 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Aayush Akademi. These are the news articles chosen for today's discussion. They are given along with the page number of different traditions. Link for the handwritten notes in PDF format and the time stamping for the discussed articles are given in the description box as well as the comment section for the benefit of the mobile viewers. Now let us start with the first article. This news article mentions that a forest officer in Telangana has been trashed by a group of tribal. See the forest department was taking a preparatory works for a plantation drive in the forest land of Chintaguppa reserve forest area of Telangana. This drive was to be carried out under the compensatory of forestation fund management and planning authority Kampa. But the tribals alleged that this land is their Pudu land used for Pudu cultivation. So the plantation drive cannot be taken up in this land. So in this discussion, let us see what is Pudu cultivation and Kampa. The syllabus is displayed on the screen. Aspirants can go through it. See the Pudu cultivation is nothing but the Jumming cultivation. Jumming is a slash and burn agriculture which is a primitive substance agriculture practiced on small patches of land. In this cultivation, farmers clear a patch of land by slashing and burning. In this cleared land, they produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. See when the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift from a land and they clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. This is called as shifting cultivation. The benefit of such an agriculture is that the shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural process. But this agriculture has negativity too. The land productivity in this type of agriculture is very low as the farmers do not use fertilizer or any other modern inputs. It is interesting to know that this agriculture is known by different name in different parts of the country. The different names for slash and burn agriculture is displayed on the screen. Aspirants can go through it. We have seen about slash and burn agriculture. Now let us see about Kampa. See the forest plays an important role in many aspects, but many developmental projects require diversion of forest land. For example, we need forest land for erection of dams, mining and construction of industries or construction of roads. So in order to implement these projects, forest lands have to be diverted. But to compensate the diverted land, the Ministry of Environment decides the compensation amount in the form of compensatory of forestation CEA. See compensatory of forestation CEA means of forestation done in lieu of the diversion of forest land for non forestry use under the Forest Conservation Act 1980. For this purpose, Supreme Court ordered for creation of compensatory of forestation fund CAF in which all the money received from the user agency towards CA, additional CA, penal CA, net present value of forest land shall be deposited. But there were lot of discrepancies in the implementation of CA. So for this in 2004, central government issued a notification for constitution of an authority in the name of CA, but there were delays in the implementation. So the Supreme Court intervened and issued orders in 2006 to constitute an ad hoc CA that is a temporary authority until CA is operated. See the ad hoc CA was established with the objective of promoting afforestation and regeneration activities as a way of compensating for the forest land that has been diverted to non forest Supreme Court also directed to centrally pool the money into the ad hoc CA that is recovered on behalf of the said authority and which is lying in the states and union territory. Then in 2009, union government formulated guidelines for state CA. See, state CA is an agency for utilizing CA funds in the states. State CA is intended as an instrument to accelerate activities for preservation of natural forest, management of wildlife, infrastructure development in the sector and other allied works. The objectives of state CA are given here, you can go through it. But since state CA, there is an absence of permanent institutional mechanism for utilization of funds collected under CAF, that is compensatory afforestation fund. So it has resulted in the accumulation of huge unspent funds in the ad hoc authority. So again to overcome this issue, central government enacted a legislation called Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016. Now let us see about its objective. The first objective is to provide for the establishment of funds that is CAF under the public account of India under the public account of each state. At the national level, this fund is called as National CAF. Another objective is for administration of the funds constituting an authority at the national level and at each state and union territory administration. This authority will utilize the money so collected for undertaking artificial regeneration, assisted natural regeneration, protection of forest, forest related infrastructure development, green India program, wildlife protection and other activities. In addition to all this, compensatory afforestation rules CAF 2018 were also framed. So based on these rules and act in 2018, National Kampa also known as the National Authority has come into existence in place of ad hoc Kampa. This national authority consists of a governing body which is headed by Union Minister of Ministry of Environment. The main function of the national authority is to manage and utilize the national CAF. So with this we have come to the end of this article discussion. In this article we have seen about Pudu cultivation that is Jumming cultivation which is also called as Slash and Burn agriculture and we have also seen about Kampa in detail. With this let us move on to the next article. Now let us take up this editorial article. See this editorial article is written by a doctor who is the president of Public Health Foundation of India, PHFI. What is PHFI? PHFI is a not for profit public private initiative working with the name of making India healthier. See as we know, the second way of COVID-19 pandemic is alarming the nation. So in this article, the author prescribes some strategies to control the transmission of the virus. Let us discuss them in detail. The relevant syllabus is displayed on the screen, you can go through it. See the second way of COVID-19 is spreading rapidly across the country. The second wave spread is helped by more infectious variants of the virus which might have arrived from abroad or emerged at home as a double mutant. According to the author, there are several differences between first wave and second wave both in its spread and in our response. See last year that is March 2020, the first wave. The virus had affected relatively small number of people. The long nationwide lockdown last year gave the government an opportunity to strengthen the health system capacity, streamline administrative coordination, and power up procurement and production process of essential equipments. And the lockdown also helped educate people on the dangers posed by the virus and advice personal protection measures that needed to be adopted. So during the first wave, the transmission was limited. But with the second wave, the pandemic has resurfaced in a fully open society. By fully open, the author means that there are unrestricted movement of people. See the people have started moving without any precautions like mask. In addition to that, there is also crowding in the streets, markets, domestic and international travel have also restarted, election campaigns and religious gatherings are held without any precautionary measures. So this shows people are ignorant of the dangers posed by the virus or we can say that people have started ignoring the pandemic. And according to the author, this is a major reason for the rapid and uncontrolled spread of the virus in the second phase. So the need of the hour is to design and deliver a resolute response so that we can rapidly regain control and limit the damage caused by corona. So in this regard, the author prescribes some solutions that can be incorporated. The first solution given by the author is the decentralization of response to district level. See the knowledge of existing and evolving local condition matters a lot for the design and the delivery of an effective response. Local data gathering and analysis provide real-time intelligence for rapid response. The local community networks also play an important role in information dissemination and for partnering the administration in implementation. So according to the author, we need consultative policy making at the national level. When it comes to state level, we need interdepartmental planning. And at district level, we need data driven decentralized decision making so that we can implement the strategies according to the local situation. And at the district level, the district collector must coordinate health care services across all facilities in the district. The second solution given by the author is to prevent super spreader events and mandate mask. See a super spreader event occurs when one highly contagious person infects an unusually high number of others. Weddings, funerals, and even large family parties like birthdays, holiday dinners are some of the examples of super spreader events. So according to the author, if super spreader events are minimized and masks are owned regularly, it will greatly reduce the risk of transmission. So far, we have seen two important solutions given by the author. Now let us move on to the third solution, which is smart testing and tracing and also ensuring efficient case detection. See the present RT-PCR test can miss between 30% to 40% cases. This is due to the limitation posed by swab collection, transport efficiency, and laboratory competency. This is a major drawback in testing and tracing. So in order to overcome such shortcoming, the author suggests the possible cases should be detected through household surveillance of symptomatic individuals. And this household surveillance of symptomatic individuals should be done with the help of primary healthcare teams supported by citizen volunteers. All the suspect cases and household contacts must be tested and after testing, the positive cases must be isolated and provided home or hospital care depending on the severity. And when it comes to tracing, the contact tracing of infectious persons should be done with speed and efficiency. Local networks can help in early case detection and contract tracing. Moreover, genomic analysis must be performed in at least 5% of test positive samples. Now let us move on to the fourth solution suggested by the author, which is vaccine rollout. See the available vaccines must be prioritized for vulnerable person. See according to the author, the vulnerable persons include persons above 35 years of age and younger persons with at-risk health disorders. More vaccines should be rolled out quickly into the supply chain. This can be done by incentivizing greater production volumes of already approved vaccines. And in addition to that, the public should be educated about the values and limitations of the vaccine. Last but not least, citizen engagement is critical for successful pandemic response. Here the author opines that people should be educated with the help of formal and informal networks that exist at the local level. These networks should be used to educate people and motivate them for adopting COVID-19 appropriate behaviors. See when we talk about appropriate behavior, it includes symptom reporting, providing contact information, registration for vaccination, and providing social support to affected families. Moreover, the district authorities must identify vulnerable persons and families who may suffering hardship due to loss of income, shelter, or incur eye health care cost. They should be given extra care and support. Along with this, voluntary agencies should come forward to support children for education at home or in the neighborhood. This can help in overcoming the digital divide of online teaching. So these are some of the important suggestions given by the author. If these suggestions are properly implemented, it will help us control the spread of second way of COVID-19. With this, let us move on to the next article. This article is about a study on racial discrimination. This study was commissioned by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, ICSSR, and conducted by Center for Criminology and Victimology at the National Law University, Delhi. This study is about the racial discrimination and aid crimes against people from the northeastern states of India. Now let us see about the findings of the study. The relevant syllabus is displayed on the screen. You can go through it. See the study has found that Indian citizens from northeastern region face racial discrimination amid pandemic. What is racial discrimination? Generally, racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favorably than other person in a similar situation. There are many reasons why this happens. The most common reason are person's race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigration status. According to the UN International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the definition of racial discrimination shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent or national or ethnic origin. This racial discrimination happens in all spears. For example, it happens in political, economic, social, cultural or any other fields of public life. Now coming back to the study. See according to the study, it found that during pandemic, citizens from northeast India faced racial discrimination. There were increased number of acts of hate and prejudice against these citizens. They were harassed, abused and traumatized. Worryingly, they were also called as coronavirus. All this because the citizens of northeast India seamlessly fit an Indian's imagination of a Chinese person, which is purely racist. This was confirmed by the study. In addition to that, the study also found that three fourth of the people, that is 75% of people from northeast region, believe that they are subjected to prejudice mainly because of their physical appearance. It was also found by the study that majority of them faced discrimination while renting accommodation, visiting a restaurant and even while finding transportation. And this deep, prudent prejudice is even found in cosmopolitan cities. The IS number of racial discrimination incidents was reported from Mumbai. In this regard, the study suggests to implement the recommendation by a committee and Supreme Court. It is recommendation of MP Besbarua committee constituted in 2014. See this committee was set up to look into the concerns of the people of northeast who are living in other parts of the country. These were the terms of reference of the committee. You can go through it. See the committee recommended to amend Indian penal code and insert two sections 153C and 509A. See these sections will deal with comments, gestures and acts that is intended to insult a member of a particular racial group. It also suggested to make such offenses as general neutral, cognizable and non-ailable. Cognizable means a person or accused can be arrested without a warrant. In addition to that, the committee also recommended punishment of imprisonment, that is extendable up to three or five years with fine. We have seen about the committee's recommendation. Now let us see about Supreme Court's recommendation. See the Supreme Court's recommendation in the 2014 case law, Karma Dorji and others versus Union of India and others. In this case, the Supreme Court supported the recommendation of Besbarua committee. It also made several recommendations for the prevention and monitoring of racial hatred and violence. Particularly, it recommended constituting a committee for regular exercise of monitoring and redressal of issues pertaining to racial discrimination faced by citizens of the nation drawn from the northeast. In addition to the Supreme Court envisaged that the committee should be accessible to grievances, suggestions and complaints. Additionally, the committee has to carry out these functions. But the sad truth is these recommendations have not been completely implemented. That is why the report suggests implementing these recommendations. Now let us move on to the next article. See recently, the Supreme Court has refused to stay the dismantling of INS Virat. In this context, let us learn about INS Virat and other important aircraft carriers of India before going into INS Virat. First, let us see what is an aircraft carrier. See aircraft carrier is a naval vessel from which airplanes can take off and land. See these aircraft carriers are important symbol of naval power. They have also become an inevitable part of air bases. So having a lot of aircraft carriers will give us a significant naval strength and a strategic advantage over others with this knowledge in mind. Now let us see about INS Virat. See INS Virat was bought from UK United Kingdom. This aircraft carrier served the country for 30 years before it was officially decommissioned in 2017. So right now it is officially decommissioned. This is an important point. Now let us see some statistics related to INS Virat. The INS Virat weighs around 29,000 tons and it can carry up to 26 aircraft. The reason why it was decommissioned because INS Virat was facing a lot of repass and it needed renovation, which required huge amount of funds which the Defence Ministry could not give clearance to. That is the reason why INS Virat was decommissioned and INS Vikramaditya was ready to take over its place. Now let us see about INS Vikramaditya. See INS Vikramaditya is the current serving aircraft carrier of India. This is the important point. It is the current serving aircraft carrier of India. It weighs up to 45,000 tons and can carry up to 36 aircraft. So this is clearly an advantage over INS Virat. INS Vikramaditya was made by USSR and it was named Admiral before changing its name after its sale to India. It serves as the current flagship of the Indian naval army. So we have seen about INS Virat, INS Vikramaditya. Now let us move on to INS Vikrant. As we can see INS Vikrant is named after its predecessor. This is the first airbase reinforced warship of India. It is also known as the indigenous aircraft carrier IAC1. This is the first aircraft carrier made in India. It is also informally called as INS Vikrant 2. This aircraft carrier is currently under construction and the trials are conducted by Kochin Shipyard Limited in Kochi Kerala. When it comes to the statistics related to INS Vikrant, it weighs up to 40,000 tons and can carry up to 40 aircraft. This aircraft carrier is expected to be commissioned in 2023. Besides these aircraft carriers, India is also planning to develop its third aircraft carrier INS Vishal. INS Vishal is expected to be commissioned in 2030. So India with one large aircraft carrier in service, another on the way has become one of the world's important naval aviation power. So in this article we have seen about INS Virat, INS Vikramaditya, INS Vikrant, INS Vishal. With this let us move on to next article. Now this news article talks about a multinational military exercise called Shantir Ogresena. It was recently concluded in Bangladesh. This military exercise is a multilateral UN mandated counter-terrorism exercise. The armed forces of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Sri Lanka along with observers from US, UK, Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Singapore participated in this exercise. See the aim of the exercise was to strengthen defense ties and enhance interoperability among neighborhood countries. This will ensure effective peacekeeping operations. So let us use this article as an opportunity to learn about some important bilateral military exercise from Indian context. First let us see about Sampriti exercise. See Sampriti is a joint military exercise between the armies of India and Bangladesh. Sampriti was started in 2009. The ninth edition of Sampriti exercise which is the latest one took place in 2020. Next let us see about Mitra Shakti. Mitra Shakti is a joint military exercise between the armies of India and Sri Lanka. Now let us move on to Surya Kiran. Surya Kiran is a bilateral joint military exercise between the armies of India and Nepal. It was started in 2011 and takes place annually and sometimes biannually. Surya Kiran was started in 2011. Next one is exercise Maitri. Maitri takes place between the Indian army and the Royal Thai army Thailand. It occurs annually. Now let us see about Garuda Shakti. Garuda Shakti is a bilateral exercise between the armies of India and Indonesia. The Indian army Para special force and Indonesian army participate in Garuda Shakti exercise. The next one is Dharma Guardian. Dharma Guardian is an Indo-Japan joint army exercise that started off in 2018. Another one is nomadic elephant which is a bilateral army exercise between two nations India and Mongolia. Next one is Vajraprahar. Vajraprahar is a joint military exercise conducted by the special forces of India and the US. Vajraprahar started off in 2010. In 2021 it took place in India. Now let us move on to Yudha Abiyas. Yudha Abiyas is a joint military exercise between India and the US. Yudha Abiyas started in 2002 and is undertaken by the armies of both countries to promote defense cooperation. Next one is Exercise Shakti. Exercise Shakti is a bilateral military exercise between the armies of India and France. Exercise Shakti aims to acquire the armies of both nations about the operational procedures and combat drills. Finally, let us see about and in and exercise. And in and exercise is India-China joint military exercise. The exercise takes place between the armies of both countries. The aim of this exercise is to enhance interoperability between the two armies with regard to counter-terrorism. We have come to the end of this discussion. In this discussion we have seen about Shantir Ogresena and some other important Indian military exercises. Now let us move on to the next article. See, this op-ed is related to the recent Freedom of Navigation Operations, PHONOP, conducted by the US near Lakshadeep. In this context, let us understand what is PHONOP, its implications for India and what is UNCLOS. The syllabus for reference is displayed on the screen. So let us begin by seeing what is Freedom of Navigation Operations. See, the Freedom of Navigation Operations actually involves passage of US Navy ships through the waters claimed by coastal nations as their exclusive territory. This is the official explanation of the US Department of Defense. This is not the first time PHONOP was conducted by US. The PHONOP program has existed for 40 years. The US has been conducting this program to continuously reaffirm the US state's policy of exercising and asserting its navigation and overflight rights around the world. These assertions by the US communicate that US does not respect the excessive maritime claims of other nations. Thus, it aims to prevent those claims from becoming accepted as international law. The PHONOP was formally established in 1979. The Freedom of Navigation program consists of both diplomatic as well as operational effort to safeguard commerce and global mobility of US forces. According to the Department of Defense of US, these PHONOP efforts help preserve for all states the legal balance of interest established in the customary law as reflected in the Law of the Sea Convention. Now let us discuss about this convention in brief. See, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted in 1982. This convention lays down a comprehensive framework of law and order in the oceans and seas. It also establishes rules governing all users of ocean and their resources. In addition to that, the convention also provides the framework for further development of specific areas of the law of the sea. This convention also establishes three institutions. They are the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, ITLOS, the International Seabed Authority, ISA, and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, CLCS. This is important from Prillim's perspective. Now let us see some of the key features of the convention. See, according to this convention, the coastal states have sovereign rights in a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone with respect to natural resource and certain economic activities. These coastal states can also exercise jurisdiction over marine science research and environmental protection. But now let us see the most interesting point. All other states have freedom of navigation and overflight in the exclusive economic zone as well as freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines. In addition to that, the convention also states that the coastal states have sovereign rights over the continental shelf for exploring it and the shelf can extend at least 200 nautical miles from the show. It also says that foreign vessels are allowed innocent passage through those waters. Ships and aircrafts of all countries are allowed transit passage through states used for international navigation. Now with this knowledge, let us come back to the article and discuss the recent issue. See, recently the USS John Paul Jones had conducted phone-op approximately 130 nautical miles west of Lakshadip Island. This area is inside India's exclusive economic zone and it was carried out without requesting India's prior consent. See, according to the author, this difference arose because the US and India interprets the provision of United Nations Convention on Law of See differently. The US believes that India's requirement of prior consent for the passage of foreign warships through the Indian exclusive economic zone violates UNCLOS convention. See, according to India, as per India's territorial waters, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone and other maritime zones act 1976, the convention do not authorize other states to carry out operation in the EEZ and on the continental shelf. So, according to the author, because of these different interpretations, the problem has arisen. According to the author, the US choice of Lakshadip islands instead of Andaman and Nicobar Island was a smart choice. See, as we know, Andaman and Nicobar islands have India's first and only tri-service theater command of Indian armed force. So, a US Navy operation in Andaman and Nicobar region would have created more troubles. So, in order to create a trouble on a smaller scale and in order to authorize its rights, the US has chosen Lakshadip. So, in conclusion, the author says that the recent incident near Lakshadip highlights a gap in the Indian and American perception of navigational freedoms. So, with this, we have come to the end of the article discussion. In this article, we have seen about phonop, the implications for India and about UNCLOS convention. With this, let us move on to the next article. This editorial is regarding the possibilities of rebuilding the JCPOA. JCPOA stands for Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. It is also known as Iran Nuclear Agreement. Now, let us see about Iran Nuclear Agreement or JCPOA. See, the Iran Nuclear Agreement was signed in 2015. Under this agreement, Iran agreed to dismantle much of its nuclear program. In addition to that, it also agreed to open its facilities to more extensive international inspections in exchange for economic sanctions relief. The JCPOA was reached between the P5 plus 1 group of countries. The P5 plus 1 consist of China, France, Germany, Russia, United Kingdom, United States, European Union and Iran. So, after the signing of the agreement, the International Atomic Energy Agency verified that Iran has implemented its key nuclear-related measures as described in JCPOA. So, as a result, the United States and the European Union also respected their terms of agreement. However, the deal went into turmoil when President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the deal in 2018. In retaliation, Iran has resumed some of its nuclear activities. See, this is very dangerous. This revival of Iran's nuclear weapons program would dramatically escalate tensions in the Middle East. It could also raise the prospects of conflicts between Iran and its regional rivals, including Israel and Saudi Arabia. But on a positive note, the US President Joe Biden has said that United States will return to the deal if Iran comes back into compliance. In this backdrop, the Vienna talks are held. See, during the Vienna talks, the signers of the 2015 Iran nuclear deal would come together to restore compliance with the agreement. This talk has raised hopes for the revival of the agreement. But there are some challenges facing the revival of the agreement. For example, the US wants Iran to end its uranium entrenchment and return to the 2015 agreement. But Iran insists on lifting sanctions imposed by Mr. Trump, which is still enforced by President Joe Biden. Now, these issues are plaguing the relationship between the US and Iran. So, in order to overcome these hurdles, the Biden administration has taken some positive steps towards Iran. For example, Mr. Biden has appointed a special envoy for talks. The US also ended their support for Saudi Arabia's war against the Uttis in Yemen. Above all, the US President has also promised to lift the economic sanctions if Iran returns to the original JCPOA terms. See, the Trump presidency has imposed arbitrary economic sanctions when Iran was fully compliant to the JCPOA terms. So, now Iran has lost the trust. So, Iran demands more concrete measures from the US to regain the trust. In addition to all these hurdles, the author also cites several reasons on why implementing JCPOA will be difficult. See, the Iranian presidential elections will be held in June. So, according to the author, all stakeholders must try to revive JCPOA before the elections as there could be a change in government in favor of odd-liners. These odd-liners will oppose the JCPOA agreement. Also, in addition to the Iranian presidential elections, there are some external issues which plagued the JCPOA deal. For example, Iran-backed militias fighting the US forces in Iraq, ongoing Israel-Iran conflict, are some of the factors which are big hurdles to the implementation of JCPOA. So, the author finally hopes that these hurdles can be overcome through diplomatic efforts. So, that's the end of the article. In this article, we have discussed about JCPOA, its history, Vietnam talks, and the hurdles in implementing JCPOA. Now, let us move on to the practice questions. The first question, which of the following institutions were established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea? The first option is International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Second, International Seabed Authority. Third, Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. Fourth, International Maritime Organization. Select the correct answer using the code given below. See, the answer is Option C, 1, 2, and 3 only. The three organizations established under UN Clause R, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the International Seabed Authority, and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. The fourth option, International Maritime Organization, is the United Nations Specialized Agency with Responsibility for the Safety and Security of Shipping and the Prevention of Marine and Atmospheric Pollution by Ships. Now, let us move on to the second question. With reference to INS Vikramaditya, consider the following statements. The first statement, it is India's first indigenous aircraft carrier. Second statement, it was inducted into service of the Navy last year. Which of the above statements are correct? See, the answer is Option D. The first statement and second statement, both the statement are wrong. INS Vikramaditya is not indigenous. It was sourced from Russia. And INS Vikramaditya was inducted into the Navy in the year 2017, not last year. So, both the statements are incorrect. Now, let us move on to the third question. This question is very important because it appeared in 2019 prelims. Consider the following statements. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exist at both national and state level. Second statement, people's participation is mandatory in the Compensatory Afforestation Program carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016. Which of the statements given above are correct? See, statement owner is correct. As per Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016, the Kampa exists at both national and state levels. Statement 2 is incorrect. People's participation is not mandated under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016. So, the correct answer is Option E, one only. Now, coming to the fourth question, consider the following pairs of military exercise in which India is a partner. One, Garuda Shakti Indonesia. Two, Maitre Thailand. Three, Nomadic Elephant Mongolia. Four, And in And USA. Five, Surya Kiran Nepal. Choose the correct answer using the quotes given below. See, Garuda Shakti Indonesia are correctly matched. Maitre Thailand is correctly matched. Nomadic Elephant and Mongolia is correctly matched. Surya Kiran and Nepal is correctly matched. And in And is not USA. And in And is a military exercise by India and China. So, four is the wrong combination. The answer is B, one, two, three, and five. Main practice questions are displayed here. You can write your answer and post in the comment section below. With this, we have come to the end of Hindu News Analysis. If you like this video, don't forget to click, like, share, and comment. Subscribe to Shankar Aya's Academy channel for more UPSC updates. Thank you.