 यह कोगे बद्यावाद़ बाद बाद बाद बदियाद़्ादी मैंगा बाद बाद बदियादी प्रद़ादी भीगादी के आप वोगाई प्रूव्वेशीज के उपर, अब यह जो तोपिक है, यह पोकस इस बात पे कर रहा है, के 18th amendment के बाद गवरनन्स की क्या सिटूएशन रही है. बहुत सार इस कोलरस जो है, इस के उपर आटिकल जो लिक चुके है, इस में एक अमिनंट श्कोलर है, रफ्युल्ला काकर, यह रोडस श्कोलर है, उनिवस्टी अफ अकसवर्द के, वो अपने अटिकल में लिकते है के, जो 18th amendment है, इसका परपस जो है, वो रिस्टोर करना है, the original spirit of the constitution of 1973, और इसका एक अगर परपस जी है, के जो 18th amendment है, इस से, रिमूव की जाएं दिस्टोर्ष्यन, जो के मिल्त्री दिक्तेटर से लें, तदुज मुल्क्में करवाई, dear students, the devolution of powers to the provinces through the abolition of the concurrent list and the provisions of constitutional protection to the 7th NFC award were arguably the most important feature of the 18th amendment to the constitution of Pakistan 1973. My dear students, you would be enlightened to know that the framers of the 18th amendment hope that the devolution of powers to the provinces would make the concerns of ethno-regional minorities and strengthen federal integrity. The framers of the 18th amendment have the intention that the federal integrity should be established and that the distorsions and dissatisfaction should be ended on the level of the provinces. You would be enlightened to know that the 18th amendment was expected to pacify the grievances and concerns of bloat and Pashtuns who had been advocating for provincial autonomy since the inception of Pakistan. 8 years have passed, the 18th amendment and it has been debated whether it has been beneficial or not. The biggest argument against this is that it has weakened the integrity and unity of Pakistan. My dear students, the 18th amendment was expected to pacify the grievances and concerns of bloat and Pashtuns who had been advocating for provincial autonomy since the inception of Pakistan. The key argument against the 18th amendment is that it has weakened the federation of Pakistan and political scientists are in favour of this argument. How can we assess the effect of the 18th amendment on federal integrity? Let's take the example of Blotistan as it is the weakest link in the federation and examine how devolution has affected politics in the respective province. My dear students, Blotistan was the biggest beneficiary of the 18th amendment and the 7th NFC award. Its share in the provincial pool jumped from 5% to 9.09%. This is a really increase. In addition, the 7th NFC award also revised the formula for the computation of the gas development surcharge and provided for the retroactive payment of GDS areas to Blotistan on the basis of the new formula. Moreover, my dear students, the 18th amendment gave the provinces 50% ownership of natural resources within their territorial boundaries and thus addressed the long-standing demand of the people of Blotistan. So, by and large, the 18th amendment has increased the integrity and solidarity of Pakistan. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.