 ESO's La Seer Observatory on a moonless night, deep in the Atacama Desert of Chile. It should be very dark, but strange green and red colours can be seen to shimmer in the sky. What are these mysterious glows, and why do they seem to be getting more frequent? This is the ESOcast, cutting-edge science and life behind the scenes at ESO, the European Southern Observatory. The Sun is constantly sharing the Earth's atmosphere with radiation at many different wavelengths. Solar ultraviolet light destroys oxygen and nitrogen molecules during the daytime, and this triggers a chain of complex chemical reactions. As a result, new molecules like ozone are created. When night falls, some of these molecules take part in further reactions and collisions, causing them to radiate light. This process is known as chemiluminescence. The result is seen in the night sky as an eerie glimmer, an effect called air glow. To the naked eye, the colours of this air glow are invisible, but sensitive wide-angle photographs show the fine green or reddish tinges of this phenomenon. Sometimes, air glow appears to be just a faint tinge of colour on the horizon, but it can also be a menagerie of changing colourful shapes. The green layer of air glow lies about 100 kilometres above the ground. Here, it is seen from the International Space Station. But there is also a much fainter, reddish tint of luminescent air at altitudes of 150 to 300 kilometres. The extent, colour and brightness of the air glow vary with time and place, and are influenced by many different factors. For example, the red glow tends to be brightest at the start of the night, and around midnight and later it can be very weak. And Cerro Paranal, home of the VLT, happens to be located below what is known as the South Atlantic Anomaly. Here, the Earth's protective magnetic field, which prevents particles from reaching the surface, is reduced, and more particles from the sun hit the atmosphere. This can lead to brighter air glow. Air glow can also appear in strange formations called gravity waves. They are formed by alternating air pressure layers that can grow with height as the air thins. We understand what causes air glow, but why are we seeing more and more of it in photos taken at ESO sites in Chile over the past five years? Has air glow become more common? Could it be caused by some global change in weather patterns? The answer is not clear. The recent rapid development of digital cameras seems to play a role, allowing fainter details to be picked up in the night sky more often. But identical cameras have revealed dramatically different skies just weeks apart. Since air glow is triggered by ultraviolet radiation emitted from the sun, changes in solar activity can have a big impact on the brightness of the air glow. The sun cycles through periods of low and high activity every 11 years and was active in recent years. This, it seems, is the main reason for the recent increase in air glow. The most recent cycle of high solar activity, coinciding with more sensitive digital photography, has provided our first detailed look at this strange phenomenon. Air glow can be beautiful and photogenic, but it also affects scientific observations. Certain kinds of air glow give rise to background patterns in near-infrared images from the Vista telescope as the air glow structures move in between exposures. One way or another, it's a feature of the celestial display over the ESO sites. Even in one of the darkest places on the planet, the sky is never completely dark. This is a feature about the only person around that doesn't have TV coverage of the scene. That's all right, I don't mind a bit. Okay, you've got the flag up now, and you can see the stars in the sky. Let me pick up now. Are you getting a TV picture now, Hampton? Neil, yes, we are getting a TV picture. You're going to have to go in now. That's one small step for man. One giant leap.