 I have the final stages of my defined field, my PhD, and I'm working and I'm considering the open air lithic sites in south east England that I was trying to get into context and bringing in theutors sisters to try to look at these cross-channel, potential cross-channel connections, dynamics. I'm starting with this image which is of the Iceland where the glacier and a gradient river system and a thermocast managed it, ...wyddi'r ddigbyn y sydd gyffredin o'r gyfraith yn gwlad droi... ...y'r gwrthidiaeth ffordd i'r Llyfrgell... ...cymdeithasol yn gwerthodd iawn i'r wych... ...y'r gwlad yw'r gwlad yn ymweld yn ymweld yn ymweld... ...y'r ddigbyn i'r ddweud... ...y'r dwylo sydd wedi'u bod yn ddweud. Yn olyfrgell yr oeddur sydd yn ymweld... ...ym ni'n sgwrs yw'r ddweud, y Chathro Rybryd yn ysgwrs... Mae'r Llyfrideg yw'r Llyfrideg ה� inning maen nhw'n rywun yn gyfwyl, ond yn ysgriffaeth gŵr yna'r Lhyfrideg yn gweithio'r Lhyfrideg er mwyn ffawr yn ymgyrch atrygiadol, wedyn oedd ymwys i ymwhaith o'r hunain a'i wneud i'r bwysig i'r ymddi'ch gwelltyn. Fyno'r Llyfrideg yn cyfwyl sy'n fwyaf. Mae'r Llyfrideg yw'r Llyfrideg er mwyn uchwynt yn cydweithio i'r Llyfrideg yng nghynghwil,don i gael y llwythoedd o'r llwll ddwylliant o'r cyfrifvedig hwnnw mewn y gwasanaeth yna, cyda fi'n cael ei wneud gweithio'ch bethau cyrru a thwylo gwneud â'r rawn sydd y gwasanaeth o'r ffordd yn roi'r Llyfr sophisticatedu. Felly rwy'n cael ei wneud e'ch cyfrifedig hefyd i gael llwyddiad I would like to argue that river systems are the principal topographic features linking and separating these regions. The dynamics of these river systems actually have a huge impact not only on the seasonality and movement, but also on the different distributions of the after-experiment we find at different periods. So, this will be at three parts, a geographic settlement and a quick discussion of the records, carbon seasonality and resources of river systems is the core, and I need to include some of some comments on the archaeological landscape. So, the channel river is really part of the panorai system. The panorai is starting at the outskirts of glacial effect throughout the glacial, so there's a constant flow, except in whichever way to go. It's constantly fed throughout the summer months, and it's actually a really vast catchment. I'd like to point out at this point that Martin Baker's a great talk recently at how these are reminding you to reference how we're making these maps. This is a, with Jetco and Hugo Nett, and all the maps throughout will be based on those base maps and added catchments. The rivers themselves, some have been used by plotting GIS, by creating a flow on GIS, and others have been handled here based on literature review of known aspects of the paleochats. If we compare it to other catchments in the area, it's very close to the size of the Danube, and this is why it's also, it's comparable. In between the Danube system and the panorai system, the channel river system, they actually meet the links and all across Europe. A continuous, how to say, a continuous, fhuvial link in some ways with a meeting somewhere in the Alps, just to explain the channel river itself truly really starts after the Strakes of Dover. The Strakes of Dover to the Atlantic is for the channel river, and before that is the Paleo Rhine, Paleo Moose, and as is the Paleo Shell, and the Paleo Tens, etc. Well, Rhianon is just going to help me out by, despite the chronological situation, I'm really going to use the chronos of the terminology boiling an animal throughout because of the fhuvial on the resolution of the fhuvial context. At the onset of the Lake Glacier, we have glaciers that have basically retracted, but that means that there's a lot of, there's still, however there is, just before the boiling, a perms from some biome, and when we transition into the boiling, what is important is that the landscape is transitioning from a perms across to a thermocast biome, which says there's a lot of water, soil, and the grain in the thermocast will be providing lots of water for the flow of the season. The concept of the channel river itself has been, at least since the 19th century, within the 19th century, really developed by Reid in the early 20th century, and it's byerly coals who revived this doggerland and channel river network, and the importance of this period of overhaul. This is following the work of Old Freya and Smith in the 1980s. You can really start to describe topographic features that were submerged in this landscape, specific channels, cliff lines, and actually start giving a submarine topography to all of this landscape, so this landscape is starting to emerge from this process. Finally, a big changing point was around transition 2009, or the series of articles from 2006 to 2010, where they were doing offshore quarry and fans, the legal fans of the continental shelf, and through mineralological analysis, they could link to which legal networks these sentiments were associated to, and OSL dating, date them, and really, for the first time, define how these two major river systems, the Elm and the Pallod Rhine and Channel River, were behaving. We saw it very recently that we can start considering exactly how this river is behaving, and now this sets up a framework with, I would say, a true submerged landscape with topology, with different channels, and these channels have their own specific topography with very clear, renewal features that have been eroded away by mega floods with the melting of these glaciers that were, I mentioned, very high pulses of flooding following the last facial maxim until before the voting, so before the incident, there is very high energy flooding taking place, and these are carving out much of this landscape that is present during the lake glacier when people are moving in, when people are now moving back into this landscape. This topography also has a very strong relief. On the bottom left, you can see that it's actually 20, 30 meters high, some of these AIs that are on the channel, and it's been visualised and prepared to other mega floods that take place in a very similar context with West America, and the drop-out of channels have been carved out by mega floods, and we have these very steep, fluvially eroded landscapes, so this is something that we can imagine submerged. It's a very different type of topography that we have above ground currently, and it's quite important to consider that from just from a small, proper environmental perspective, a mosaic environment with different fluvo systems on different paths going through it. Roughly, we construct this and place some of the archaeological sites, some of the reference sites around it, and this gives an idea of some of this topography. That blue lake is not really a lake, it's more of a question mark at this point, and I've discussed it with Vim Scaffley and Simon Fitch, and they're working on it, whether this is a wetland or what's going on there exactly, no one knows, but that's where the land is supposed to be, so it's a particular quarters. You have to imagine that there's this huge river that's had a little grime coming down, and it must be over that flooding that's being fed by meltwaters from the landscape, so something very wrong. So there are several records that we now have, very good sequences, very good sequences to help characterise this. I will just be mentioning a few for this part of trying to characterise this. I will just emphasise the rhythms and seasonalities of these rivers through both the bowling and the arrow, and then consider how it might affect human mobility factors and the archaeology for silver southeast England. The considerable amount of work among these organisms, notably the Merges, Shelts, Bech, and Palio Rhine, have enabled to characterise transitions and taking place associated to the Lake Leishio, but there's also a different type of transition that's happening in the Paris basin of the Seine and the Song system, and we're seeing something slightly different in the UK. So although there's a general trend of moving from braided rivers to possibly a roading meandering, but lastly a roading rivers to single channel rivers, you have to be a bit careful. To complement this, there's a lot of high environmental records, as Rhianne just described. In order to be around wetlands, there's also some in Belgium, but also in the southeast England recently at Brock Hill. Brock Hill, where Brock Hill, they're recording from peaks, Lake Leishio peaks, and recognise coralis, so there's hazel in Lake Leishio now in South East England, which is very interesting, and I was always surprised by it, but it shows that those riparian or wetland environments can actually produce a slightly different type of vegetation. For the UK, the Great Wolves River, for ours, has been very well characterised for this period of time. Moving from the transition from the LGM, the final phases on GS2A into GI1E, the end of the last special maxim, into the building, was very, very, see a sharp transition, not only in the environment, but also in many of the river systems, not all of them. This is what is interesting. In south of the channel river, we see quite a significant transition to more, how to say, they're still braided rivers, but they can become single channel or principal channel of river systems that are moving towards the reality system. Whereas in the UK, it remains a braided river system, which implies a higher water flow, but also less vegetation, which fits very well with what Daniel just described. It's also very cold winters, and right through the warm summers in the building, so we have frozen landscapes. This is very important and very water-loan landscapes in summer, and I hope to emphasise and emphasise why this is important. When we look at the channel river itself and consider what is submerged, this is all, how to say, a conjecture, but we know that we're getting the onset of woodland up down river along the Parry Rhydon and also along the Senn. The Parry environmental records, they are getting the first evidence of actual trees, arboreal growth, whereas it's absent to the northern part of the channel river at this time. What is often regarded is how these dynamic rivers actually transport material. They freeze over, banks are aboded, and trees fall in. There will be lots of dead, of drivers in these environments, which are a very important resource. There are also lake systems, so herds deep, which is here. Herds deep is a very deep trough, and that would be a lake at the time, probably a freshwater lake as the sea levels are rising. Moving into this has become brackish, and this is probably at some point during the boning then, what about this transition is taking place. This mosaic landscape is of interest because, how to say, braided river systems, it would represent very much a mosaic environment with potential seeds and other plants coming down. And being brought down by rivers and resources, that are being brought down by rivers and possibly colonising it. So the arwath, that are arwath is where we see transition to meagoring river systems. We also see the arwath appearing, especially along the Rhine, there's evidence for it. Once again, this environment has now become, during the arwath, is an estuarine environment, and this is very rich in resources and probably a whole of attraction as well. So one would expect that sites that are in southern England would have direct relationships with this estuarine environment, as well as these meagoring rivers and systems that are. One of the main questions that has been brought up is how did this colonisation take place? I was just plotting the distribution of sites, we could see that there are connections that have crossed this, and most of the time some sort of land bridge is considered to the north of the river system. We have archaeological, I would say, parallels of very, very large territories and also very close proximity here with northern France and then south-east England. There are very strong parallels in the Lithic's technology during the era. We mustn't forget that these rivers freeze in winter. This is worrying because the main point that I want to put across is that these frozen landscapes and rivers within the frozen landscapes are one of the main aspects when navigating boreal or sub-arct landscapes. We mustn't just consider this, there's the potential that a lot of this landscape is waterlogging summer, high summer temperatures during the bowling. Winter would be a very good time to follow these rivers to the landscape and to move, so it might not be a tri-land passage to the eastern river, but more a tri-land over the river, to follow the systems. One period where the rivers would be truly blocked was during the iceberg. This is both for the bowling and the other one. When the time of the iceberg takes place, it is extremely dangerous. The river, especially the main channels, would be full of high energy and lots of them are flowing from south to north. The mountain takes place upriver and then flows over the ice, creating all sorts of problems from south to north. We consider many of these rivers, at least during the spring of the iceberg season, as true barriers, and that's when the land reaches would possibly be preferable. This is also for animal migration as well. It's recognised for reindeer that they often follow higher reaches in North America when doing that spring migration. Finally, these braver channels, although they're very high energy during the melt, towards the end of the season in summer, they die down in energy. Although there may be some deeper central channels where the river valley is broadened, this is when they're actually quite un-level. However, in the anorod, the problem is that the channels are single-channel and they're quite deep water. Crossing these rivers during the summer period, especially with legal mels, and this has been demonstrated at Great Wool's or Al's, I'm sure. There's a continuous flow, and finally there's a continuous flow of deep single-channel. Finally, I always like to bring in the element of boats, especially for the anorod, because in the subsequent Mesolithic, we have clear evidence of boats. At a contemporary period in Cyprus, people are colonising the Mediterranean islands at the same time as the anorod, with the whole, how to say, a formal transport of wild animals and the domestics. The whole of the anorod is going across 160 kilometres. So, why wouldn't there be boats along these single-channel? The Miannian river systems are also ideal for that type of movement. These deep channels are perfect for boats, whereas the braided channels are not appropriate. Distance-wise, I don't have time for this, but it was the raw materials that basically re-designed this circle that 250 kilometres is considering. These are all-material sources of distances that we know people are moving in the archaeological record. This is compared to ethnographic, or the reindeer migrations, whereas Gordon, when he looked at the Magdalenian reindeer migrations, where they're all curved east towards the Belgian caves because there was a channel river, often they cross rivers on, if it's an east-west flowing river and they try and cross them on a north-south access, it would be an ideal location in the landscape for what we know of the reindeer migrations. If we compare it to further ethnographic data, this 500-kilometre scale actually becomes smaller still. If there is to be suppose that it goes up to where we can compare it to the green, and different types and different innovative distances travelled where there is no basis, so we have different scales and we start looking at movement across this channel system, when we look at the rivers, carvel, the bedrock and everything.