 6. Appendix to the Second Edition. The following letters remain unanswered at the time of going to press December 7, 1885. 71 Choo Street, Baltimore, November 21, 1885. R. A. Proctor, Esquire, St. Joe, Missouri. Sir, I have sent you two copies of my one hundred proofs that the earth is not a globe, and as several weeks have since elapsed and I have not heard from you, I write to inform you that if you have any remarks to make concerning that publication, and while let me have them in the course of a week or ten days, I will print them, if you say what you may wish to say in about five or six hundred words, in the second edition of the pamphlet, which will very soon be called for. Allow me to say that, as this work is not only dedicated to you, but attacks your teachings, the public will be looking for something from your pen very shortly. I hope they may not be disappointed. Yours in the cause of truth, W. Carpenter. 71 Choo Street, Baltimore, November 24, 1885. S. F. Baird, Esquire, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Sir, I had the pleasure, several weeks ago, of sending you my one hundred proofs that the earth is not a globe. I hope you received them. A second edition is now called for, and I should esteem it a favor if you would write me a few words concerning them that I may print with this forthcoming edition as an appendix to them. If you think any of the hundred proofs are unsound, I will print all you may have to say about them if not over four hundred words as above stated. I made Richard A. Proctor Esquire a similar offer, giving him, of course, a little more space. I feel sure that the very great importance of this matter will prompt you to give it your immediate attention. I have the honor to be, sir, yours sincerely, W. Carpenter. Copies of the first edition of this pamphlet have been sent to the leading newspapers of this country and of England, and to very many of the most renowned scientific men of the two countries, from the astronomer Royal of England to Dr. Gilman of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Several copies have been sent to graduates of different universities on application, in consequence of the subjoined advertisement which has appeared in several newspapers. Wanted, a scholar of ripe attainments to review Carpenter's one hundred proofs that the earth is not a globe. Liberal remuneration offered. Apply to William Carpenter, 71 Choo Street, Baltimore. N. B. No one need apply who has not courage enough to append his name to the review for publication. We should be pleased to hear from some of the gentlemen in time for the insertion of their courageous attacks in the third edition. Opinions of the Press. This can only be described as an extraordinary book. His arguments are certainly plausible and ingenious, and even the reader who does not agree with him will find a singular interest and fascination in analyzing the one hundred proofs. The proofs are set forth in brief, forcible, compact, very clear paragraphs, the meaning of which can be comprehended at a glance. Daily News, September 24. Throughout the entire work there are discernible traces of a strong and reliant mind, and such reliance as can only have been acquired by unbiased observation, laborious investigation, and final conviction. And the masterly handling of so profound a theme displays evidence of grave and active researches. There is no groping wildly about in the vagueness of theoretical speculations, no empty hypotheses inflated with base assertions and false illustrations, but the practical and perspicuous conclusions of a mind emancipated from the prevailing influences of fashionable credence and popular prejudice, and subordinate only to those principles emanating from reason and common sense. HDT, Woodbury News, September 26, 1885. We do not profess to be able to overthrow any of his proofs, and we must admit, and our readers will be inclined to do the same, that it is certainly a strange thing that Mr. William Carpenter, or anyone else, should be able to bring together one hundred proofs of anything in the world if that thing is not right, while we keep on asking for one proof that is really a satisfactory one on the other side. If these hundred proofs are nonsense, we cannot prove them to be so, and some of our scientific men had better try their hands, and we think they will try their heads pretty badly into the bargain. The Woodbury News, Baltimore, September 19, 1885. This is a remarkable pamphlet. The author has the courage of his convictions and presents them with no little ingenuity, however musty they may appear to nineteenth-century readers. He takes for his text a statement of Professor Procter's that, quote, the earth on which we live and move seems to be flat, end quote, and proceeds with great alacrity to marshal his hundred arguments in proof that it not only seems but is flat, quote, an extended plane stretched out in all directions away from the central north, end quote. He enumerates all the reasons offered by scientists for a belief in the rotundity of the earth and evidently to his own complete satisfaction refutes them. He argues that the heavenly bodies were made solely to light this world, that the belief in an infinity of worlds is a monstrous dogma contrary to Bible teaching and the great stronghold of the infidel, and that the church of Rome was right when it threw the whole weight of its influence against Galileo and Copernicus when they taught the revolution of the earth on its axis. Michigan Christian Herald, October 15, 1885. So many proofs, every Saturday, September 26, 1885. A highly instructive and very entertaining work, the book is well worth reading. Protector, Baltimore, October 3, 1885. The book will be sought after and read with peculiar interest. Baltimore Labor Free Press, October 17, 1885. Some of them, the proofs, are of sufficient force to demand an answer from the advocates of the popular theory. Baltimore Episcopal Methodist, October 28, 1885. Showing considerable smartness both in conception and argument. Western Christian Advocate, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 21, 1885. Forcible and Striking in the Extreme, Brooklyn Market Journal. Baltimore, Maryland, USA, December 7, 1885. Appendix to Third Edition. Copy of Letter from Richard A. Proctor Esquire, 5 Montague Street, Russell Square, London, W.C., 12 December 1885. W. Carpenter Esquire, Baltimore. Dear sir, I am obliged to you for the copy of your 100 proofs that the earth is not a globe, and for the evident kindness of your intention in dedicating the work to me. The only further remark it occurs to me to offer is that I call myself rather a student of astronomy than an astronomer. Yours faithfully, Richard A. Proctor. P.S., perhaps the pamphlet might more precisely be called 100 Difficulties for Young Students of Astronomy. Appendix to Fourth Edition. Copy of Letter from Spencer F. Baird Esquire, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., January 6, 1886. Dear sir, a copy of your 100 proofs that the earth is not a globe was duly received and was deposited in Library of Congress, October 8, 1884, 1885. A pressure of much more important work has prevented any attempt at reviewing these 100 proofs, which, however, have doubtless been thoroughly investigated by the inquisitive astronomers and geodeticists of the last four centuries. Yours very respectfully, Spencer F. Baird, Secretary, S.I., Mr. William Carpenter, 71 Choo Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Copy of a letter from one of the several applicants for the 100 proofs for the purpose of reviewing them. The writer is Professor of Mathematics at a high school, Auburn, New York, and, in his application for the pamphlet, says, I am a Yale graduate and a Yale law schoolman, took the John A. Porter Prize literary $250 at Yale College. Auburn, December 10, 1885. My dear sir, your treatise was received. I have looked it over and noted it somewhat. A review of it to do it justice would be a somewhat long and laborious task. Before I undertook so much thought, I would write and ask, what and how much do you expect? How elaborately you wished it discussed? And what remuneration might be expected? It sets forth many new and strange doctrines which would have to be thoroughly discussed and mastered before reviewed. I am hard at work at present, but would like to tackle this if it would be for my interest as well as yours. Hope you will let me know very soon. Very respectfully to Mr. W. Carpenter, Baltimore, Maryland, Frank Strong. Note, unless a man be willing to sell his soul for his supposed worldly interest, he will not dare to tackle the one hundred proofs that the earth is not a globe. No man with well-balanced faculties will thus condemn himself. We charge the mathematicians of the world that, if they cannot say what they think of this pamphlet in a dozen words, they are entitled to no other name than cowards. Baltimore, Maryland, May 22, 1886. Appendix to the fifth edition. Editorial from the New York world of August 2, 1886. The earth is flat. The iconoclastic tendencies of the age have received new impetus from Mr. William Carpenter, who comes forward with one hundred proofs that the earth is not a globe. It will be a sad shock to many conservatives who have, since their childhood, fondly held to the conviction that the earth is round like an orange, a little flattened at the poles. To find that, after all, we have been living all these years on a prosaic and unromantic plain, is far from satisfactory. We have rather gloried in the belief that the semi-barbarous nations on the other side of the earth did not carry their heads in the same direction in which ours point. It is hard to accept the assertion that the cannibals on savage islands are walking about on the same level with the civilized nations of our little world. But Mr. Carpenter has one hundred proofs that such is the unsatisfactory truth. Not only that, but the iconoclast claims that we are not whirling through space at a terrible rate, but are absolutely stationary. Some probability is given to this proposition by the present hot weather. The earth seems to be be calmed. If it were moving at the rate of 19 miles a second, wouldn't there be a breeze? This question is thrown out as perhaps offering the one hundred and first proof that the earth is not a globe. Mr. Carpenter may obtain the proof in detail at the office at our usual rates. A revolution will, of course, take place in the school geographies as soon as Mr. Carpenter's theories have been closely studied. No longer will the little boy answer the question as to the shape of the earth by the answer which has come ringing down the ages. It's round like a ball, sir. No, he'll have to use the unpoetic formula. It's flat like a pancake, sir. But, perhaps, after we have become used to the new idea, it will not be unpleasant. The ancients flourished in the belief that the earth was a great plane. Why shouldn't we be equally fortunate? It may be romantic, but it is not especially comforting to think that the earth is rushing through space, twisting and curving like a gigantic ball delivered from the hand of an enormous pitcher. Something in the universe might make a base hit if we kept on, and we would be knocked over an aerial fence and never found. Perhaps, after all, it is safer to live on Mr. Carpenter's stationary plane. The record of Philadelphia, June 5, 1886, has the following in the literary notes. Under the title, One Hundred Proofs that the Earth is Not a Globe, Mr. William Carpenter of Baltimore publishes a pamphlet which is interesting on account of the originality of the views advanced, and, from his standpoint, the very logical manner in which he seeks to establish their truth. Mr. Carpenter is a disciple of what is called the Zetetic School of Philosophy, and was referee for Mr. John Hampton when that gentleman, in 1870, made a wager with Mr. Alfred R. Wallace of England that the surface of standing water is always level, and therefore that the earth is flat. Since then he has combated his views with much earnestness, both in writing and on the platform, and, whatever opinions we may have on the subject, a perusal of his little book will prove interesting and afford room for careful study. The motto which he puts on the cover, upright, downright, straightforward, is well chosen, for it is an upright lie, a downright invention, and a straightforward butt of a bull at a locomotive. The Florida Times Union, December 13, 1885, editor Charles H. Jones. Pray, Mr. Jones, tell us what you mean by an upright lie. We have received a pamphlet from a gentleman who thinks to prove that the earth is flat, but who succeeds only in showing that he is himself one. New York Herald, December 19, 1885. The reviewer in this case is no doubt a very sharp man, but his honesty, if he have any at all, is jagged and worn out. The quotations which he gives are fraudulent, there having been nothing like them in the pamphlet. The author of the pamphlet is no flat, although he may perhaps be called a crank. St. Catherine's, Canada, Evening Journal, December 23. To say that the contents of the book are erudite and entertaining does not do Mr. Carpenter's astronomical ability half-credit. The Sunday Truth, Buffalo, December 27, 1885. The entire work is very ingeniously got up. The matter of perspective is treated in a very clever manner, and the coming of the whole down vessels on the horizon is illustrated by several well-worded examples. Buffalo Times, December 28, 1885. The erudite author, who travels armed with plans and specifications to fire at the skeptical at a moment's notice, feels that he is doing a good work, and that his hundred anti-globular conclusions must certainly knock the general belief in territorial retundity out of time. We trust that the distinguished author, who has failed to coax Richard Proctor into a public discussion, may find as many citizens willing to invest two shillings in his peculiar literature as he deserves. Buffalo Courier, December 27, 1885, and January 1, 1886. It is a pleasure now to see a man of Mr. Carpenter's attainments fall into line and take up the cudgels against the theories of the scientists who have taught this pernicious doctrine, the sphericity of the earth. Rochester Morning Herald, January 13, 1886. As the game stands now, there is one horse for Professor Carpenter, Buffalo World, January 16, 1886. It is interesting to show how much can be said in favor of the flat world theory. It is fairly well written, although we believe filled with misstatements of facts. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, January 17, 1886. We believe the editor cannot point one out. It is certainly worth twice the price, and will be read by all with peculiar interest, Scranton Truth, March 8, 1886. Mr. William Carpenter has come to Washington with a hundred proofs that the earth is not a globe. He has a pamphlet on the subject which is ingenious to say the least, and he is ominously eager to discuss the matter with anyone who still clings to the absurd prejudices of the astronomers. The Hatchet, May 9, 1886. It contains some curious problems for solution, and the author boldly asserts that until they are solved, the globular theory of the earth remains unproven and is fallacious, etc. The Presbyterian, Philadelphia, June 19, 1886. His reasoning is, to say the least, plausible, and the book interesting. The item, Philadelphia, June 10, 1886. Mr. Carpenter seems to have made a thorough investigation of the subject, and his arguments are practical and to the point. Sunday Mercury, Philadelphia, June 13, 1886. A gentleman has just called at the editorial rooms with a pamphlet which is designed to demonstrate that the earth is not a globe, but a flat disk. He has also laid before us a chart from which it plainly appeared that the earth is a circular expanse of land, with the North Pole in the exact center, and the Antarctic Sea flowing all around the land. We went on to state that we lodged the care of all astronomical questions in the hands of Reverend R. M. Luther, to whom these perplexing matters are but as child's play. Our readers may therefore expect at an early date a judicial review of the astronomical and cosmological situation. National Baptist, Philadelphia, July 8, 1886. Editor, Dr. Weyland. We hope that the Reverend R. M. Luther will give us the means of publishing his decision before any more additions of the hundred proofs be issued. We are afraid that he finds the business much more than child's play. 100 proofs that the earth is not a globe by William Carpenter is published by the author, whose novel and rather startling position is certainly fortified by a number of argumentative points, which, if they do not shake the reader's preconceived notions on the subject, will at least be found entertaining for the style in which they are put. Evening Star, Philadelphia, July 22, 1886. His proofs go a long way towards convincing many that his ideas on the subject are practical and sensible. Fashion Journal, Philadelphia, July 1886. Editor, Mrs. F. E. Benedict. 100 proofs that the earth is not a globe is a curious little pamphlet that we can commend to all interested in astronomy and related sciences. It may not upset received notions on the subject, but will give cause for much serious reflection. Published by the author, William Carpenter, Baltimore, Maryland, priced twenty-five cents. The Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia, July 31, 1886. Here now is an able thinker of Baltimore, Professor William Carpenter, who presents the claims of the Zetetic philosophy to be considered the leading issue of our times. One of the great proofs of the truth of the philosophy is that the regular astronomers do not dare to gain say it. They are well aware there is no South Pole. Professor Carpenter, in a treatise that has reached us, furnishes one hundred proofs that the earth is flat. And while we cannot say that we understand all of them, we appreciate the earnestness of his appeals to the moral people of the community to rise up and overthrow the miserable system of error that is being forced upon our children in the public schools, vitiating the very foundations of knowledge. What issue can be more noble or inspiring than truth versus error? Here is an issue on which there can be no trifling or compromise. In the great contest between those who hold the earth as flat and they who contend that it is round, let the flats assert themselves. Milwaukee Sentinel, August 1886, from a long article, The Great Zetetic Issue. Section 7 of 100 proofs that the earth is not a globe. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. 100 proofs that the earth is not a globe by William Carpenter. End Matter, Part 2. Letters to Professor Gilman of the Johns Hopkins University. 71 Chew Street, Baltimore, September 10, 1886. Professor Gilman, Johns Hopkins University. Sir, in the 21st Ultimo, I wrote to ask you if you received the pamphlet which I left for you at the university 12 months ago entitled 100 proofs that the earth is not a globe, and if so, that you would kindly give me your opinion concerning it. I write now to ask if you received my letter. I am quite sure that you will consider that the importance of the subject fully warrants the endeavor on my part to gain the views which may be entertained by you respecting it. The fifth edition will soon be called for, and anything you may urge, for or against, I shall be happy to insert in the appendix. I send herewith a copy of the fourth edition of the pamphlet. Your sincerely, William Carpenter. 71 Chew Street, Baltimore, October 7, 1886. Professor Gilman, Dear sir, I am now preparing the appendix for the fifth edition of my 100 proofs that the earth is not a globe, and I should be glad to receive your opinion of this work to insert in the said appendix. I can offer you from a few lines to a page or two if necessary. Of course, if this work as a whole be a fraud, it must be fraudulent in all its parts, and each one of the 100 proofs must contain a fallacy of some kind or other, and the thing would justify your disapprobation, expressed in few words or many. If, on the other hand, the work is what it professes to be, it will certainly claim your approval. Yours sincerely, W. Carpenter. 71 Chew Street, Baltimore, October 14, 1886. Professor Gilman, Dear sir, a week ago I wrote you a letter to tell you that I should be glad to receive your opinion of the 100 proofs that the earth is not a globe, of which work 5,000 copies are now in circulation. I wrote this work, 26 pages, in one week, without neglecting my daily business. Surely you can reply to it in a week from this time. I will give you from one to four pages if you wish that amount of space and send you fifty copies if you desire to have them, without putting you to the slightest expense. I will even take any suggestion you please to make, as to the title which shall be given to this extra addition of my work containing your reply or opinions. I should be sorry to be under the necessity of printing this letter with others in my next addition, in the place of any such reply or expression of opinion. For I feel sure there is no one in Baltimore who is more capable of giving an opinion on this great subject. Trusting to hear from you in a few days, I am, dear sir, yours truly, W. Carpenter. 71 Chew Street, Baltimore, October 22, 1886. Professor Gilman, sir, this is the fifth letter and the last to you asking you for an expression of your opinion concerning the one hundred proofs that the earth is not a globe. Which would you prefer to see my words or yours in print? I give you a week in which to decide. Truly, William Carpenter. The Johns Hopkins University of Baltimore We are indebted to Scribner's monthly for the following remarks concerning this institution. By the will of Johns Hopkins, a merchant of Baltimore, the sum of seven million dollars was devoted to the endowment of a university and a hospital, three million five hundred thousand being devoted to each. This is the largest single endowment ever made to an institution of learning in this country. To the bequest, no burdensome conditions were attached. The physiological laboratory of the Johns Hopkins has no peer in this country and the other laboratories few equals and no superiors." In the first annual report of the university, 1876, we read, quote, Early in the month of February 1874, the trustees of the university, having been apprised by the executors of Johns Hopkins, of the endowment provided by his will, took proper steps for organization and entering upon the practical duties of the trust and addressed themselves to the selection of a president of the university. With this view, the trustees sought the counsel and advice of the heads of several of the leading seats of learning in the country, and upon unanimous recommendation and endorsement from these sources, the choice fell upon Mr. Daniel C. Gilman, who at the time occupied the position of president of the University of California. Mr. Gilman is a graduate of Yale College, and for several years before his call to California was a professor in that institution, taking an active part in the organization and development of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College at New Haven. Upon receiving an invitation to Baltimore, he resigned the office which he had held in California since 1872, and entered upon the service of the Johns Hopkins University May 1, 1875, and quote, Galloway Cheston, quote, in the hunt for truth, we are not first hunters and then men, we are first and always men, then hunters, end quote, D. C. Gilman, October 1883. The one hundred proofs that the earth is not a globe have been running around within the observation of the master huntsman and his men for a year or more. Now let the hunters prove themselves to be men and the men hunters. It is impossible to be successful hunters for truth if error be allowed to go scot-free. Nay, it is utterly impossible for the Johns Hopkins University to answer the purpose of its founder if its hunters for truth do not first hunt error with their hounds and hold it up to ridicule, and then and always keep a watchful eye for the truth lest they should injure it by their hot haste or wound it with their weapons. Professor Daniel C. Gilman, we charge you that the duties of your office render it imperative that sooner or later you lead your men into the field against the hundred proofs to show the world that they are hunters worthy of the name, if in your superior judgment you decide that there is error to be slain, or show that your hunters are worthy of the better name of men by inducing them to follow and sustain you out of the beaten track in your endeavours to uphold God's truth, if in your superior judgment you tell them there is a truth to be upheld. End of The Appendix to the Fifth Edition, November 9, 1886 Professor Proctor's Proofs A proof, a proof, cries student Brown, says Proctor very well, if that is all you want indeed, I've plenty I can tell, but really I have scarcely time or patience now to do it. You ought to know the earth's aglobe, then as aglobe you'd view it. I knew it long ago, in truth, twas taught me in my cot, and then too old was I to doubt, too young to say twas not. And you have never questioned it? Why should I now, friend Brown? I took it all for granted, just as Daddy laid it down, and as my duty clearly was, no other way I saw it, and that's the reason why, of course, aglobe I always draw it. And so you want a proof, a-ha, just cross the broad Atlantic, and then a proof so strong you'll have, with joy, twill send you frantic. You mean that I shall see the ships come round the old earth's side, and up and nor the watery hill, as interview they glide? No, Proctor, no, you say yourself the earth so vast in size is, the surface seems a level one, indeed, to sight it rises, and ships, when coming into view, seem bearing down upon us. No, Proctor, let us have a proof, no, no, come, mercy on us. Well, Brown, I've proofs that serve to show that earth indeed a bolt is, but if you won't believe them, well, not mine, but yours the fault is. Why, everybody surely knows a planet must be round, and since the earth a planet is, its shape at once is found. We know it travels round the sun a thousand miles a minute, and therefore it must be a globe a flat earth couldn't spin it. We know it on its axis turns with motion unperceived, and therefore surely, plain it is, its shape must be believed. We know its weight put down in tons exactly as we weighed it, and therefore what could clearer be if we ourselves had made it. We know its age can figures lie, its size, its weight, its motion, and then to say, tis all my eye shows madness at the notion. Besides the other worlds and suns, some cooling down, some hot, how can you say you want a proof with all these in the pot? No, Brown, just let us go ahead, don't interfere at all. Some other day I'll come and bring proof that earth's a ball. No, Proctor, no, said Mr. Brown, tis now too late to try it. A hundred proofs are now put down, and you cannot deny it, that earth is not a globe at all and does not move through space, and your philosophy I call a shame and a disgrace. We have to interfere and do the best that we are able to crush your theories and to lay the facts upon the table. God's truth is what the people need, and men will strive to preach it, and all your efforts are in vain, though you should dare impeach it. You've given half your theory up, the people have to know it. You smile, but then your book's enough, for that will plainly show it. One half your theory's gone, and soon the other half goes too. So better turn about it once and show what you can do. Own up, as people have to do when they have been deceived, and help the searcher after truth of doubt to be relieved. The only amaranthine flower is virtue, don't forget it. The only lasting treasure, truth, and never strive to let it. Odds and Ends. We do not possess a single evident proof in favor of the rotation of the earth around its axis, Dr. Schepfer. To prove the impossibility of the revolution of the earth around the sun will present no difficulty. We can bring self-evident proof to the contrary, Dr. Schepfer. To reform and not to chastise I am afraid is impossible. To attack views in the abstract without touching persons may be safe fighting indeed, but it is fighting with shadows. Pope. Both revelation and science agree as to the shape of the earth. The psalmist calls it the round world, even when it was universally supposed to be a flat, extended plane. Rev. Dr. Brewer. What a mistake. If the earth were a perfect sphere of equal density throughout, the waters of the ocean would be absolutely level, that is to say, would have a spherical surface everywhere equidistant from the earth's center. English Family Herald. February 14, 1885. The more I consider them, the more I doubt of all systems of astronomy. I doubt whether we can with certainty know either the distance or magnitude of any star in the firmament. Else why do astronomers so immensely differ, even with regard to the distance of the sun from the earth, some affirming it to be only three and others ninety millions of miles? Rev. John Wesley in his Journal. I don't know that I ever hinted here too far that the aeronaut may well be the most skeptical man about the rotundity of the earth. Philosophy imposes the truth upon us, but the view of the earth from the elevation of a balloon is that of an immense terrestrial basin, the deeper part of which is that directly under one's feet. As we ascend, the earth beneath us seems to recede, actually to sink away, while the horizon gradually and gracefully lifts a diversified slope, stretching away farther and farther into a line that, at the highest elevation, seems to close with the sky. Thus, upon a clear day, the aeronaut feels as if suspended at about an equal distance between the vast blue oceanic concave above and the equally expanded terrestrial basin below. In the Scientific American for April 27, 1878, is a full report of a lecture delivered at Berlin by Dr. Schepfer, headed, Our Earth Motionless, which concludes thus. The poet Goethe, whose prophetic views remained during his life wholly unnoticed, said the following, In whatever way or manner may have occurred this business, I must still say that I curse this modern theory of cosmogony, and hope that per chance there may appear in due time some young scientist of genius who will pick up courage enough to upset this universally disseminated delirium of lunatics. The most terrible thing in all this is that one is obliged to repeatedly hear the assurance that all the physicists adhere to the same opinion on this question, but one who is acquainted with men knows how it is done. Good, intellectual, and courageous heads adorn their mind with such an idea for the sake of its probability. They gather followers and pupils, and thus form a literary power. Their idea is finally worked out, exaggerated, and with a passionate impulse is forced upon society. Hundreds and hundreds of noble-minded, reasonable people who work in other spheres, desiring to see their circle esteemed and dear to the interests of daily life, can do nothing better or more reasonable than to leave to other investigators their free scope of action, and add their voice in the benefit of that business which does not concern them at all. This is termed the universal corroboration of the truthfulness of an idea. End of Section 7 End of 100 Proofs That The Earth Is Not a Globe by William Carpenter