 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Ruby College, University of Allahabad. It is my email ID and today I am going to discuss a very important topic of each one of you irrespective of any discipline you have, that is ethics in research. All stakeholders of higher education must be aware with this very concept, that is ethics in research. And this lecture will be very useful for various quantitative examinations, your general course, your awareness and all. And the lecture will be in bilingual mode as usual, as always, and do subscribe my channel too. So, let's start. First of all, research. A word that is used the most in higher education is research, that is, unsanthan. We won't talk much about unsanthan because we know about research. We have learned a lot about research, like again and again in search. We need to learn something, we need to find something, we need to learn something. We are learning something again and again for the knowledge, for the knowledge in a certain field. To do something, that is research. But if you want to know quickly, then what is this? It is a studious inquiry or examination. It means that we are learning something, we are searching something, we are doing some research. Investigation of experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, the revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, and practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. That is, Merriam Webster dictionary defines us and tells us that research is a type of research, a type of research, a type of research, a type of research, which is aimed at finding something or interpretation of facts. Or what should we do? The reason of accepted theories or laws. That is, the theory that we have accepted, that yes, these are the principles, these are the rules, if they come again, that is, revise them in a new light, in the light of new facts, that is, we have to do something new, we have to update something, we have to change something, we have to see it in the light or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. That is, the new theory or revised theory or laws that we have come to us, what can be a practical application. That can be a type of research, according to Merriam Webster dictionary. And what is research? It is a process of systematic inquiry. That is, systematic, serious inquiry, investigation, experimentation, systematic inquiry. The first is that research is systematic. No head has ever researched the process. That is, what type of research is it? It is systematic. That entails a collection of data, in which we do research, documentation of critical information, which we see in the document form. And analysis and interpretation of that data or information. And what is that data or that information? Analysis, that is, specialization or interpretation, that is, we extract its meaning. In accordance with suitable methodology set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines. And in different academic disciplines, in professional fields, the set methodologies that we use, we do all of this. And in the simplest of terms, the research definition is the process of seeking out knowledge. That is, if we want to say it in simple words, that what is research? Then it can be translated into different languages. This is the search for knowledge. Okay. Ethics. We are studying research in ethics. We are studying ethics in research. We are studying research in ethics. So we should research first. We should research first. Then we should tell ethics. Who is known as ethics? If we want to know ethics, then derived from the Greek word ethos. That is, ethos, which is a Greek word, originates from it, which means way of living. Which tells us how to live. How to live. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with human conduct, more specifically the behavior of individuals in society. That is, it is a branch of philosophy. Ethics is known as moral philosophy. It is a branch of philosophy that deals with morals, so it is known as moral philosophy. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that tells us who is responsible for taking care of the behavior of a person. More specifically, the behavior of individuals in society. And if we want to know what should be taken care of the behavior of the individuals who are responsible for taking care of them. Ethics examines the rational justification for our moral judgments. It gives us the justification for our moral judgments. It studies what is morally right or wrong just or unjust. It studies what is morally right or what is not right. What is wrong or who is right and what is unjust. What are the other things? It is a conception of right and wrong conduct. That is, we are right or wrong, that is the conception of ethics. Ethics tells us when our behavior is moral and when it is not. Ethics tells us when our behavior is moral, when it is not. Ethics deals with fundamental human relationship. Ethics deals with a human relationship with the relationships between How we think and behave towards others. How we think and behave towards others. And how we want them to think and behave towards us. And what we want them to think and behave towards us. It's all about ethics. As it's simplest, it is a system of moral principles. And if we say it in simple terms, Ethics is the moral principle. It's a marriage. They have had how people make decisions and lead their lives. It affects how people make decisions and how they lead their lives. Then let's connect with each other. What is research and ethics? What is research and ethics? What is research and ethics? Research is an essential and organized component of higher academic activity. In general education, primary education and secondary education, research is given. Because research is a specialization. We have done research in a particular discipline. That's why this is an essential and organized component of higher academic activity. It's essential. And it's a matter of the society. Research is an essential component of higher academic activity. Then engaging in research and dissemination of its output to the social responsibility. Engaging in research. And spreading it. The output of it, the findings of it, spreading it is a responsibility of our society. It doesn't matter if it's possible or not. We have done research and our output, our outcome, our findings, it's only beneficial to us. So what's the benefit? We know about it. We have to tell the society about it. We have to tell the society about it. If it's not shared, if it's not shared then what will happen? Not only does the new knowledge remain largely unutilized, the new knowledge we have developed, whether it's unutilized or not, whether it's unutilized in a very limited manner. If it's unutilized then it's very similar to the research that has been done by a few people. No one else will know about it. But it also dies with the discoverer. And the researcher who is the discoverer will also die because of it. If we don't take social responsibility and don't disseminate it, then research is primarily a self-driven and self-satisfying human enterprise which has social extensions. Research is mainly a self-driven and self-satisfying human enterprise. We have done it for our own satisfaction but it goes all the way to the society. Ideally, research is the pursuit of truth. If we say in the form of an ideal, then what's the proof? It's the course of truth. Therefore, at first sight, it may look paradoxical that one has to ensure critical behavior in the pursuit of truth. If we look at it in the form of an ideal, then it looks like a negative. Why do we have to ensure the pursuit of truth in research that it should be ethical behavior? I mean, if it's ethical behavior, then it should be done. We can do research in an unethical way. Not in an initial way. Therefore, this is a paradoxical statement. When we talk about that research should be done in an ethical way. Then, the well-known evolutionary biologist G. G. Stimpson tells us that it is one of the many unique qualities of man in the new sort of animal that he is the only ethical animal. This is a very different quality of a human being. One is that he is the only animal that is ethical. The ethical need and its fulfillment are also products of evolution, but they have been produced in manner. That is, these are our innate needs. Oh, sorry. And its fulfillment, its fulfillment is in the form of evolution. It is in the form of evolution. It is in the form of evolution. But this is only because of man. Therefore, research should be ethical. But this is not possible. What is possible? Application, falsification and plagiarism. These three are FFT. This is a buzzword in the field of educational research or in the field of any research. Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism are the new crises in the field of research. This is a new crisis in the field of education. What is happening? Either it is fabricating or falsifying or we are getting results or we are following plagiarism. The increasing occurrence of compromised publication and deteriorating academic integrity is a global problem and it is a blot on all areas of research. I mean, the rise and fall is that of compromised publication. I mean, we have published anything. We have given money, the impact factor is increasing. And deteriorating academic integrity should be our integrity. It is getting worse. This is a huge problem. This is happening in India, in Kharadesh. We can say on this sad note that this is happening in India. And it is a blot on all areas of research. This is a buzzword in every field of research. What is that? Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism. What is academic integrity? It means giving credit where the credit is due. This means that we should get credit where the credit is due. Academic integrity and academic dis-honesty are interwoven in the same way as truth and untruth. That is academic integrity or academic dishonesty or scientific dishonesty. Similarly, they are different and connected. Like truth and untruth. Like truth and untruth, academic integrity and academic dis-honesty. Academic dis-honesty is an act of deception. This is a deception. A person seeks to claim credit for the work and reports of another professor. In this case, a person wants to take credit for other people's work or efforts. And uses unauthorized materials of fabricated information in any academic work including research. This is the part of academic dis-integretity. Let's see what is fabrication and what is falsification and plagiarism. What is fabrication? Fabricated means we have not done anything. It means making up and cooking up data. We have made data. Results without performing new experiments and reporting them in presentations or publications. We have not done any research or experiment. We have made data without experimenting. We have presented it in publication ethics. We have published it. Fabricated results are not based on actual authentic data because research has not done it. What is falsification? It means we have done it. But we have not told what has come out. That is why we have lied. We have given false treatment. Means the experiments have been performed but the outcome of the experimentation is manipulated. We have manipulated the outcome. It is manipulation of research materials, equipment, processes and modifying or omitting of data results in such a way that the result is not accurately represented in the research records. It is manipulation of research materials. Research is manipulated in the equipment processes. Modified or changed data with results. In such a way that the result is not accurately represented in the research records. Research records are not actually written or not. This is falsification. Plagiarism is the most commonly used word in the field of research. Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit where it is due. Plagiarism is a scientific thief who says in Hindi that appropriation of another person's ideas. We have taken the idea, process, result, word of another person but we have not given it credit. This is our idea, process, result and word. It is presentation of someone else research plan, manuscript, article or text or part thereof as one's own. Plagiarism means we have to present another person's research plan, manuscript, article, text or any part of it. Then it takes in research. If we talk about not doing research then we have to follow some principles. The principle of non-manifestions means that we research must not cause harm to the participants in particular and to the people in general. The participants will not be given any trouble and other people will not be given any trouble in general and particular participants. The principle of beneficence means that they will not be given any trouble but they will be given benefit. Research should also make a positive contribution towards the welfare of people. The principle of autonomy research must respect and protect the rights and dignity of participants i.e. your sample which you are going to interview and which you are collecting data you have to respect and protect your rights and your dignity. All the principle of justice the benefits and risks of research should be fairly distributed among people. This will not happen or it will not happen. It should be fairly distributed among people with the results and benefits of research. Risk should also be factors contributing to unethical conduct in research. Why is there unethical conduct in research? What are the factors which make them helpless or cause harm? The first is competition. Increasing number of researchers and greater societal impact of research outcomes have escalated the competition for the dissemination of research outputs through publications How many publications do you have? How many publications do you have? The research based article can only be written by a person when he did research. We did not do research but we need publication and what do we do to stay in competition? We will do falsification fabrication and plagiarism then claiming priority. Since research output is owned by researchers claiming the discovery and such ownership is recognized and rewarded by society the desire to claim ownership is natural. Research output is our research but what do we do? Claiming priority. Ranking. The expanded system of research now covers a wide canvas extending from individual researchers to journals and institutions at national level Ranking. Is it published in good journals or bad? Is it published in national or international? If you see more money in international you can publish it in international because we have not done research based on it. Then prestige associated journal impact factor. The more the impact factor of the journal it is considered to be such a good journal and if you publish it it means you have done a great job. So the prestige associated journal impact factor and it is okay to go here but what happens is that the journal creates a fake impact factor and it shows wrong citations which is very difficult to do. So this is also a factor with which we want more journal impact factor to publish our paper so we have to pay more fees for it. Then poor infrastructure for research in universities and colleges where will be research? In lab, laboratory, psychological lab educational technology lab if there is research in lab or at least we will get infrastructure so universities and colleges will get infrastructure but we are asked to do research apply for projects so this is not possible that is why we have to do fabrication of research results and emphasis on quantity rather than quality no one will ask you if you have the best paper then it is very good no you should have 10 publications tell me the publication of last year then the association is seen quality is generally not seen so what will we do? we will develop a code which shows research integrity what will we do? research integrity and ethical conduct are largely interrelated i.e. they relate to each other research integrity refers moral adherence to the defined ethical code of conduct i.e. the ethical code of conduct defined, i.e. we have to use it for moral adherence i.e. we have to stick to it tomorrow we will do this tomorrow we will do this and professional standards is a personal conviction rather than because of the compulsion of institutional rules and regulations i.e. there are rules and regulations that you have to do this that is why we are showing integrity i.e. we have no personal standard our personal conviction should be no we will not do wrong we will not copy any other person's opinion we will not tell the results of research or we will tell the results of research then the ethical principles refer to the honesty and trust worthiness of records and the dissemination of the research output and what does ethical principle mean that we have to show the record of honesty and trust worthiness as it has come out and a breach in integrating conducting research and disseminating it's output causes serious damage to society's progress i.e. if something else has come out we are disseminating something else it also leads to a loss of public faith in scientific temper and what else will happen that the public faith will end up in research maintaining integrity in the conduct of research and following ethical practices in the dissemination of the output is critical for the well-being of society and essential to keep the sanctity of academic pursuit maintaining integrity in the conduct of research and following ethical practices in the dissemination of the output is critical for well-being of society i.e. if we want to spread the community then we should show integrity in research and should follow ethical practices and essential to keep the sanctity of academic pursuit and the sacred and sacred works of sacred work can also be maintained sorry the status of research ethics is in social sciences if we talk about it because we deal with social sciences at this time So we will find that surprisingly the codification of ethics in social sciences has not received much of reaction in India. In India, it is not a practical statement that our code of conduct has been made that we do not have to research in this way. Not many universities have ethical guidelines for social science research. Many universities have not made their ethical guidelines. Not only this, the Indian Council for Social Science Research, ICSSR does not have guidelines like this, ICSSR also does not follow these guidelines. The University Grants Commission's Research Development and Innovation Programme Implementation Guidelines from UGC 2017 deal with a long list of areas. This has been done, but with little elaboration. Obviously, it did not spread much. As I told you, point-wise, under the section on research ethics, it simply states that when you do UGC, you know that the University Grants Commission deals with higher education in India. So it only states that the higher education institutions receiving the UGC research funding are required to have a responsible conduct of research guidelines. It states that all those researches who are funding UGC have to follow this responsible conduct of research guidelines. And an instruction program to instruct the researchers about the guidelines. But what about those researchers who have not received the UGC funding? So can that be done in a different way? This means that there is a need for improvement here as well. If we look further, the Indian Sociological Society 2 has a code of ethics that is easily accessible to its website, to write here, or on its website. So the Indian Sociological Society has a code of ethics that is available on its website. The National Institute of Advanced Science NIS is among the small number of research institutions in academia that have a set of medical guidelines. The National Institute of Advanced Studies has its guidelines for advanced sciences. A comprehensive code of ethics across social sciences is yet to be developed. That is, we still have to work on it. To fill this gap in ethical, you can read this yourself. What are the statuses of research ethics in social sciences in India? Then promoting ethics through UGC Care and NEP 2020. Since NEP 2020 has a system and UGC Care journals are very prominent, then we will have to know what NEP 2020 or UGC Care journals have done to promote ethics in research. So we will start with this quote, knowledge is power, information is liberating, education is the premise of progress in every society, every family. That is, today we say knowledge is society. That is, knowledge is power. The more knowledgeable that is, the more power it has. And information is liberating. That is, the more we think about it, it opens the door to our freedom. Education is the premise of progress in every society, every family. That is, education is the premise of progress. And it is different in every society. In each society. We know this wise words. Kofi Annan, who was the former Secretary General of the United Nations, river berets strongly as a second decade of the 21st century closes on a debilitating note of pandemics, information and misinformation, disrupting established modes of communication, education and livelihood. We are saying that the second decade of the 21st century has come to an end. Pandemic has come to an end. I did not get a good idea. I did not get a bad idea. Our modes of communication which were established have been disrupted. Education and livelihood have been disrupted. We are forced to realize that human civilization will not be itself without ethics that it reminds choices and actions such as difficult priorities. We are forced to think that human civilization without ethics has no future. As John Burger says, without ethics, man has no future. Without ethics, man has no future. That is to say, mankind without them cannot be itself. Ethics determine choices and actions such as difficult priorities. Ethics helps us understand what we have to choose and what we have to do. They also suggest difficult priorities. Ethics is generally not easy. Then, what does UGC Care Journal do? In 2018, i.e. 2018, the UGC Care was established to promote and benchmark research, integrity and publication ethics in the Indian Academy. In 2018, UGC Care was established to promote research, integrity and publication ethics in the Indian Academy. It was part of the set-up to repudiate India's unsavory distinction of generating a high percentage of poor quality research publications. I mean, as you know, the ranking keeps going for decades. So, we found that there is no university in India in the first 100 or 200 years. And the fact is, we don't have a good publication. So, UGC Care was established to improve this blot in the Indian Academy. India was forced to take cognitions of the situation with the 15 points under the API earmark for publication in Referee Journals lead to a wide proliferation of predatory journals. See, the academic performance indicators as well as the API, they say that we will get 15 numbers if our paper will be published in Referee Journal. So, many predatory journals have come into the society, have come into the market who have written, have written, have written, and have printed with money. The problem is that when they take money, then they don't follow any guidelines and publish it. Now, it has been improved a lot. Because there is no tyranny, there is no complete overhaul of the existing list of journals approved by the EPICS higher education body, UGC. You must know that the recent past, when UGC came, many journals that were listed removed from the list because they were not up to the mark. To promote quality research, academic integrity, and publication ethics in the UGC is stated as the first objective of UGC. So, UGC said that India, in the show with the alias, academic integrity research, quality research in the academic integrity and publication ethics is our only profession. Its structure for the assessment of the journal is available as a well planned, informative, functional, responsive, and degraded structure. In the words of the NEP 2020, in the words of Dr. Kasturi Rangan, chair of the NEP drafting panel, the NEP 2020 has been crafted to realize a new system aligned with the aspirational goals of 21st century education while remaining rooted in Indian value system in the first. He says that we have to be very advanced, we have to give AI in education, we will be loaded with artificial intelligence, we will teach coding, we will do everything. But, we do not leave the Indian, Moomoolyas system. We do not leave it. So, this is about the ethos, this is about the ethics. The deep commitment to ethics is endorsed by the fact that it ends up in the fabric of the landmark reforms in the education sector in the National Education Policy of 2020. He says that the NEP is made up of three basic tenets, three or five, access, equity, quality, affordability, and accountability. This means that we have to reach the top of everything. We will take care of the samtas, we will be able to afford all of them and they will be accountable. We will be responsible for what we are teaching our children and students. NEP 2020 flags, all the basic criteria required for creating a vibrant knowledge society that India can be proud to reclaim through a holistic, flexible, multidisciplinary approach that will shape the potential human in each citizen of India in the fast-paced 21st century world. NEP 2020 is also about the ethics. If we want to lastly conclude it, then finally to validate the cardinal importance of teaching ethics to UGC care and NEP 2020, we look at the words of the incomparable and deeply respected Swami Vivekananda. Swami Vivekananda can express the work of ethics has been and will be in the future, not the destruction of variation and the establishment of sameness in the external world. He says it is impossible to make everyone equal. What we have to recognize is the unity inspired by all these variations. We have to search for it to recognize the God within there is something that we have to recognize. In spite of all apparent weakness and to recognize the eternal, infinite essential purity of the soul in spite of everything to the contrary which appears on the surface level we all look different but there is something good and there is something wrong we have to recognize we have to take one side alone one half only of the position is dangerous if we know half of it it can be dangerous we have to fight we must take the whole thing as it is we have to see completely everything as our basis and work in every part of our lives as individuals and members of society it is a big aim that if there is ethical in everything if there is God then if we think then why there is unethical and the most important research that we go to search some new to establish some knowledge to give some contribution and if that is unethical then it is a very sad issue so research must be ethical at any cost okay so thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education and today I have covered a very important topic ethical research and research in ethics in research okay so join the group 2 and then promise it