 Hello, I'm Travis Perroska, crop protection specialist with NDSU Extension located at Minott's North Central Research Extension Center. Today, I want to talk about the topic of insecticide resistance. Insecticide resistance over the last few years has become a bigger topic as years have gone by. When I think about integrated pest management, let's face it, in agriculture, that's our biggest tool in the toolbox is going to be integrated pest management. When I think about it, I think about the different forms of control. That could be cultural control against insects. Maybe it's biological control using beneficial insects. Or maybe it's our silver bullet or golden tool of chemical control. Of course, a lot of times we like to start with chemical control. Why? Because it's less effort compared to some of the other types of control. However, it has a quick response, too. So we tend to use it as our first control. However, we would like to use it as our final. When I think about chemical control, as we begin to get examples of resistance in the area, I often think about the insecticide treadmill. This treadmill, think about the treadmill built, just continually rotates over and over and over. Think about it that in this way with chemical control. If we use one chemical or one mode of action, we tend to get that repeated usage. And in time, the genetic lineage of an insect group or population can become more resistant to that chemical. So that brings us back to insecticide resistance. What is happening right now? In this chart, you'll see on that x-axis, as time progresses, we get an increase in a population. If we have a perfect environment, we'll have a moment where the proportion of beneficial insects can naturally control the pest insects. However, other factors, a lot of them can be environmentally, like temperature, can alter that proportion where the pest insect can actually become more of a problem and the beneficials can't keep up. We have three examples of insecticide resistance occurring right now across the Dakotas. One of the big ones is probably soybean aphid, especially in those eastern counties of the state. Really from Cass County over to Valley City and points to the north to the Canadian border. We're seeing some populations, we're both bifenthrin, thinking about our lambda size, thinking about warrior as well, is beginning to show some of those types of resistance. We have some populations of soybean aphid that's actually resistant to both bifenthrin and lambda size, both at the same time. Our research has indicated with help of the project led by Dr. Janet Canoldal that the good news is that's really random chance where those populations are. Those populations are not overwintering here and of course are being blown in each spring and summer to infest certain areas. Where those areas might have been one year does not necessarily mean they'll be there the next year. Number two is going to be chemical resistant with some of our canola flea beetles. It's led by Leslie Lubino, one of our Ph.D. candidates with North Dakota State University has focused her research on that. We've had three locations where we've been testing some of our neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments at Langdon, Minot and Dickinson. Overall, we're still seeing where especially our crucifer flea beetle is fairly well being controlled. However, when we look at the next growing population of stripe flea beetle, that's where there's a little bit of question mark beginning to surface. When I look at some of the data, neonicotinoid seed treatment on average is controlling a population by 80%. When I think about the stripe flea beetle, there's a little bit of resistance beginning to show up when populations are controlled 50 to 60% overall for mortality. On average, the stripe flea beetle is about double in damage ratings, about 3.0 compared to about 1.5 for damage ratings for the crucifer flea beetle. Finally, we have that of sunflowers and the red seed sunflower weevil. That is something especially in parts of South Dakota where some resistance is beginning to show up, especially in items such as asana and warrior to name a few. The good news, two years of data is indicating that for North Dakota in 10 different counties, we're not seeing insecticide resistance to the red seed sunflower weevil. However, by distance, South Dakota's not that far away and there's some pretty significant issues occurring in controlling the red seed sunflower weevil. Thanks for watching. I'll see you in the next video. Bye.