 is actually a very important and a very necessary topic. So with this we will actually begin with the basic definitions of editing and with editing we all know that editing is basically changing the appearance or the course of certain object. It may be so editing of photograph is also called editing. If we change some photograph we change the background of the photograph it is called editing the photograph but there is no video there right. So and editing the video is actually if you have shot some particular sequence we can edit that video and make another new video out of there. So there are actually examples where if we do certain audio editing we can make a complete new dialogue track of the old video which was recorded with some other dialogue. So if I change the dialogue track if I do the audio editing then maybe we will change the complete course of this thing. So there are different types of editing available. So editing as a word I am not right now discussing what I am now directly going into is something which is related to our work. So we actually have to do two types of editing. One is the interframe editing which is within the frame that within the frame like there are many objects within the frame. Suppose we are shooting the video right now the cameraman has to be bothered about the interframe editing. The interframe editing is typically like what is the like you can see a picture in picture now. So now what is the kind of layout the person has been shot at what is what is coming in the background is the color of the background and the foreground giving me enough contrast. So these kind of things depend on interframe editing that is why we put these backgrounds and if you go to the CD studio you will see not one background there are multiple backgrounds here. So suppose I wear a blue shirt then they will replace this with orange or they will replace it with green or whatever. So this is why is this required because you do interframe editing to start with. So I am sure you do this every day but when I say that this is interframe editing then you suddenly have some lines on your forehead so what is interframe editing. But this is interframe editing which you do every day in and day out after the interframe editing which is within the particular frame that we also have interframe editing which is between two frames. This is what typically we do with video editing there are there is a video which is a sequence of frames what Sajjan explained that video is the sequence of frames and we do editing within those frames and what is that editing then. So there are two types of editing everybody knows this there is a linear video edit which is happening right now which he is doing which is online which is live. So if I make a mistake here he is not showing my video he is showing the slide if I go outside the camera then he is showing the slide suppose I am inside the camera I am talking something important he will show my face. So similarly in cricket match you could have seen that whenever there is a ball hit somewhere the camera will follow the ball. So actually it is not the camera which follows the ball camera there are multiple cameras which are following the ball it is the editor who will follow the ball it is the editor who will choose the best possible angle which will show the action clearly and he will show that particular camera. So that is actually the classic style of editing the editor is doing so that we get the feeling that ok we could understand everything what happened there. So like if you have something which is happening in that corner of the stadium and there is a camera there then you can definitely put a camera and we put that video on right now. So this is linear editing with available all the available video inputs are put together on a monitor and you choose the best video input and it is shown that is video online linear editing and then there is something called non-linear editing which we all do right non-linear editing it was we have the video which is already stored somewhere on a tape or on a computer and then we edit those videos offline when it is not going live. So we later on we take a call on that and we do it afterwards I have some very interesting history to share with you. So the first non-linear editing machine was created in 1971 which before I was born. So it was created in 1971 and that video editing system had two monitors black and white monitors of course that time one was a preview monitor and one was a final video monitor and you could see the preview monitor you can play some videos there and then you can see the output if you want to edit. They also had a light pen with which you could cut the videos and join them and other things and that was happening on another console unfortunately I do not have a photograph of that I searched on the net but there is no photograph of that system but it is written there that the hard disk of these two video system where of the size of a washing machine. So what you see here is actually reduced version of the hard disk but in 1970 when there was the first video editing machine the hard disk was of size of a washing machine. So in due course of time you can imagine washing machine will come to this size right. So only if the clothes get smaller that is okay but okay. So why do we do editing? The question is why is the editing? So there are certain goals why we want to do editing and the goals are the first and the foremost goal is to remove the unwanted footage. We have shot some things and we do not want that footage. So what we do is we remove that and that is called editing that is one of the very important reasons why we want to do editing because we can shoot lot of things but we do not want all of them to be presented. So we remove that. From the unwanted thing we want to choose the best right. So if we remove the rest of the thing then we have certain footage with us. Now how to select the best footage out of that is also kind of editing what we do. So we choose the best footage. All these things when they are put together we should create a flow because that is why we are doing this videos. If you want to create some films you want to create some videos it is to explain certain concept, it is to explain certain process. It is explained to give some certain information and that information should have a flow. So for example a film has the climax in the beginning and the film introduction in the end will not have a flow right. So the flow should have a logical reason to follow. So that is where editing comes into picture even though all of you must be knowing that the film is not shot actually as it is happening in the story right. So they will not shoot the first scene before the last scene. It may happen that they will shoot the climax first and then after 6 months they will shoot the introduction shot but on the screen we will see the introduction shot first and the climax comes at the end. So editing is actually used for that. It cannot happen in linear video right. So you cannot have the last over first in cricket match and you cannot have the first over or the toss after that. So it is a linear thing. So these are some of the things but still even in linear you have to have a flow. So if somebody else is bowling a ball and then somebody is hitting the ball so you have to show that flow otherwise the editing will not make any sense. So apart from these edit features there are lot of other features which we have which have been added very recently into the definition of editing itself. According to me editing will be restricted to the top three but these also come under editing and now I can ask you that then which kind of editing is this to add graphics music and other visual effects. This is inter frame editing. So within the frame we are doing this. Suppose we want some maybe in the hand of Krishna they want some Sudarshan Chakra to be inserted. Now that is added by graphics. So this is happening within the frame. So this is additional thing. We also have something where we change a particular type of video. We change, we alter the style. So if we have shot in for example Rande Basanti was shot today and they have certain shots of maybe Bhagat Singh and Raj Guru which are in before 1947 and when you see the film you feel that it is a period film. So you can see the texture, you can see the scratches, you can see the luster is gone on the screen. So you can really make it okay fine we are able to see some film which is maybe shot in 1920. So you will believe that. So that is adding the style and changing the style. You also have something which is called pace. So pace is the speed of storytelling. So certain things you want to show it at a faster pace and certain things you want to have it at a slower pace. I am not talking about slow motion and a fast motion here. It is about the storytelling part. So it is if you want to wrap it up into 3 minutes the entire what you call say flashback then it is possible to have it in 3 minutes. If you can just jump from one shot to another very fast then you can have a fast pace of the film. So what are the different types of editing? Actually this is far more definition oriented but the more we start understanding it is it becomes real fun okay. So I broadly could categorize editing into 4 types. So one of them is combine editing where we combine various shots on maybe various locations and different characters. But the very the message is common right. The message is common. The shots are shot at different places. Their characters can be different. So it is a combine editing where we combine shots to create a single message. The other type is condense editing where we will say that we have to shorten the time. So we do not have to show it real time. So we have to shorten the time by putting video and we can retain the essence of the content even if we have the shorter version of this. We can also have expanded editing. So there are certain types of editing where the actual action may be of 1 minute or 2 minutes but we can see it for 1 hour. So that is expanded editing where you again show various shots and finally come up with a bigger video than actual timing of the shot. And then the last which is the most important thing for us is the corrective editing. Corrective editing is basically to correct the mistakes which have happened in the video. So it can be actually edited very creatively so that the viewer will not even feel that there was a mistake in that time. So for example now when we are editing suppose suddenly I say okay what is the time and you do not have to keep this sentence in the video. You have to cut this sentence and then you have my face already and you cannot do anything else. And how do you cut this sentence? So if you have audience video at that time you can insert that video and then remove that cut and nobody will be able to see that I just change from this face to this face. So these are some very very simple but very effective ways of corrective editing. So that is where it is most relevant to us because we will not use other three very often. But I will simply show you some examples where we will also use the other formats of editing what I have displayed now. Any guesses? Can you tell me examples of combined editing? Everybody understood the definition of combined editing right? Which one? So if you have yourself done different show right? Flashback. Yeah but that can be condensed editing. You have to reduce. So flashback may be of 5 years. So I have to show it in 5 minutes. So contents are editing. So what is outdoor shooting? Yeah but what is the message? Don't give me situations. You can give me a product itself. Any readymade up film, gana, any video, you can tell me some examples of combined editing. Which one? Lajja movie. Yeah but that movie is very big. Tell me some sequence. Same story in 5 locations. Anything else? Documentary, a lot of documentary you can. Any idea? Abhishek Bachchan is. Yeah correct. So he is asking that question at the same time to everybody. Pull banna chahiye ki nahi and then everybody is asking. Baley ame wo ek shot dikh rahe 10 bachkar, 5 minute bachkar, 10 second peh, 2sara dikh rahe 11 second peh. Lekin unko dikhah nahi hai ki 10 bachkar, 10 second pehi sabne bachkar. Yeah but that is time is passing away. It is not at the same time which is happening. But that is also expanded editing. In sense you can. I will come to that. Anybody else has different? Miresur Mira. Yeah correct. That is one of the examples. So what Sachin said was already also in my mind. So I had written that Miresur Mira Tumara. Because that was one theme done by so many people. And the thought is the same. Different locations, different shot, different people. So combining like that. Television serials also is an example. Television serial you have a very good example of showing a parallel cutting. So what they do is they short show a sequence in heroes house. And then they cut to heroine's house and sequence is going on. In between again they come to hero the house, they come to heroine's house. So because of the dialogues are relevant to some particular action. Then you feel ki abhi bhi yoi samaye dono jaga pe, dono gharome. Beech mein hapte gozar gaye. Lekin yoi samaye yoi locked hai unka. These are some kind of techniques used by the television serial people to do that. Right? Okay. So let us see some examples of condensed editing. Now we have to shorten the length of the video. But the essence of the video should remain the same. What is the example of condensed video? Highlights of a cricket match. Yeah that is correct. Paan gante ko aade gante mein dikha jite. Correct? Or kuch? Movie ka trailer? Correct. That is good. Very good. Anything else? Any advertise? But they do not reduce time. No, no, no. Oto duration chhota kar diya. Oad kai duration chhota hai. Lekin? Kwan sii add matla? Matla ke la jeevan ke aad kaise? Condensation of time hai? Ne, ne, ne. Yen. Wo alag durai. Usme tumhe joh kainaye wo alag point hai. For example, kye amare paw mein, you have suppose kya darare padi gaye aur wo ek shot hai. Ke la jeevan lagaya paan 5 second ke baan nahi hai. Tike. Wo chhe maineme ho jata hai actually. But wo paan 5 second mein dikha jite mo aap hai. That is condensing the type. Tike. So add is an example of condensed editing, but in this sense, not in the other sense. So maa time jata hai, maa paisa nahi dena padh hai, maa isle badi aad dikha jite. If pae paisa dena padh hai per second, isle kaan chhoti aad dikha jite. But that is not condensing the type. Isense same rena chahi ye na. So isense same rena hai toh fir ye point hai. So anything else? Car chase. Car chase. Okay. So I had written example of new channels. So poore din koi meeting chali uska ek minute me aajata hai response waha pe. Tike. Aur uske shots 4-5 aajata hai ki usme the person came, gave away awards, ek speech diya aur chala gaya. Ye sab jotha doh kante ka program wo doh minute mein ho jata hai. Wo speech diya wo bhi usko itne aachhe se condens karte hai ki uske saare highlights toh aajata hai usme. Dagen poora speech nahi sunna padhata hai. So Sharath Pawar came to the rally and address the rally. Iske baare me java aata hai shot. So he touch base some points. So the editor exactly knows ki a sara points mein se important points kya honi chahi. So wo agar bol rahe ki manani jo bhi bathein stage pe. Atal bhiari bach ke gaga editing chalega toh, kitne log bathe unke naam hote hote doh minute ho jainge. So this kind of things will happen if the editor is not good. So there are different types of editing where you have to get the essence right but you do not have the time. So cricket match highlights is one more thing. In our parlance hamare liye e running ke domain mein laboratory videos is one very important thing. Suppose you do some experiment where you put a liquid into a tube. Aadha ganta ubal nahi abhi. So abhi aadha ganta dikhaini sakte nahi. So you just show that and then just fast forward it. So you just show a shot of it is boiling already right. Similar thing is about cookery shows. Jo kana khazana. Ki ke 22 minute mein chaar cheete banake chale jate wo log. Aur aar gharpe banane ko bhet ho toh chaar ganta mein bhi nahi hote hi. So this is, so they have things ready with them and they just show things. Ki aagar aadha ganta oan mein rakne ke baada aisa dikhega. Ye aade minute mein dikhade wo. So that is condensing the time. Okay expanded editing now. The reverse of this. So samaye chhota hai. But video dekhte hai toh baag bada lakta hai. Exactly Ulta. Any example? TV serial. Yeah correct. One of the examples is TV serial. Anything else? Action replay. Action replay in a cricket match right. Anything else? Hindi filmin hi dekhte. Sometime new channel. Sometime new channel. Repeat repeat kar kar ke itna bada kar dehte wo. Film mein dekhaya ki koi ekdam rock cliff pe latak rahe aur latak rahe matta wo latak hi rahe 15 minute takon na girtah hai nahi upar hatah hai. Tap tak baaki uder se police arei, uder se heroine arei, uder se villain arei. Sopka ane jaane ka timing, sop expand kar kar ke usko latka ke rakhte tap lag. Ho sakta hai wo ek minute hi latak pahega. Like it usko expanded time mein. Ya phir you could have seen somewhere it is bomb is planted in auditorium aur uska countdown chal rahe aphe seconds mein. But wo seconds matlab minutes mein chal te kabhi kabhi. 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 ke jaga pe phir 9 ke baad ek minute beech mein fight roti rehte hai. Phir 7 dekhta hai toh doi dekhya. Phir aur fight roti hai phir 5 dekhta hai. So, 2 second ke beech mein 15 second dehte wo lo shots. But we can still feel the pressure because of the editing is so tight that wo 2 second hame 2 minute be dikhata hai toh chal jata hai. So, so expanded editing I had written that bomb about to explode person about to fall this kind of things which are repeatedly coming up. And corrective editing is ke baatsare example soni chie. Thi ke hamlok haameshag karte corrective editing. Anything else anybody wants to add up. Khana khazana corrective editing correct. Kis tara se? Suppose khana banate banate jale gaya toh wo dikhate nahi na humto. Wo asai shot dikhate jis mein thikse banata right. So, they just right. So, that is So, koi kya gade? Koi phone lagane ka shot hai aur phone gear gaya toh wo shot cut kare dhusra and suddenly they will not show that they will show a close up of the hand. So, these kind of things are done for the corrective editing purpose. So, that we do not waste our time in this. So, now with these 4 basic definitions can you think of some other editing technique anybody has seen any other thing ok. So, we move on to some very slight rules and regulations of editing. These are very very basic rules, but I will try to explain that. So, everybody knows about the safe area right, but why I have written that as the rule number 1 is because of the fact that if you do not follow that like right now I am. So, if I forgot about so, if I write this and then I do not have the safe area planned in my thing. So, the heating procedure can become heating procedure right, because the safe area was not imagined by the editor where he was titling that. So, these kind of problems are very easily possible in when we do our editing and most of the people forget to switch on the safe area options right. So, there is a option given in your whatever software you edit there is always the safe area and unsafe area given as option which is a overlay and I remember when I was editing console for the first time I switched it off because I felt that it would come in the end ring. So, then I was told that it does not come in the end ring for reference. So, it will that those boxes will not come as I said it looks very bad. So, why do I need those boxes? They said this is only to tell you which is the safe area and which is not the safe area otherwise do not use it. So, it is a very important point to be aware of. It also depends on the fact of the camera work. So, if you are shooting something and you are you want to get the entire picture. So, you also have to remember that imaginary area which will be cut off as unsafe area. So, every camera also in the viewfinder has the safe area and unsafe area markings. So, if you switch on that then recording would be far more easier. So, if you do not have enough head room or the side rooms then you will often find a problem that it is getting cut or some things are getting chopped off. So, this also happens in some kind sometimes when you are shooting the green screen or the blue screen video. Because if you have not followed that process then you would not get the entire head and when you are compositing that with something then you will have a chopped head there. So, that is a typical problem which happened. So, for that reason I typically prefer that the safe area and unsafe area is a very very important thing and if you write it down and remember that that will be useful. So, what do I mean by following the layout design? So, every shot particularly every video what we take will definitely have some kind of a graphic design built into it. So, yesterday Jagdish actually had shown some basic principles of that. So, based on the same thing actually that is very useful when you do your titling or any other graphics on top of this. So, I will just take clue from what Jagdish had done. So, for example we have the rule of third supplied here for anything what we are recording. So, we will have this four golden points what is typically called as. But and every like Jagdish had a presentation with some more photographs. So, the idea in that was like for example we have a we have a shot of a road here and with lots of trees and buildings. So, what happens is this line becomes a useful graphic design element for us. So, now whatever we do suppose we have to put a title on this slide then it will be very important for us to use this graphic design element when we are putting designs on that. So, now if we have to write suppose the road then there are different possibilities we can write the road like this which is in perspective with that we can write if you are writing the road like this then it will it will clash or it will get merged with the background somewhere and we will have some issues. But if we write it here which will be useful for us to combine that with the graphic design what we have. So, then it will be a useful graphic element for us. So, the main task of the designer is to use the elements which are made available by the video what we get. So, if we get a video which has these principles then it is our important task is to use them creatively. So, that we can create our layout according similarly in a video where we have a person sitting here then like what Jagdish was saying we have a triangle here. So, now based on that we will have whatever layout we want to make. So, we want to add a title we will possibly add the title of the person here and we will write the name because this will be a good layout as such also. But possibly cannot have a person here and the title coming like this right. But every particular layout will show you some way outside for example, if you have a tree here now you will have a very large area to play around with right. So, you have to write suppose the tree as a title to this then you have to make use of these graphic elements. So, like I said this is coming at the rule of thirds right. So, it is exactly at this point. Now we have to play around with the other golden points which are not used. So, if you put the tree here on this slide then it stands well it you can put it here and it stands well. But you possibly cannot write it in the centre here because it will be completely ruining the whole layout which was very beautifully given to you. So, it happens in every case where you have suppose you have you have a sun here now. Now you have to add certain things. So, you have to make use of that sun as one of the element of graphic design and use your other elements to complement it. So, in video also you have to use that as a guiding principle. So, graphic design which is provided by the video is one aspect. The second aspect is about the graphic design which is provided by the action in the video. For example, there is a person in the video. Now suppose this is the actual action. Now it is the importance is from the point of view of the cameraman where to put the camera what should be the angle to shoot this. So, if we shoot it like this right. So, it will be completely blocking the action of that person. If we shoot it like this it will be even worse. But if we shoot it like this it will be again bad. So, what we have to do is we have to give enough space for the person who is speaking for the hand action what that person is doing. And based on the action then it will be easier for us to communicate what that person is trying to say. So, now if we have a layout where this side has slight blank area then it will enable the viewer to understand the importance of that action. Otherwise that will not be useful. Similarly when you have to add another graphic design element to that like titles or something you have to make use of that action in a way that it will be adding to the whole value. So, when you are doing this possibly if you are animating the title to come inside you cannot have the title coming like this right because the action is horizontal. So, your title cannot go because of the there will be a clash between the actions for this thing. So, typically if you do not have anything you can at least have the title here which is which is easily understood and it is complementing the action which was done by the person who was acting in that particular shot. So, that is a graphic design element which you have to remember and then act accordingly for this particular thing. The third important thing which I had written there was about the action axis. Now there are some very senior filmmakers here and they will know about it very well, but let me also touch base that. So, like we had this exciting assignment of shooting a interview in our first or second days. So, wherein we said that ok. So, suppose this is a person here and the other person is sitting here. So, if this is the particular thing suppose. So, how will we have the different shots. So, that is the that was the assignment which we discussed. Now based on this assignment there are certain principles which will be used for by the editing people. In every situation like this where are there are two people interacting with each other. There is something which is called as the line of axis. So, this is the axis line. Now this axis line is very important because when you see suppose for example, we have now a camera here. We have a camera here right we also have a camera here and we have a camera here right. We may be we have another camera here. So, we have five cameras now. Suppose 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. So, what will be the shot of camera number 1. So, we will just try to draw it here. So, camera number 1 will show the shoulder of this person and the complete face of the other person. So, something like this right. So, we will have a shot like this. On camera 2 we will have the reverse of this. So, we will probably have the shoulder of this person and the full face of the other person. So, this will be camera number 2. Camera number 3 will have both of them in profile right. Camera number 4 will have maybe a three fourth angle of this person. Not a complete front, but a three fourth and camera number 5 will have the reverse of the earlier one where we will have the shoulder shot of this person. So, these will be the five shots. Now, when you are doing the editing of this if you have the five different shots with you continuously coming into your system now and you have to edit. The simple is that you cannot go beyond this line directly. So, you cannot have you cannot cross the axis lines in both ways in one shot. So, suddenly you because now with these five shots people have understood that according to the location there the person A and the person B even if they are setting in front of each other A is on the left and B is on the right. So, once that is established in this shot like typically all the interviews will start with camera number 3 where they will have both the people there and once it is established that A is on the left and B is on the right then the editing becomes very important that in all the sequences what you show you cannot goof up by showing or making people feel B is on left and A is on the right. So, you cannot do that and that happens typically because if you show shot number 1 and 2 one after another or shot number 1 and 5 one after the another. So, the best bet to avoid these things is to show shot number 1 then show shot number 3 and then you can show shot number suppose he is asking the question. So, you can have shot number 3 in the beginning you can have his question in shot number 4 again show shot number 3 and then show 1 where you constantly make people believe that this is the wide angle shot where both of them are seen and he is asking the question then his question in close up and again show the master shot and then show the answer in close up. So, that you do not cross that line every now and then. So, otherwise if you keep on jumping from this side to that side then people will get confused as to what the actual location. It becomes even more problematic if you are doing a outdoor because in outdoor you will have certain background which will have certain buildings or certain trees which will be very unique actually sometimes and sometimes if they are similar then people will start forgetting who is sitting where otherwise they are moving continuously. So, that is very important to not to cross the line of axis and that will establish the location of the characters very important because if especially in interview that will not be a problem but in fictional sequences that will be very important. If you are showing a person standing in front of his house and suddenly the editing starts behaving in a bad way then you will not recognize the location also after a point. So, these kind of mistakes are very common and people do these mistakes. So, you have to be very sure about the way you are planning for that particular sequence. So, this was one kind of rule I thought I will touch base on. The additional rule what I was actually looking at I will just show that is. So, what is happening in this sequence is they are trying to show how lightning happens. So, how is lightning caused? What is the scientific principle behind the lightning? Now, the point is that is what I am coming back to this particular I am ending with this because it has importance in the editing what we are going to do now. So, regarding that I thought I will just discuss this point. So, lightning is a scientific principle everybody knows he jub is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .