 So, good afternoon everyone. I'm going to change a bit the subject. I'm going to talk about the full provisioning and management of food for the Roman city of Bracharagusta based on the anthropological analysis that I've made in one of the necropolis of the city. I've divided this presentation in three sections. First, a small introduction about some concepts, general concepts about this subject. Then I'm going to explain briefly the Robinville's qualitative model of full consumption for Pompeii, which will be the basis of our study for Bracharagusta in which I'm going to talk about the full provisioning areas, catchment areas for the city and general considerations about the wood necessary for the cremations. So, as it's obvious to everyone, for pre-industrial societies, wood was almost the only resource for several activities such as eating, cooking, cremating the dead and construction, and understanding how each of these, how societies collected, managed and used this flow is important for understanding each of these activities, but also in a broader sense to understand the territorial management, landscape use and the environmental impacts of these societies in the environment. Surprisingly, there is not a lot of information about this, both in classical history, classical economy and also in archivotomy, and when these subjects are addressed are only in broad general terms and not in quantifiable and qualitative terms backed up by architecture. One of the few exceptions to this trend is the research undertaken by Robinville for Pompeii and Rome, which I'm going to explain briefly. So, for Pompeii, this research, Robinville's research was based on the anthropological study in several sites in Pompeii. The main species that she identified was Fagosovatica among others, such as oak, ornbim and maple, and she also identified the main catchment areas of wool for the city, such as in the upper mountain slopes, midslopes and managed forests and also lower slopes. She then, she based their model in a series of assumptions such as that ethnographical epoxy data related to wood dependence for industrial societies. She assumed that all the fuel used in the city was of regional origin. There was no, not in the parts of wood, and she considered several variables such as population estimates, several estimations for the population, full consumption per person per year, the ratio of raw wood and charcoal used in the city, and charcoal productivity, which means the amount of charcoal, the amount of wood necessary for making one ton of charcoal, and for general forest productivity in the area. She compiled everything in a mathematical formula and then formulated this spreadsheet with the forest area required for each of these variables. I've tried to adapt something similar to Bracar Augusta. This city, this Roman city, was founded in the first third century as the capital of the Covetus Bracar Augusta in the province of Tarrakumis, it's not least in Liberia. The importance of the city grew in the following centuries, becoming the capital of the newly created province of Galicia, and then with the barbaric invasions it became the capital of the Suevi kingdom between the 5th and the 7th century. As any proper medium-sized provincial capital in the Roman Empire that all the necessary public buildings such as theaters, Roman baths and domes, several domes, and also obviously several necropolises. The largest one, the one underlined, the grapples of the road 17, was the largest so far found, was excavated during one and a half year, in 2008 and 2009, when more than two well, and 200 burial depositions were identified, mostly permission in deposits. It was located in the eastern outskirts of the city alongside this road connecting Bracar to Rasturica, and kept being continuously used for almost six centuries. During the excavation there were thousands of samples, something, a carbonyl sample, something made. In total, we've analyzed in the last couple of years almost 47,000 charcoal fragments in more than 180 permission deposits. We've identified almost 30 species, and the Citus Oak was by far the most frequently identified, and overall the total species identified almost three quarters were collected in climatic mixed oak forests. For this data, for this model, we've only used the data regarding to the first and second centuries AD, because they comprised almost all the decremation depositions, because afterwards there was the start of greening, animation practices, and the cremation deposits started to become fewer. Among the 30 identified species, the presence of Pinus subvertis and Fardus subatica was particularly interesting, because it does not occur naturally in the vicinity of the city, nowadays it only exists naturally in the Gerege mountain range, which is the areas highlighted, so it already implied a broad area of wood collection necessary to sustain the city. While applying the Robinville's model, we've based on the same variables that she chose, ethnographical proxy data, the full supply of wind of regional origin, and we only changed the population estimations according to what's currently known for the city. And we also compiled a similar table with the values of the actors necessary to supply the city. I've then picked three different scenarios, and placed the total area that would have been necessary to sustain the city according to these conservative scenarios. The first scenario relates to the lowest estimations of population and consumption, and the highest levels of productivity, and in this case it will only be necessary 700 actors of wood. I'm always talking about wood, and this also refers only to wood consumption per year. And more average scenario, combining the medium of all these variables, would require roughly 12,000 actors, and a more worst case scenario with high numbers of population and consumption, and lowest productivity, would require this enormous area. And these are only, these areas that I like only refer to, they are not exactly the points where we think the wood was being collected, but were just to give a broad sense of the area necessary to what I'm talking about. Of course, the city was not an island, there was previous occupations and contemporary occupations. This region is especially interesting because it had extensive density of occupations during the Iron Age, and also towards the Roman Age, with hundreds of known sites. And when we cross all this information, we suspect that the areas of Fuerwood provision would most likely fall in these great areas in which there are less, in which there are less known sites, psychological sites, and they are particularly interesting because they coincide with the areas of Pines and Silvestes and Fagos, which is this mountain range where they naturally occur. And this would be also a very suitable location for wood collection of the good transportation lines. Both these roads cross directly through these forests, and also there was a strong possibility based on the geographical examples of the region that some of this wood might be transporting downstream via rafts using the Omi River and the Cavador River, which go right beneath Merakarogusti. This region also is particularly interesting because it has one of the highest annual rainfall percentages in Europe, which would have increased regeneration, so there will be always, at least during the first centuries of the Roman period, would have had extensive forests. But as soon as the Romans settled, and especially in the area of Rakharogusti, the paleological data from this Gerez mountain range, from the lagoon placed here in this spot, showed a massive deforestation trend. So the woodlands would not be able to recuperate from the necessity to withstand all this population and all these needs. We've also made some other experiments with this model while to calculate the fuel necessary for the formation. Several ethnographic and experimental data point that would be necessary for 200 to 1000 kilograms of dried wood to perform a full cremation. The size and structure of the pyres are usually standard since prehistory, using a series of logs, large logs, or albs or quarters, arranged in this alternated pattern. So in order for the cremation, it would have been necessary to fell the trees, to cut off trees, entire trees. It could not be possible to make a pyre with dried wood collected randomly in the forest. So in this case we've used not hectares, but full oaks, since the oaks were the main species identified. And in the region, major oaks, about 30 meters high, could provide up to 15 tons of dried wood. So we've estimated for 169 cremations that we have identified in the first two centuries, how much wood regarding to this tree hypothesis, 250,000 wood per cremation, it would only require about 33.8 average oaks, waiting 5 tons each, or 13 in case of larger oaks. Because these are very meager results, at least we were respecting much more, we've made a crude estimation of the total deaths in the city between these two centuries, and then crossed the total values with the current density of oaks per actor in the region, and still, even in the worst case scenarios, when each cremation would require one ton of wood, that would be only, this 21,000 tons, would have been required only 2.2 hectares to be collected, so it's a very, very small number. So as a quick summary, these pedifiable models for full consumption have a huge potential to provide important insights on territorial management and environmental impacts. The more data we consider in these models, and the more accurate it is, the more accurate these models can be, and the more useful they can be to perceive the size of the city, the area outside the city that would have required for providing all these materials. Among the old and the wood necessary for this variety of activities, cremation would have only required a minimal amount, and we are now trying to improve, to fine-tune this model, to include the most variables possible to try to be as accurate as it can be. So thank you.