 Namaste and welcome back to the video course on Water Shed Management. In module number 5 on Socioeconomic Aspects of Water Shed Management in lecture number 21, today we will discuss integrated developments, water registration and implementation issues. So, here in this lecture some of the topics covered includes integrated watershed developments, water management policy, water registration, national water policy, watershed plans and appraisal and implementation issues. Some of the key words for today's lecture include integrated developments, water registration and watershed plans. So, as we discussed earlier this integrated water resource development and management is one of the important topic nowadays in the agenda of many of the countries all over the world. So, it is not simply a development of a watershed, but we have to see the overall developments of the various resources within the watersheds and the people and by giving emphasis on the social achievements of the people. So, that is the essence of integrated watershed developments and management. So, that way as we discussed earlier also IWRDM or integrated watershed development and management is an effective means for conservation and development of land, water resources and other type of resources within the watershed. So, by giving an emphasis on the overall developments of the people and overall the system. So, that way IWRDM integrates the socio-cultural, economic, bio-physical and technological aspects of developments within the watershed. So, that way it is not simply a development of some system like Chekdam or the say some of the development of land or water, but it is the holistic developments within the watershed. So, there are number of concerns as far as IWRDM or integrated watershed development and management is concerned. So, some of these are listed here IWRDM the major concern is the improvement of the livelihoods of local communities on a sustainable basis. So, we can see that most of the time the watershed will get deteriorated due to the human influence in a negative way. So, to make it in a positive way and then if sufficient livelihoods are available for the local people, then there will not be a deterioration to the watershed and then appropriate development will take place. So, that way IWRDM requires balancing economic needs and expectations with environmental concerns. So, that we can avoid degradation of the natural resource base in particular soil and water components. So, that way in an IWRDM framework, so we have to see the overall developments in an environmental friendly way, in an ecological friendly way and also so that the total development of the people of the flora and fauna and everything takes place. So, that way of course, as we discussed in the previous lectures also community participation is very important in the case of IWRDM. And so that is say whenever some intervention takes place within the watershed say for few years. So, the effects will be long term and this long term sustainability should be there and so that way things can be better in a better way adopted. So, IWRDM with community participation is the main emphasis of the development aspects as far as the development in a particular watershed is concerned. So, that way the key words of IWRDM include sustainability, efficient use of local resources and indigenous knowledge. So, whatever say the various things within a watershed varies from one watershed to another watershed. So, as we discussed there is no commonality between the various things within a from one watershed to another watershed. So, that way we have to see that we use indigenous technologies we use we we are meeting when we are going for watershed management plans we meet with the local needs and the aspirations of the people are met. So, that way we have to plan the development as far as a watershed within the framework of integrated watershed development and management. So, as I mentioned also earlier. So, finally, what we are looking for improved quality of life of the people and then ecological improvements and environmental sustainability. So, when we consider the watershed development within the perspective of integrated water resource management or IWRDM so, we can see that say the watershed which is the area. So, that way the various natural resources like a land, then water, forest etcetera. So, these are all the natural resources. Then human resources so, human influence should be in a positive way. So, we are when we develop say watershed development plans or watershed management projects. So, we have to see that all these influence are in a positive way. So, human resources we have to and the natural resource come together. And then that way depending upon the the area depending upon the watershed. So, we have to see that various institutions and communities coming together for the development. So, that way we have to develop the village institutions and so, that we can ensure community participation. And then say within this perspective by considering the natural resources, human resources and then the village institutions we have to develop say capacity building to be taken place. And then so, that for all these things support like financial support, economical support and all other things should come from various sources from governments and other agencies. So, when we say consider the development activities within a watershed. So, like say water is concerned we can go for water harvesting or development of the lifting irrigation schemes and then land is concerned land development for say better agriculture like water and soil conservation activities. Then the forest is concerned we can go for a further a forest station activities. And then say we have to manage the forest in such a way that to the forest say various components within the forest is not degraded. So, that way we have to look into joint forest management. And then we have to see the community support services. So, as I mentioned it is not only simply the area and resources, but within the for the people. So, overall development should take place. So, whatever like educational help or the the medical or the other kinds of social activities all those community support services should be there. And then infrastructure and energy services should also coming to picture. So, like that road development or the development of ponds development of various say senders for leisure and all other things should be developed. And then energy needs of the people. So, that is another important aspects within the perspective of watershed management, immediate watershed management development. So, there the sufficient energy sources are not there then people will be say going to the forest and collecting the wood. So, that way the forest degradation will take place. So, all those things should come together. And then say like once this say the various schemes are implemented then there will be in on farm employment then like agricultural activities will be enhanced and more activities will take place. So, that the employment opportunities will be improved. And then off farm employment like various other direct and indirect type of other employment will be developed within the area. And then economical development will be taking place since more income will be there to the people more water will be available more land will be developed for agricultural activities. So, overall the economical development will be taking place and then once the economical development takes place people will be in say families will send their children to the school and women will get sufficient time for all other activities since they do not have to take water from far away places for their daily needs. So, that way when we look into all these things when taking place within the perspective of integrated watershed development and management. So, final output will be improved quality of life and social upliftments within the watershed in a very environmental friendly way. And with a very positive ecological development will takes place. So, this is the this is a typical framework for IWRDM or integrated watershed development and management which we can practice in many areas and in many successful cases if we analyze what has happened. So, that we can see that most of time the implementation agencies are taking the IWRDM or IWRDM, integrated watershed development and management perspective is taken care and then the projects all were in a success. So, that way we can see. So, when we are looking for this kinds of development IWRDM perspective we have to consider. So, that way we can see that integrated development or integrated water resource development and management people participation is very essential. So, that way say typical block diagram is given here. So, like say there can be groups of villages. So, we say may be up to 10 to 15 villages can come together. So, that they are the volunteers to implement the schemes and then watershed development committees can be formed for the particular local watershed. And then say these committees can form various group like water usage group, then self help group, then human thrift and credit group. So, like that various groups can be formed and then community organization organizer can take the lead role and then liaison between the various groups. And then say what are the development taking place that can be reported and then also say the community organizer can be can be act as a front advisor, guide or facilitator for various village volunteers or committees and then say they can have various schemes can be organized within the watershed development schemes and then say through the available funds say payment and other things can be done. And then the watershed activities can be taken within a very organized way by studying the technical feasibility and then say the budget estimate can be obtained through various means from government or other agencies and then further implementation through the committees or through the volunteers can be done. So, this shows how effective people participation can take place within the perspective of integrated water resource development and management and so that the projects will be a success. So, that way we have to coordinate so we have to first organize various committees various groups within the watershed and then the organizer has to play a role of liasoning between these committees or groups to implement various schemes watershed development schemes and then maintain it and then sustain it. So, that way when we are developing a watershed or water management policy we have to look into various aspects like supply side management. So, that way how much water can be supplied say for example, if we consider water source or we can consider any other type of resource. So, that we have to consider various technical measures how much water can be obtained say once a checker arm is made or once a borehole or bore well is initiated so that way we have to see. And then we have to see demand side management like the say how much water is required for domestic needs agricultural purposes or various other means and then we have to see the various financial aspects and then various policy based measures we have to look into when we look into the overall water management policies. And then most of the time we have to focus on policy based measures for water source management. So, we should have a clear cut policy either on the side of say supply side or demand side and then we have to integrate between the supply side and demand side. So, that sufficient water is available say for example, if we consider water source sufficient water is available. So, that we can frame appropriate water management policy. So, that may when we look into this water management policy so this we have to do in a series of three steps like in the first step we have to enable the environment. So, we have to we should have appropriate policies to be framed and then appropriate legislation to be passed by either an assembly or parliament and then say as an say to implement various schemes maybe we have to the government has to give certain incentives to the stakeholders. Then comes the institutional rules so say everything should be done in an organized way. So, we have to see organizational framework and then institutional capacity building within the watershed and then by considering the stakeholders within the watershed. And then say we have to see the management instruments like how to get these appropriate fund for that particular scheme or how to implement a particular watershed project scheme and then how we can go ahead with the say appropriate implementation and getting the benefits out of that and then managing the overall system. So, that way we have to see when we develop say for example, water systems when we develop water management policy say for a particular area. So, we can see that if you go through say most of the say country level water policies most of the nations they have their own type of policies which will be suited for areas requirements of the people. So, national water resources policies say play a major role in the implementation of either watershed schemes or water development schemes and then also related to agricultural aspects. So, that way national water resources policy sets goals and objectives for management of water resources at national scale and these policies include say whatever to be covered say specific regions say like where drought prone area or same humid regions or like that say as per the requirement then catchments then shared or trans boundary water resources within integrated water resources management framework and then inter basin trans space. So, you can see that say for example, major rivers are concerned this rivers will be passing through one state to another state. So, as say for example, India is concerned water is a state subject. So, that way we have to see the government of India or the central government has to should have appropriate policies or they have to set certain norms and regulations so that water sharing is taking place between states or even when the river is passing from one country to another country say for example, river Ganges from which goes from India to Bangladesh. So, we have to see that there are no conflicts between the countries or between the states and then the water should be shared in a very environment friendly way and then also in an appropriate way. So, that when the either the trans boundary water resources or inter basin trans space all these aspects we have to consider when we frame the national water resources policies. So, a national policy may include following themes like what will be the Jewish district and the delegation. So, the what will be the role of say federal government or central government then what will be the roles of the state governments or district level to the panchayat level or the grass root level then the extent to which water management is decentralized or consolidated. So, whether we have to deal the water say resource in a centralized way or decentralized way and then what is the up to what level we have to decentralized and then the use of economic incentives say for example, to include to implement say various watershed development schemes say government of India or the central government may have to give various incentives to the states or to the district level or to the watershed level. So, that we have to see the economic incentives what can be given then capacity building to meet institutional challenges. So, that is also important. So, the how we can develop the capacity of the stakeholders and then how the various committees can be formed and then how the they can come together form to meet the institutional challenges and then monitoring and control to reduce ecosystem degradation. So, once various projects are implemented or for the given system we have to we should appropriate monitoring system so that to say make sure that there is no ecosystem degradation or decentralized space, but we have to improve the system and so monitoring constant monitoring and controlling is essential. These are some of the important themes which should be included in any of the national water policy when we consider water as a resource and then within the perspective of indicator water resource development and management. So, that way when we deal with the water we have to see the policy as integrated water policy. So, we have to see various aspects of the development of the water resource and then it is sharing and then looking after so that there is no degradation taking place to the ecosystem. So, some of the important points to be considered for effective integrated policy making are we have to clarify the roles and goals of government and stakeholders. So, central government or state governments so what will be their roles, how to say play their each ministries role or each department roles and then how each department should collaborate with stakeholders and then the second important point is government as regulator and then as organizer of the participative process. So, say we have to consider the needs of the people and then how it can be particular schemes can be implemented and as I last showed adjudicator in case of conflict say for example if a conflict takes place from one state to another state whenever river passes from one state to another state say for example between Tamil Nadu Kerala or Karnataka Tamil Nadu for Kaveri issues so then the government of India or the central government should have a policy how to deal with that kind of conflicts. Then identification of key water resource issues so the government policy should specifically say how to deal with the drought area or the how to deal with the flooding all those things there should be appropriate policies related to water. Then water is a social and economic good so we have to see that it is water is not only as a social good as people needs all the ecosystem people everybody needs water so it is a social good, but it is also an economic good since we have to invest lot of money to develop appropriate system so that way we have to see we have to develop appropriate policies or we have to design policies to allocate resources in an effective way so that by considering water social and economic good. Then make explicit in the policy the links between land use and other economic activities so that is also essential when we deal with the development of water policies. Then take into account tradeoffs between short term course and then long term gains so for example when you are going to develop a dam or when we constructed dam so it is a say the they say 500 crores or 1000 crores rupees to be spent it is a short term course but the gains will be long term so we should appropriate policies to look after say what will be the tradeoff between the short term course and then long term gains and then also we have to see the environmental impacts of various schemes. So that way when we develop a water policy we have to develop by considering all these aspects in an integrated way. So now let us look into while developing the water policy we have to see the water rights so what are the rights of the individuals or the people or the states or as the federal government so what are the rights or say one catchment to another catchment what will be the rights so all those things we have to define appropriately. So say first aspect is right to use water and good water law must be flexible enough to permit reform in response to technological change and socio-economic need. So that is very important we have to see what kind of say technological development space accordingly the various aspects should be changed and then socio-economic needs should be the most important aspect in the development of the state type of policies. The tenets of effective and beneficial use are water must not be obtained for speculation or let run to waste. So available water should be used in a very effective way so water should not be wasted and then should not be put for speculation between various agencies and the end use must be socially acceptable use. So whatever use it is going to put water is to put so that way we have to see it is socially acceptable use and water is not to be misused say for example like say some farmers say draws so much of ground water so that others will not get and then they may try to sell so that kind of misuse should not take place and the use must be reasonable as compared with other uses. So if for agriculture purpose or any other purpose so the use of the water by the individual or stakeholder should be in a reasonable way. So these are some of the important aspects when we have to develop a water policy in the various rights what is to be considered. So now let us look further aspects further characteristics and other things which are to be considered when we develop a legislation for water or water quality. So some of the important characteristics to be considered are the measures to protect the quality of water resources so that aspect should be there in the legislation. So this can be preventive or corrective way. So preventive measures include effluence and discharge regulations say as far as water quality is concerned then technical standards and requirements for treating polluted effluence economic instruments as well as quality standards for receiving waters. Then the legislation sets out the principles upon which pollution control is based and then if you consider corrective measures that may include seas and desist orders in compensation for damage and economic losses and then abatement and remediation requirements. So if any pollution takes place that should be reduced and then we have to see that the polluted things should be remediated. So most of the time when we put such laws it should be in such a way that the polluter pace principle should be put so that the polluter should have a responsibility to pay for the damages cost or to remediate what is what was created. So especially water quality issues are concerned the legislation what should be formed by the governments should have all these characteristics like either preventive way or corrective way or there should be preventive measures and corrective measures and then most of the time the best policy of the polluter pace principle should be applied as far as the legislation for water quality is concerned. Enabling institutional framework including the legal roles and responsibilities of institutions and their inter-relationship so that aspects we have to see and then mechanisms for stakeholders to participate in water resource management then conflict resolution mechanisms then provision of water for basic human needs and standards of service then tariff and water pricing systems then a clear mechanism for transfer of water rights to minimize conflicts and the risk of social unrest. So say we can see that say already in say most of the countries there are number of legislation as far as water is concerned so called water legislation either say water quantity is concerned or quality is concerned. So within the framework when we are discussing about integrated water resource management by considering all the socio-economic aspects of the people within the watershed or within the area. So then say we have to see that say we have to modify or we have to reform the existing legislation so that now the emphasis should be enabled institutional framework say it is not existing within the water legislation and then say we have to see that the mechanisms for stakeholders to participate in various water related issues or water resource development and management. So that is the now the trend nowadays and then if any conflicts takes place between the states or between the catchments or between the stakeholders then there should be some mechanism to sort out these kinds of conflicts and then also as what is an economic good we have to see that say appropriate tariff and water pricing are implemented. So all these aspects we have to see as far as reforms for existing legislation or when we go for news legislation also. So some of the guidelines and policies while making the water legislation listed here so most important policies and guidelines for watershed management include so as water say watershed is concerned we have to see various resources, lands then water then agricultural or forest management all these aspects we have to consider. So that way say there is the watershed management policies say should include first of all agricultural policy then agriculture policy means say there should be national agriculture policy which provides strong support to the watershed development programs and it should reflect the observed commitments of government to take watershed management programs more aggressively including provision of necessary financial and institutional support. So this should be this is very essential within the framework of IWRM or Indian Water Resource Management. So that way the appropriate framework should be set for agricultural policy. Then second one is water policy which already discussed in the last if you slide so we should appropriate water policies by considering the quantity issues, quality issues, conflict resolution or the appropriate sharing so water policy should be appropriately should be done and then land policy so land policy generally protects the interests of small and marginal farmers. So you can see that in many countries most of the time the land policy is always favouring the rich farmers or the farmers who have got so much of land and small farmers or marginal farmers are always marginalised in many ways so but we have to say for overall development social upliftment, socio-economical development we have to see that the interests of small and marginal farmers we have to consider and that way one important aspect to be considered is land policy. And then forest policy, forest policy means we have to see that the existing forest is not degraded and further a forestation should take place and the minimum area should be kept for forest development and management as the forest development may influence overall development and management for the area. Then of course watershed management guidelines so which way to manage various resources within the watershed and then how to say collaborate between the stakeholders or how to take the help of the community as far as watershed. So all these issues we have to consider when we develop guidelines and policies for watershed management. As I mentioned already water policy identifies water management as one of the most crucial elements in development planning of a country. Water policy states that watershed management through soil erosion, catchment area, treatment, preservation of forests and increasing forest cover and construction of check dams should be promoted. So within the water policy there should be say policy or guidelines for watershed development, say prevention of soil erosion, then catchment area treatment and then development of various rainwater harvesting schemes etc. And then also say environmental issues are very important so environmental laws should be framed within the watershed management guidelines and policies itself. So environmental laws often dictate the planning and actions that agencies take to manage the watershed. Then some laws are required that planning to be done others can be used to make a plan legally enforceable and others set out the ground rules for what can and cannot be done in development and planning. So there should be certain rules and regulations or policy guidelines so that what can be done and what cannot be done so all these things should be appropriately defined when we develop guidelines and policies for watershed management. So otherwise there will be always problems or conflicts between the stakeholders or between one watershed to another watershed or one say the upstream river basin holders to the downstream river basin holders. So in most of the countries and states so they have developed their own rules and regulations or laws regarding watershed management. So government of India also has made an appropriate rules and regulations and then this has come under the umbrella of national water policy which will be discussing say after fuselage. So now say as far as the policies and guidelines are concerned then the financial aspect plays a major role and then appropriate investment plans or investment policies also should be in say made as far as watershed management and plans are concerned. So government have a responsibility for investment policies that affect the water sector so it can be either as a development of dams or development of say wells or various watershed development schemes. Then macroeconomic policies like trade policies affect the pace and type of development in the water sector. So government has to see appropriate macroeconomic policies are developed and then tax incentives might result in the growth of water intensive industries. So industries are concerned say if availability of water or tax incentives say if appropriate water development schemes are done. So that way industries may come forward to implement those schemes then public investment. So how the various schemes can attract public investment like investment many sectors may affect demand for water such as housing, new town, industry development, transport, power and energy, agriculture and tourism so that way we have to see. Then public and private investment in the water sector itself so water sector needs potentially very large financial needs for irrigation, water supply, waste water treatment, flood and environment protection. So as government cannot spend all the money all investment cannot be done alone so government has to see public private partnership place so PPP public private partnership so that is needed in the water sector also whether for the development of new say reservoirs dams or the watershed development schemes or water transfer from one basin to another basin so that way public private partnership and then private investment say government should welcome in an appropriate way so that sufficient investment can be done in the water sector. So when we discuss all these same water policies or guidelines and then within the organization framework we have to see the what are the important roles and responsibilities. So here some of the important points are listed so like first we have to develop a policy so policy formulation is important so the policy formulation can be either through ministries like water resources ministry or agriculture ministry for the sender state then education and promotion so whatever schemes have been say developed say the government has to see that all the stakeholders know about that and that should be promoted then networking and information exchange so between the watershed so from people to people that should take place then regulation control and enforcement so appropriate rules and regulations should be put and then control measures should be developed and then surveillance and monitoring so same as far as watershed development schemes say whether any deterioration is taking place so all the developments are in a positive way so that way we have to see the appropriate monitoring to be done then allocation and supply of water so say once a scheme is developed we have to see that it is appropriately allocated for various needs and so that the stakeholders equity will be there between the stakeholders then flood control and risk mitigation so many areas say there will be flood problem and some other areas there may be a drought problem so in all this say the framework should be there to deal with say wherever flood problems are there how to deal with that flood control so some of the measures some of the projects may be for flood control and some schemes may be for drought mitigation so that way we have to see the risk associated with either droughts or floods then water treatment and reuse so as water resources say when people use it to become say polluted so that when appropriate treatment should be given and then reuse we have to always encourage so that water recycling and reuse also play a major role so that sufficient water is available locally in the area itself then conservation and protection so water conservation projects or water resource protection there should be we have to emphasize on this then pollution control and water quality management so we can see that due to the industry revelation for last few decades say including groundwater say most of the resources have been polluted so we have to see that appropriate measures or pollution control and water quality management framework appropriate developed policies are made and this legislation are carried out so that appropriate level all these aspects can be done within the the integrated water resource management framework. So here this flow chart so here I have put in when we develop water policy and legislation so there should be say we have to consider various aspects which will be coming say like the environment or the resources then economic development then population and so appropriate policies or legal framework should be made so that the political system say existing within the country they have to deal with the economic development or the legal framework so they have to make appropriate water laws and water policies so say on a watershed scale basis appropriate water institution should be formed and then appropriate where the water administration can be carried out so finally there should be better performance as far as water resources is concerned so that the socio economic development or upliftment should take place and then sufficient quantity of water should be available water quality should be good and there should not be any pollution for the existing resources so that way appropriate water policy and legislation should be carried out. So now whatever we have discussed is say forming the appropriate guidelines or policies as far as water legislation is concerned within the framework of integrated water resource management so now let us look some of the water legislation say as a typical example let us consider India so say India is concerned number of water regulations are there have been made in the last few decades so here water in Indian constitution water in entry of 56 of union list and entry 17 of state list water is a major theme article 246 and article 262 empowers parliament to make law regarding development management of say an interstate of rivers so as I mentioned earlier water is a state subject but central government has an advisory role and then wherever conflict takes place government of India can interfere in a positive way so article 262 specifies that parliament may by law provides that neither a supreme court or any other court shall exercise jurisdiction with respect to of interstate river disputes so generally when this kinds of dispute comes government of India forms appropriate tribunals and this tribunals have the full power to say take appropriate action by considering the viewpoints of when various states or various parties so that say and most of this the ruling by this tribunals cannot be questioned in courts so that way this water tribunals play a major role whenever conflicts arises so then as a various legislations in India is concerned there are legislation form ownership of water then withdrawal of water then usage of water and then water quality issues are concerned waste water disposal is also concerned so in the constitution of India surface water and water is not defined separately but what was a single resource is consents considered so ownership of water say for example even 19th century itself the Eastman Act 1882 says about the ownership of water and then say withdrawal of water is concerned it is actually a state subject but say as per the framework put by the parliament some of the states have enacted and implemented water resource legislation then usage is concerned government of India acts like water prevention and control of pollution say the various acts in 1797-1993 rules thereof for providing for the collection of cess on water consumed on bulk so bulk water tariff schemes some guidelines are already given and then waste water disposal or water quality is consents also government of India acts water prevention and control pollution act of 1974-1998 define various norms as far as how to deal with the waste water and then how to keep the water quality and then what way to deal with various say cases of water pollution by industries or by any other agencies so that way well framed rules and regulations are available in India say as so called water legislations so then as I mentioned say by considering the various aspects a national water policy has been framed in India and first adopted in 1987 and then further formulated in 2002 so national water policy is important by considering the various issues say on a river basin scale or watershed scale or by considering the various needs like agriculture uses or the domestic uses or industrial use so this national water policy advocates water resource of the country should be brought within the category of utilizable resource to the maximum possible extent so some of the salient features of this national water policy of government of India includes policy promotes use of non-conventional methods such as traditional water harvesting rooftop rainwater harvesting etc then water transfer to water scarce region say through inter basin transfer or other means then the national water policy encourages people participation in all the schemes then public-private partnership is always encouraged then water resource planning at a hydrologic unit not on political unit so water is concerned as a resource should be developed and planned and managed not on a state or say district level but watersheds bill level or river basin level so all this national water policy can be obtained in a www.min.nic.in the ministry of water resource websites so then further this national water policy in direct states to device its own water policy so national water policy the frameworks are given and based upon that each state can formulate its own policy so that that can be practiced in an effective way so as far as water allocation is concerned say national water policy give the allocation priorities like first should be for drinking water second should be for irrigation hydro power then there should be for ecological and fourth for aggro industries then fifth for non-agriculture industries and sixth for navigation so most of the states this based upon national water policy they have the states have made their own policies and most of the time these priorities are kept on the same way other with few exceptions like a state of Maharashtra then same some of the major emphasis on this water national water policies include the need for efficient pricing system and transparent subsidy structure for decent drainage and poor so even though water is a so socioeconomic social good it is also an economical good so appropriate pricing should be in there but of course we have to see sufficient water is available to the decent drainage and poor people then transfer the water management to user groups and local bodies and private sector participation water sector then undertaking a phased program for an improvements of water quality based on polluter pay principle as I already mentioned this is one of the important principle which is adopted polluter should pay for the remediation or to recovery then need based economic activities on the water sowning of the country then prioritizing the need of drought prone areas so all those issues sufficient emphasize is given and then that way this is a good documents say government of international water policy and many of the states how made their own state policy also so then now let us come back to say once the what say coming back to watershed management and plants so we have to formulate appropriate watershed plants and then we have to put it in appropriate format and then while implementing we have to appraise various project schemes in an appropriate way so that way here let us discuss few of the important steps to consider watershed plants and appraisal so say for example when we consider water as a resource within the watershed so some of the important steps to consider when we go for watershed plants and appraisal include develop a water use inventory so there we have to gather the all the information from the people so through surveys reconnaissance survey then available water sources like a ponds lakes then river system or the wells then water balance study we have to carry out how much what is the new neural for the people or for the ecosystem and how much is excess or how much is the deficit then setting goals and priorities so we have to set say for the future what should be the goals or what should be a project to be implemented and what are the priorities that was should be said when identify water management options so appropriate alternatives can be formed and then economic analysis can be carried out and define a plan of action when implement water management plan implementation and monitoring and implementation schedules and budgets so we have to see that appropriate schedule is made then budget provisions are obtained and then appropriate committees or staffs are available and then we have to also should have a monitoring plan so when we consider in holistic way the various watershed management plants and appraisals so then now we let us see some of the implementation issues as far as watershed plants are concerned so classifying critical watersheds we have say we can classify and then we can establish priorities for conservation and management strategies then we can identify critical threats say for example if it is for as far as forest is concerned or surface water is concerned or groundwater is concerned the quantity or quality or pollution issues then making watershed management recommendations to ensure sustainability then clean water availability then identifying system-wide controlling process and mechanisms to distinguish environmental indicators then recommending land use impact mitigation habitat restoration programs etc so these are some of the aspects when we go for watershed management plants and implementation these are some of the issues which we have to consider then some of the bottom the implementation issues include we have to analyze socioeconomic and economic value of the various schemes then we have to ensure technical assistance in the design and installation of management measures then we have to provide training and follow up support to stakeholders then we have to manage a funding mechanisms and we have to track the expenditures then we have to conduct the land treatment and water quality monitoring activities then various measures and the schedules and milestones we can make for the implementation of the plants and then we have to see we can see that these are all met then we can communicate between all these aspects between the stakeholders and then funding agencies or the various government agencies so some of the implementations problems here I have listed like when we implement watershed management plants so what are the implementation issues problems like say insufficient staff assigned to monitoring so most of the time due to lack of funds sufficient staff will not be there and funds allocated may be diverted for other purposes then monitoring locations are widely dispatched and remote leading to logistical bottlenecks so mainly when we deal with river basin or watershed large area we have to deal so that way monitoring locations will be far away so it is always a problem and staff is not properly trained so local people are if they are not properly trained to carry out appropriate work in an appropriate way then always problem and community loses interest so that there is no community participation then so all the schemes should be simple there should not be any complexities and then in a very efficient way to distribute should be then in a spin in a spin see monitoring should be required then appropriate evaluation system should be formulated so these are some of the problems when we deal with a watershed management plants appraisal and implementations are concerned so now before closing the this lecture let us look into the importance of development of appropriate policies and legislation as far as the either water management or energy management is concerned so let us consider case study cooperative management of electricity and groundwater this case study is Gujarat Jyodhir Gram Yogana or Jyodhir Gram scheme so the actually in 1980s same the state governments made a regulation there was a shift of tariff regime to flat tariff based on horsepower or how much energy is used so for various uses like especially for irrigation purpose people from water from the groundwater using from the bore wells so there is a simple flat tariff has been implemented so some of the implications were very sharp increase in electricity to say pumping water from two bore wells ramp and corruption in terms of building and meter reading then flat based tariff system under subsidy regime then so excessive withdrawals of groundwater so groundwater level gone down drastically then some of the rich farmers started to sell even water to the poor people so resulting in development of informal groundwater markets in the states so say the situation say has been a very very difficult situation in 1980s and 90s so returning so again once these problems were understood going back to volumetric tariff system was not so easy since it was popular amongst the farmers since farmers low bees was also is also very strong in the state so Gujarat electricity boats suffered heavy loss due to power supply to agriculture consumers so resulting gradual reduction in power supply so farmers found the alternatives of using capacitor to cover single phase to 3 phase power so that they can take more power but a flat only a small amount to be paid so getting 18 to 20 hours of electricity so this heavy theft of electricity has led to huge financial loss to the utility and excessive withdrawal of groundwater then construction of groundwater wells many wells will come up and then say practice such as cooperative borewell drilling all those were taken place say in 1980s and 1990s then same say after studying all this thing scheme was formulated called this same Jodhpur gram eogena or Jodhpur gram scheme so the solution was provided a quality power to the farmers and convert flat based tariff system into a meter tariff system so this was a also requirement of the funding agency so called Asian Development Bank so providing logistic is always problematic to implement the scheme may attract massive opposition of farmers so through metering process was though the meeting process was initiated but at very slower rate than ADB's expectation so the result was ADB suspended or Asian Development Bank suspended loan instalments to the state government so then the scheme was implemented earlier a flat regime of supply to villages through single feeder line but then a scheme was same separate same agricultural feeder and non-agriculture has been implemented within the state rural field of Ender state was revived into agriculture and non-agriculture and feeder at a cost of Rs.1700 crores from 2006 to 2007 so that way so the separation of agricultural feeder from non-agriculture use has been made so 8 to 12 hours quality power to farms 24 hour non-stop power to villages for domestic use then gradually increase of flat based tariff system to approach average cost consumed by tubule then intelligent scheduling and management operation power supply to farm sector has been implemented so these details are available in this reference so comparison between before and after the Jodhira Gramm-Yogina or Jodhira Gramm scheme before the tubules get 12 to 13 hours so three phase power but after farmers get 8 hours per day high voltage uninterrupted power supply then flat tariff Rs.1, 350 to 500 say per year but now flat tariff is Rs.850 per say connection per year then massive use of capacitors to convert before but afterwards capacitors out since it was not possible to put and non-farm uses de-electrified because of capacitors now non-farm uses get to 24 hour non-stop single phase power then most motor burns out and reviving these all kinds of expenses took place earlier and after the implementation motor burnout at the minimum now new connections not available earlier and then say after this scheme was implemented new connections were possible but in a restricted way Gujarat electricity board saved a lot of money you can see that the the electricity subsidies has been reduced from about 786 million dollars to 388 million dollars from say 2001 to 2007 so the outcome was power supply to agriculture fell from 13 billion units in 2001 to 9 billion units in 2005 6 and groundwater draft is expected to fell only very slowly so groundwater recovery also took place so that were the outcome of this and some of the lessons learned policy-based measures under demand side management and groundwater withdrawal could be carboning the depleted areas the help of policy-based innovative solution like and the other Gram Georgina subsidy restructuring is big issue so appropriate scheme to be developed and this kinds of schemes reduce the the misery of the poor people so they get sufficient electricity and sufficient power supply to match peak irrigation periods compared to earlier scheme so these are some of the important references for today's lecture so before closing for today's lecture some of the say say tutorial questions say critically study the various water water legislation in India the reference are given here discuss how the various water registration help to improve water management plans in India review the national water policy of India then how the national water policy can be effectively implemented in India then few self-evaluation questions what is the importance of IWRD in watershed management plans then discuss salient features of successful water management policy what are the important points to be considered for integrated water policy what are the important watershed management policies and guidelines then what are the important steps to be considered in watershed plans and appraisal then some assignment questions how a typical IWRD scheme can be implemented in a watershed what are the basic requirements of national water policy illustrates important features of good water legislation discuss various organization framework for water legislation and what are the important watershed implementation issues so one unsolved problem develop an IWRD scheme for your watershed area study the various IWRD related issues in your watershed area then develop appropriate schemes for integrated water development plan in your study area and then how you can implement the IWRDM plan what are the main implementation issues in your area how to monitor the implemented plans so this say you can develop a particular scheme for your study area so this in this last few lectures we discussed about the the socio-economic aspects of watershed development plans or watershed management then indicator developments and then water legislation and policies and implementation issues so this with this today's lecture the this module say module number 5 on socio-economic aspects of watershed management is over so we will go to the next module in the next lecture thank you.