 3 130 annual value of dirt collected 469 pounds 10 shillings city division western c contractor mr c redding number of men employed in dry weather 12 in wet weather 14 number of carts used daily in dry weather four in wet weather six number of loads collected daily in dry weather 14 in wet weather 18 number of cart loads annually collected 5008 annual value of dirt collected 751 pounds four shillings city division south middle d contractor mr j gold number of men employed in dry weather 10 in wet weather 12 number of carts used daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather 4 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 9 in wet weather 11 number of cart loads annually collected 3 130 annual value of dirt collected 469 pounds 10 shillings shore ditch contractor mr dod number of men employed in dry weather 6 in wet weather 9 number of carts used daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 8 in wet weather 12 number of cart loads annually collected 3 130 annual value of dirt collected 469 pounds 10 shillings norton fallgate contractor mr j gold number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings finnsbury square district contractor mr j gold number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 4 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 6 in wet weather 8 number of cart loads annually collected 2191 annual value of dirt collected 328 pounds 13 shillings sin botolf contractor mr westley number of men employed in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of carts used daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings spittlefield district contractor mr newman number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 6 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings spittlefield's market contractor mr parsons number of men employed in dry weather 5 in wet weather 7 number of carts used daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather number of loads collected daily in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings bethnell green contractor mr e newman number of men employed in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of carts used daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather 4 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 8 in wet weather 10 number of cart loads annually collected 2817 annual value of dirt collected 422 pounds 11 shillings white chapel contractor mr parsons number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of carts used daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 3 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 6 in wet weather 8 number of cart loads annually collected 2191 annual value of dirt collected 328 pounds 13 shillings commercial road contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of carts used daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 3 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings mile end contractor mr newman number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings mile end newtown contractor mr parsons number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 6 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 1 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings st john's whopping contractor mr westley number of men employed in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of cart loads annually collected 939 annual value of dirt collected 140 pounds 17 shillings shadowel contractor mr westley number of men employed in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings st george's in the east contractor mr westley number of men employed in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of carts used daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 3 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 6 in wet weather 8 number of cart loads annually collected 2191 annual value of dirt collected 328 pounds 13 shillings stepney contractor mr e newman number of men employed in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings popular contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 1 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of cart loads annually collected 939 annual value of dirt collected 140 pounds 17 shillings east borough contractor mr redding number of men employed in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of carts used daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 3 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings west borough contractor mr redding number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 4 number of carts used daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of cart loads annually collected 939 annual value of dirt collected 140 pounds 17 shillings borough clink contractor mr w sinit number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of cart loads annually collected 939 annual value of dirt collected 140 pounds 17 shillings bermanzy contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of carts used daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 3 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 9 in wet weather 15 number of cart loads annually collected 3576 annual value of dirt collected 563 pounds 18 shillings newington contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings lambas contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 12 in wet weather 16 number of carts used daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 3 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 8 in wet weather 10 number of cart loads annually collected 2817 annual value of dirt collected 422 pounds 11 shillings lambas christ church contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 14 in wet weather 20 number of carts used daily in dry weather 2 in wet weather 3 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 6 in wet weather 9 number of cart loads annually collected 2191 annual value of dirt collected 328 pounds 13 shillings onesworth contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 1 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 3 number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings camberwill and wallworth contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 5 in wet weather 7 number of cart loads annually collected 1878 annual value of dirt collected 281 pounds 14 shillings rutherith contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings grenich contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 4 in wet weather 6 number of cart loads annually collected 1565 annual value of dirt collected 234 pounds 15 shillings debtford contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 4 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 6 in wet weather 8 number of cart loads annually collected 2191 annual value of dirt collected 328 pounds 13 shillings rutherith contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 2 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 3 in wet weather 5 number of cart loads annually collected 1252 annual value of dirt collected 187 pounds 16 shillings louisham contractor parish number of men employed in dry weather 2 in wet weather 4 number of carts used daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 1 number of loads collected daily in dry weather 1 in wet weather 3 number of cart loads annually collected 626 annual value of dirt collected 93 pounds 18 shillings total number of men employed at scavenging in dry weather 358 in wet weather 531 average 444 and a half orderlies 546 men gross total 990 and a half men total number of carts used daily in scavenging in dry weather 130 in wet weather 183 average 156 and a half carts total number of loads collected daily in dry weather 355 and a half in wet weather 548 and a half average 452 loads daily 9 loads by orderlies gross total 461 loads daily total number of cart loads annually collected by the scavengers 140 983 2817 by orderlies gross total 143800 loads yearly total annual value of dirt collected by scavengers 21 147 pounds 9 shillings 352 pounds 2 shillings in sixpence by orderlies gross total 21 499 pounds 11 shillings and sixpence end of section 35