 Good afternoon to everyone. Just want to ask you can raise your hand and you hear me Thank you so much. It's my pleasure. My name is Miguel Garcia Winder and I Recently been appointed to serve as a Mexican ambassador on representative to FAO World Food Program and IFAT. It is really an honor for me to be here and share a desk With a new friend, but I hope it's going to be a long-lasting friend for many years to come ambassador Nocifo the from South Africa I know she's going to keep me on track because I tend to be very excited about all the issues that have to do with Agriculture and biodiversity Thank you. Thank you for coming for attending the second Session on the global dialogue, which is timely For many of you who attended this morning the session you'll Probably realize the importance and the diverse opinions and needs that we have to address the issue of bio diversity Biodiversity has to be placed in the framework of the four betters that FAO is Promoting we want to have a better production. We want to have a better nutrition We want to have a better nutrition Better environment, excuse me and a better Life and of course, I think we need to put a fit better. We have to have a better planet a better mother earth that is Hosting us in this in our lives here in its place this afternoon We we will have But then distinguish the speakers it's going to be unfortunate for me and my Comoderator because we will try to keep time Good Good eye on time and and unfortunately We probably will mean some of the great ideas that these speakers want to share with us But we are going to take advance and what should we can we are going to be working on On the sustainable management of and of agriculture and the agro Agro ecosystems like games landscapes and seascapes The second we will concentrate on the restoration of productive line land and seascapes Including the possibility to learn from different to different examples The meeting is being recorded and it would be made public by FAO In FAO website Interpretation is available in the six official languages of FAO and I want to express my appreciation from for the interpreters Especially when you guys have to deal with a person like me that doesn't speak with Spanish and doesn't speak with English So I'm going to put you in severe problem, but thank you for a head of Thank you for your time We really appreciate We are going to do the same Processes that we did during the morning session we Encourage an active audience participation. We have more than three hundred people connected and listening to us in the Panel you will find a key for questioning answers Please put your questions in there. We are going to try to select some questions and Raise them to the panelist so we can promote that conversation to open the session let Immediately pass the floor to our next keynote speaker They united Nash Nash nations a special report to human rights and environment Mr. Debbie Boyd Mr. Debbie Boyd is an associate professor of law policy and sustainability at the University of British Columbia Mr. Boyd was appointed as UN a special report to in 2018 He has advised many governments on environmental Constitutionals and human rights policy and co-chair Vancouver's effort to become the world's greenest city by 2020 Mr. Boyd you have the me the floor for 20 for 10 minutes I was I wish I can give you the 20 minutes, but 10 minutes 10 minutes Is what I have in we have planned for you Thank you so much and the floor is yours Thank you very much. Much as gracias Excellencies distinguished delegates ladies and gentlemen just before I begin my presentation I just want to share the fact that I'm living on the west coast of Canada and as you know We were struck by an unprecedented heat wave last week breaking temperature records 50 degrees in Canada This has killed hundreds of people of the town where the temperature record was set Caught fire and was burned to the ground and I just want to say as a society We must respond with greater urgency to the climate crisis that we face But today I'll focus my comments on biodiversity food systems and human rights Drawing on a report that I presented to the UN General Assembly last fall Earth is the only planet in the universe as we know that supports life This unique planet is home to an extraordinary biodiversity from giraffes to gorillas from insects to bears and Humans share DNA the basic building block of life with all species Indicating that we should view nature as a community to which we belong rather than merely a commodity for us to exploit as All human rights ultimately depend on a healthy biosphere without functioning ecosystems Which depend on healthy biodiversity there would be no clean air to breathe safe water to drink or nutritious food to eat You know, it's amazing to think that a handful of healthy soil contains billions of microorganisms algae bacteria fungi and more that feed plants and protect them from pests and pathogens Healthy ecosystems provide humanity with a renewable supply of wood food fiber fish and other goods Healthy ecosystems regulate the earth's climate filter air and water recycle nutrients and mitigate the impacts of natural disasters And yet our activities are destroying biodiversity as a rate at a rate unprecedented in human history Why life populations have crashed? 58% since 1970 The rate of extinction is hundreds of times higher than the average over the past 10 million years and is accelerating An estimated 1 million species are at risk of extinction Since 1970 the human population has doubled and the global economy has quadrupled And of course agriculture is the single largest contributor to the global biodiversity crisis listed as a major threat for 85% of the species identified on the IUCN red list as threatened with extinction We are eroding the very foundations of our health livelihoods and economies with devastating consequences for human rights The COVID-19 pandemic provides a striking example COVID-19 is the latest emerging infectious disease to spill over from another species to humans More than 70% of these emerging infectious diseases in recent decades have been zoonoses including HIV, AIDS, Ebola and avian influenza The growing risk of these diseases is caused by human actions that damage ecosystems such as deforestation Land clearing for agriculture, the wildlife trade and intensified livestock production States of course have created many treaties and declarations promising to protect nature including the 1992 Convention on Biodiversity But there is a huge implementation and enforcement gap States failed to meet any of the 2010 nature targets or any of the 2020 Aichi biodiversity targets So states are not responding with appropriate urgency to the dire warnings issued by the world's leading scientists On the contrary, states actually encourage damage to ecosystems and biodiversity providing more than $500 billion annually in subsidies that harm nature which is more than five times what states spend to protect biodiversity The degradation of ecosystems and the decline of biodiversity have profound consequences for human rights Among the human rights being threatened are the rights to life, health, food, water, a healthy environment, an adequate standard of living and cultural rights Communities and we know this, let me provide just a few examples We know that communities that are protected by healthy mangrove ecosystems are less likely to suffer deaths caused by cyclones thereby protecting the right to life We know that healthy ecosystems provide a buffer against emerging infectious diseases, safeguarding the right to health Insects, bats and birds pollinate more than 75% of our crops, essential for fulfilling the right to food And the destruction of ecosystems and biodiversity violates the right to a healthy and sustainable environment Because of their strong dependence on nature, indigenous peoples, peasants and local communities are disproportionately harmed by ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss At the same time, indigenous peoples, peasants and local communities can make enormous contributions to conserving and sustainably using biodiversity when empowered to do so through recognition of their rights So states need to apply a rights-based approach to all aspects of conserving, protecting, restoring and using healthy ecosystems and biodiversity The key here is implementing everyone's right to a healthy and sustainable environment Examples of the procedural obligations of states include providing the public with accessible information about the global nature crisis ensuring an inclusive, equitable and gender-based approach to public participation protecting environmental human rights defenders from violence and intimidation and enabling affordable and timely access to justice and effective remedies for all to ensure accountability On the substantive side, states must monitor and report on the state of biodiversity to implement national biodiversity strategies and action plans, create protected areas and other effective conservation measures, enact legislation to protect endangered species, and restore degraded ecosystems With respect to indigenous peoples, states must recognize their land titles, tenures and rights, acknowledging the existence of different customs and government systems, including collective land ownership These measures should be taken for peasants and local communities, and of course businesses and large conservation organizations must do much more to protect human rights as well In my report to the General Assembly, I also provided hundreds of inspiring examples of good practices in the conservation, protection and sustainable use of biodiversity The High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People led by Costa Rica and France, the European Green Deal and the African Great Green Wall So in conclusion, states must implement carbon neutral and nature positive economic recovery plans States must transform food systems to be just, healthy and sustainable Eliminate, sorry, accelerate action to protect and conserve nature, take urgent action to target the drivers of zoonotic diseases and do all of the above by respecting the rights of indigenous peoples, peasants and local communities It is not yet too late to respond to the global nature crisis, but time is running out. Our failure to conserve, protect and sustainably use the Earth's ecosystems has catastrophic consequences for the enjoyment of human rights and exacerbates inequality The leading scientists in the world today are calling for rapid, systemic and transformative changes to address the climate emergency, address the climate crisis and avoid future pandemics With COVID-19, humanity is paying a terrible price for ignoring scientists' warnings. We must not make the same mistake again And by employing a rights-based approach to food systems and conserving biodiversity, this is not an option. This is an obligation based on national and international human rights law A rights-based approach will serve as a catalyst for accelerated action to transform food production, end hunger, ensure healthy diets, tackle the climate emergency and protect nature History demonstrates through the progress achieved by the abolitionists, by women, by civil rights activists and indigenous peoples, the powerful role of human rights in sparking transformative social change Thank you for the work that you do and I look forward to the rest of the presentations And thank you Dr. Boyd for such an illuminating presentation of your report, especially the sharing with the audience on some of the examples and case studies that reflect degradation of ecosystems As much as what opportunities we have as humans on earth in terms of following a rights-based approach I would now like to say thank you again and thank you to my co-facilitator, Ambassador McNeil I would like to invite our next presenter, my name is Nosipo Inaba, I'm the ambassador to South Africa, from South Africa to Italy, sorry Saint Marino and Albania as much as I am a UN representative to the FAO and other UN agencies in Rome I would like to now invite Ms. Shea, who will be talking on the ways in which integrated land and escape management can support biodiversity Ms. Shea is an agricultural and natural resource economist and the founder of eco-agriculture partners and the co-founder of the Global Landscapes for People, Food and Nature Initiative The floor is yours madam, you have five minutes, over to you Thank you so much, hello honorable ambassadors, ministers, ladies and gentlemen It's an honor to be with you today and I have to say how inspired I am by this event Defining the roadmap for an unprecedented alliance for action on food agriculture and biodiversity There are myriad agricultural practices now that we know about that not only meet food security imperatives but also sustain or enhance wild biodiversity The same is true for forest fisheries and pasture production and we'll hear a lot more about that later in the panel And at the same time that's not enough what happens on individual farms and individual pastures To sustain thriving populations of wild plant and animal species requires large landscapes that meet all their needs This means protecting an adequate area of natural habitat and creating habitat and ecological networks in and around farms and settlements So that wildlife small and large terrestrial and aquatic can find food, water, safe breeding areas all year round Managing biodiversity and ecosystems well can in turn support thriving food production, ensuring the water resources critical for irrigation Protecting farms from high winds and floods caused by climate change, controlling agricultural pests and enabling new markets for sustainable products This can only be achieved through collaborative action and spatial planning at the landscape scale By all the land and resource users and managers will be called integrated landscape and seascape management and that had goes by many other names They work to align resource use for production, nutrition, environment and a better life, the four betters now and for a sustainable future Their solutions are rooted in local economies, local needs, livelihoods, local politics and culture Indeed whole landscape approaches have been endorsed by the UN conventions on biodiversity, climate and desertification by UN habitat, sustainable development goals and is now being discussed with the UN food system summit Already farmers and landscape partnerships are playing critical roles in conserving biodiversity in places as widespread as the Mesoamerican reef, Andean cloud forests, Kenyan rangelands, the Hellion savannas and Asian mangroves You'll hear a lot more about this today. Could you give me the next slide please This picture illustrates a landscape where a mosaic of different sustainable land uses strategically linked contributes to all of the SDGs in that landscape, but can this be done isn't it too complicated. It seems hard. Most of our existing institutions are still organized in silos to work on specific parts of a landscape, farms, forests, cities, land, or water or biodiversity. But over the last few decades, mostly below the radar, thousands of local landscape pick the partnerships have been forming. Why they're drawn together to face daunting challenges of research degradation and competition that no actor working alone can resolve. If we want to scale landscape level action we can draw on a very rich and diverse experience on the ground across the globe. We have tested tools for action and seasoned leaders in farming environment government business and community sectors. Though they are quite diverse, all successful landscape partnerships have five key features. A multi stakeholder partnership for long term learning negotiation and action aided by a trusted neutral facilitator. Second, a long term vision and defined goals for the landscape agreed by the partners. Third, promotion of agriculture and conservation practices that have both food and biodiversity benefits. Fourth, spatial planning to make sure that different land uses and practices have positive ecological and economic impacts on one another across the landscape. And finally, policies that support integrated agriculture biodiversity strategies with market innovations that provide incentives for farmers and others stewards of the landscape. Many landscape and seascape partnerships have already had remarkable impacts, but they are up against enormous pressures of degradation habitat loss climate and market risks, and they received very little, mostly short term and fragmented support today. Three transformative actions can be taken by UN member states and others to unleash their power. To establish government policies that endorse landscape and seascape partnerships explicitly and make it easier for agriculture environment and other ministries to align their strategies and programs to support those landscape action plans developed locally. Second, institutionalize technical services for landscape and seascape partnerships to train facilitators build capacities advanced markets and invest in research. Third, contribute long term funding for landscape partnerships and shift flows of public and private financing from degrading investments to clusters of investments in landscapes that together will lead to transformation. Thank you. Let me thank you all very much and I look forward to supporting the solutions being catalyzed by this dialogue. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Miss. Thank you. Thank you. That was illuminating a presentation. Next, we have the pleasure to welcome Mr Lucas Garibaldi from the University of Naguio Land, the Rio Negro, Argentina to talk about the power of pollinators. Garibaldi is a professor, a research scientist and the director of the Institute of Natural Resources, agroecology and rural development. You have the floor safe for five minutes. Thank you. Thank you very much. I'm very happy to be here and to share with you some of our research about the power of pollinators. So as we have been listening in the previous two talks, as a consequences of conventional agriculture, the environment for life in general and for bees in particular is being degraded. This has consequences not only for bees, but also for the same agriculture that is degrading the environment for bees as most of the crops benefits for animal pollination in general, and be pollination in particular to produce seeds or fruits. This has consequences for agricultural production. In particular, together with FAO and many universities all over the world, we have been performing during several years different type of experiments to understand how much crop yield can increase by improving crop pollination. We have found an impressive result of 24%. So 24% is a lot. We can harvest 24% more on average per hectare if we manage in a better way crop pollination. When we talk about crop pollinators, not only manage bees are important, we have also found that we need a wild and diversity of bees and diversity of pollinators in general. And to preserve and promote pollinators in agricultural landscapes, we need also to promote the habitats where they live. So native habitats that is natural and semi-natural habitats within agricultural landscape, they play an important role in our food production and food sovereignty. And we need to preserve them to improve pollination and many other services that they provide to our livelihoods. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much, Mr. Godbaldi. And I would like now to turn to the fisheries sector where Mr. Ray Hilborn will discuss opportunities to protect biodiversity through sustainable fisheries management. Mr. Hilbron is the professor of aquatic and fishery science at the University of Washington. Now you have the floor say, Mr. Hilbron, over to you. Five minutes, please. Okay, yes. Okay, thank you very much. Just confirming you can hear me. Excellent, we can hear you very well. Thank you. Okay, excellencies, ambassadors and distinguished guests. Thank you for the opportunity to make this presentation on the role of fisheries management in protecting biodiversity. Next slide, please. All food production impacts biodiversity and this slide illustrates some examples, including my son in the upper right on his farm attempting to keep any natural vegetation growing in a field. This infographic from National Geographic shows the relative impact on the oceans of different threats. One of the things that fishing on the right in the yellow box is one of the least threats to the ocean and this is very contrary I would say to most public perception. Next slide. Many species have been rebuilt by controlling exploitation and leaving habitats for them. These species pictured are icons of the wild including bluefin tuna wolves and bears, and they have all rebuilt in human used areas by controlling the exploitation. Next slide, please. Fisheries management has been shown to work where applied. This graph shows the average trend in abundance of stocks representing half of global catch abundance in blue has rebuilt after fishing pressure in yellow was reduced, starting in the 1990s. Next slide, please. In addition to target species, other elements of biodiversity have been protected by effective mister fisheries management. Many forms of bike hatch from marine birds and long line fisheries dolphins in Persane and turtles and shrimp nets has been dramatically eliminated by changes in fishing gear and methods. Next slide, please. Concerns about gear have been addressed. Next slide, please. Voluntary ecosystems are a serious biodiversity concern, and they have been effectively protected where they have been mapped, and where bottom contact gear in those places has been has been banned. Next slide, please. What we hear is that fisheries rely on a natural ecosystem to be largely intact. And a difference between fisheries and agriculture is that that in fisheries we essentially rarely if ever harvest the first two trophic levels the primary producers and the herbivores that feed on them. And those those elements of the ecosystem are largely unaffected by fishing. Next slide, please. In World War One, it was recognized that fish from the ocean had low environmental impact, because they rely on a natural ecosystem, rather than a man made ecosystem. Next slide, please. So effective fisheries management has been shown to protect biodiversity. It's been demonstrated across all major threats to biodiversity. In the last 50 years, the fisheries sector has gone through enormous transformations in production management and use. Clearly more targeted blue transformation is needed to feed 10 billion a 10 billion world. Fisheries are a way to provide food at low impact to biodiversity as a key element of the sustainable blue economy. We aim to join hands across all across sectors to protect 100% of the oceans with effective fisheries management and use instruments such as the post 2020 framework to help us do this. Thank you very much. Thank you once again, Mr. Hillbrunn for that eliminating presentation. I would like to firstly remind all participants that you have the ability to put your questions and writing on the platform. I'm encouraged to do so because we'll put time aside as it is reflected in the program for you to get an opportunity to speak and or at least write your questions so that all the presenters can be given an opportunity to dialogue and discuss directly with yourselves. I'd like to go back to our earlier presenter on the program, Mr. Joe Campari, who was having trouble connecting. Are you connected now, Mr Campari? I am connected. Can you please? All right. I can hear you very well. Let me then introduce you briefly. Mr Campari is a global leader in food practice at World Wide Life Fund, WWF as it is commonly known, and the chair of the action track number three of the UN Food Systems Summit. His career in international development has focused on balancing agricultural production and conservation. Today he will speak to us about the actions that are undertaken under the UN Food Systems Summit track on nature positive production. Now I would like to hand over to you, sir, Mr Campari, you have five minutes. Thank you. Thank you very much. Hello everybody. Thank you for taking the time to join the session and thank you to the organizers for inviting me to speak. I'm glad that it worked out well. Let me start with a stark message. We are living in a state of planetary emergency. Human activities are destabilizing our climate and food systems and destroying natural ecosystems, faster than they can recover. We are, in essence, undermining the planet's ability to support us, including by providing healthy and nutritious food for all. And this increases our vulnerabilities to pandemics and accelerates climate change. As we know, food systems are vital to the survival of our species. They nourish us and healthy diets support our immune systems. Food systems are the biggest employer in the world and farming creates opportunities to lift people out of poverty. But food systems are not on track if we are to achieve the SDGs by 2030. So while food and land use systems have a market value of 10 trillion US dollars per year, they generate heat and environmental health and inclusion costs estimated at almost 12 trillion a year. However, food is not just a threat to nature. It can be part of the solution to biodiversity loss. They can be a vehicle for rehabilitating nature and optimizing all ecosystem services. The overarching goal of Action Track 3 of the UN Food Systems Summit is to globally meet the fundamental human rights to healthy and nutritious food for all while operating within planetary boundaries. Action Track 3 focuses specifically on boosting nature positive production systems to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030. We explore the ways to produce food in harmony with nature and provide enough healthy and nutritious food for all. To do that, our work is focused on three key strategies. First, we are all about protecting natural ecosystems from conversion and degradation. The second pillar of our work is to sustainably manage our existing food production systems in land and water for people in nature. And thirdly, we work to restore degraded ecosystems and rehabilitate soil function. These three strategies or the three pillars must be deployed together and they will only make sense if they can effectively deliver sustainable production landscapes. In the past 10 months, we have gathered hundreds of ideas and distilled them into 12 clusters within Action Track 3. All clusters have one thing in common. They help reduce and reverse biodiversity loss. Let me exemplify a few. We have a cluster on agro-biodiversity that promotes the use and achieve the long-term conservation of the astounding biodiversity both between and within crops through more sustainable breeding and growing practices. Agricultural production and markets have tended to become more uniform, so diversifying more and more our food production systems improves resilience, outputs, and the quality of growing environment, not to mention how much they can improve our diets. The second cluster is around transformation through agroecology and regenerative agriculture. Here we aim to achieve a paradigm shift away from a model of improving production and maximizing productivity of intensive and known diverse food systems that create costly environmental health and social externalities and move towards healthy, resilient, equitable and sustainable food systems. The third cluster that we are working on is the Global Soil Hub. And this hub is aimed to facilitate the adoption and scaling of restoration practices that improve soil health in productive landscapes through investment and policy action to avoid the loss of this crucial natural asset without which we cannot meet biodiversity or climate goals. There are coalitions being built around each of these clusters and they are now being formed with the participation of member states, but action must also go beyond the food system summit. We need to connect the food system summit to COP26, CBD, the Ocean Summit, and all other UN conferences. We need to see a comprehensive and ambitious target on food system transformation in the post 2020 global biodiversity framework. We need a target that will ensure that by 2030 food system support rather than harm biodiversity, unleashing their full potential to contribute to a nature positive world. We need to ensure that the web of life at the basis of food production, including pollinators and soil biodiversity is protected and restored. First of all, a food systems target should promote the transition toward agriculture and regenerative agriculture in terms supporting healthy soils. Agriculture has long extracted from nature and caused most of the world's biodiversity loss, only by shifting to an approach of farming with nature can we achieve sustainable food systems and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030. But action on production is not enough. A post 2020 framework on food systems should also address the need to move toward healthier and more sustainable diets. Adopting flexible diets which are high in health benefits and low in environmental impacts could reduce wildlife loss by up to 40% and agricultural land use by at least 41% while decreasing premature deaths by at least 20%. We need to transform we need transformative actions across the food system on the way we produce share and consume food, including reducing food loss and waste. We need actors across food systems to engage in negotiations on the post 2020 framework, and most importantly engage in its implementation. This requires an adequate adequate mechanism to bring together multiple stakeholders to develop and implement plans of action on biodiversity and systems and should be aligned with the post food system summit follow up mechanism. Let me finish by saying that we just have nine harvests left until 2030 when we are due to deliver the sustainable development goals. That's just nine more chances to change how we produce food. And what is available to consumers, but the food system summit and upcoming biodiversity and climate call present a unique opportunity to course correct for the sake of people and the sake of planet. We can and must take ambitious and decisive action to deliver an equitable net zero carbon and nature positive food system. Thank you very much. Thank you. You all has been a very inspiring talk and you brought some issues about the future that we need to address. This is Miguel again. This has been a very exciting session I think we have gone through the role of biodiversity and agriculture, the need of better human rights to address these issues. Obviously, the pressing issue with beef and fisheries. So, if you if in front of all a feel full of possibilities for us to, to change the world. We were going to continue as the organizers have asked us, we are going to present two questions to start up all two questions I wonder if the secretary can help me to show the questions on the screen. And these questions are not for you to be tested later on today or for you to show your loved ones how much you know about these issues, but the reality is to promote a conversation. On issues that sometimes for all the learning agriculture are every day present, but for people who work in other fields may not be as present so this brings us the possibility to, to increase awareness of issues. The first one question that we want to put for you to tell us what you think is what share of the terrestrial planet is intact in the same that it is largely largely naturally in extent, allowing Mamalia movement and connectivity. This is a, this is a very important questions, because he tells us probably how much we have left to reveal that what we need to be the second. That to three options, 20% 40% or 60%. The second question for conversation coffee or wine you are in other parts of the world or tea, or breakfast, depending on where you are it what percentage of emerging infectious human disease originate inanimate. This obviously in 2018 19 and 20 is extremely popular, but it will continue to be popular in the future. And here we have 10% 30% 50% of to 70%. Before you answer and we compute the results. I would like to start 30 minutes of conversation with our panelists. You allow me. Obviously, the topics and the subjects are so, so fascinating, not only fascinating but so urgent that we have to ask ourselves, what are the next steps for Dr boy. There is a question that was shared to us. And it's basically what they want to know what the indigenous wisdom has inspired a growing number of air center loss. What are your thoughts on this emerging body of love. Will this emerging body of thinking produce a paradigm shift in the way we, we approach the human right issue that you brought into the conversation today. Thank you very much it's a it's an interesting question and of course we have the evidence on the ground there's compelling scientific evidence that lands which are being managed by indigenous peoples have healthier levels of biological diversity so really that that is a testament to the customary laws and traditional practices of indigenous peoples. These earth centered laws that the question refers to are often referred to as rights of nature's rights of nature laws, pioneered in 2008 by Ecuador in a new constitution, and then other countries have followed that by recognizing the nature of nature in legislation and court decisions in countries like Bolivia, Colombia, Uganda, Bangladesh, India. I think that this is an interesting approach which does have some potential. It has potential both from a legal and a cultural perspective from a cultural perspective. I think recognizing that nature has rights really forces us to rethink our relationship with the natural world as I said in my opening comments. We tend to perceive of, and we have treated nature as though it is a storehouse of resources for human consumption and recognizing that nature has rights shifts that and puts us in a position of recognizing that we are actually part of a community of life here on the planet earth. In an illegal perspective I think the rights of nature has power it is being used in some of those countries I mentioned earlier to change practices on the ground and so that that does have potential. I do think that it's only recognized in law in about a dozen countries today so it has a long ways to go, whereas if we look at the human right to live in a healthy environment. The human right to live in a healthy environment is already recognized by over 150 states around the world, and recognizing human rights is actually the easy part. The challenge is the implementation side. And so I would rather see us focus our efforts on implementing the right, the human right to a healthy environment, because that clearly must include healthy ecosystems and biodiversity, which we are so dependent upon. Thank you. Thank you, Dr. Boyd. I think the issue of implementation is not only applicable to the human rights we have a lot of things that we need to pass from the conversation to the action and implementation is without any doubt the most difficult part that's where that's that's where we need to work more. There are some other questions that I want to share with you and these are probably mainly for Dr. Hillbill. And the questions that we have received are, what is your opinion on the ambitions in the draft of the 2020. We have target to based on marine protection areas. I think there is a lot of work going on to protect the areas in the oceans and recovering the ocean. And there is a very interesting question from Uganda, who wants to know, how do you promote sustainable fisheries productions outside the ocean. What would you recommend to the government and to the society? Thanks for that question. Basically, we know that if you manage fisheries well, and not just the target species but the impacts of fishing on other species, you can you can maintain biodiversity and produce food at the same time. And you don't need protected areas to do that that that you can maintain biodiversity in human used areas, but with effective fisheries management and the protected area movement really has been taken from terrestrial ecosystems were human use like industrial agriculture and human habitation is totally transformative and applied to marine systems which are fundamentally quite different in that we don't eliminate the primary producers we don't eliminate the primary herbivores. We tend to rely on the on the higher trophic species so I don't I don't see that the protected area is is how we're going to protect biodiversity in the ocean it's taking the techniques we know protect biodiversity that I talked about in my presentation and applying them to all of the species. So we need to protect 100% of the ocean, but we do that by effective fisheries management, not by banning fishing. Thank you. Thank you very much. Let me let me ask that there is a question for Dr. share. Sarah, the landscape approach seems to be a very progressive approach, an approach that allows us to think outside the silos and created in a holistic manner of all the resources, you know, the ecological resources, historical resources, cultural resources. How can this approach be effectively integrated in the post 2020 agenda. Thank you very much for that very central question. I think that there's three things to be thinking about now as we're we're basically jointly crafting the post 2020 agenda. So let's say the first one is to see these landscape partnerships as critical allies and actors working with them, give them a voice find them. They're often completely invisible to actors that are out there to see them as a constituency who will help to co create the policies and programs that will actually help them to work out these conflicts that are there within the within the community. So that could be a first thing. Secondly, is work to provide them with tools already the CBD FAO many actors out there have developed the tools that they need. It's very difficult for groups to get them the 1000 landscapes for one billion people initiative I'm working with is is trying to get those into the hands of every single landscape partnership. I think the CBD can really facilitate. And thirdly, we've got to rethink the way funding flows. And there's three pieces to that. One is these landscape partnerships are doing what we call in the United States they're having baked sales. That's how they're getting the money to actually do these complicated facilitation activities, integrated landscape assessments, planning the visioning, identifying the practices that will benefit both biodiversity and agriculture, marketing them They need support to support their partners to make those things happen in a way that's very aligned across the landscape. So that's the first part of financing. The second part of financing is that the funds are flowing piece by piece within the landscapes in such a fragmented way we will never get impacts at scale. So we need new financial mechanisms that will collect those flows of funds from climate and biodiversity and agriculture and food security and health. And allow them to be pulled to support sets of landscape investments that in agriculture in protected areas in agro industry in infrastructure that natural infrastructure in a way that's coordinated and can deliver much, much larger volumes of funding to deliver the goals of the traditional funding agencies but in a much more integrated way. And the third aspect of this is that the financial system itself is not set up now to either invest in these integrated agriculture biodiversity production practices, or in the agro industry or in the marketing, or in the protected area management that also includes use of products. The financial system itself needs to innovate and we need to work with them. Otherwise, more money will just mean things are done still in the same old ways. Let me stop it. Thank you. Thank you very much. I am very happy to see a question that means Emma is caught racing. And the reason why I'm very happy to see that question is because personally is very close to my heart. We depend on a very small number of food stocks. This morning, there was one of the questions in the poll was that we have less than 40 animal species that over 15 or 17,000 species of mammals and birds. So we depend on on very little alarm species. The question that Mrs. Scott is asking to any of the panelists is, how do we increase the intake of our grow biodiversity, including what is called the forgotten varieties or the forgotten crops, crops that in the past, coming from Mexico, we are, we provide to the world more than 80 crops for for feeding. But some of them are very rich and almost forgotten. How can we do the uptake of these forgotten varieties. Anyone who wants to take a staff of this, Joe, sorry for calling you out, but thank you. This is a thank you thank you very much. This is this is a topic that is very near and dear to my heart as well. So let me take a, you know, let me try to respond this so today, you know, we need to realize that 75% of our human caloric intake comes from 12 plants and five animals. This is it. And you can begin to imagine what this does to nature, right. I mean, this is almost a call to convert nature into monocrops. And this happens because we needed to provide calories for, you know, grow a growing population so that they would come out of hunger. Today, I mean the pressures on natural ecosystems that these monocrops face are threatening soil health. They are threatening the environmental services and they are threatening diets as well. I mean, we are consuming mostly cheap calories because the hidden costs of the food system as I mentioned in my introductory remarks are not accounted for. That's why we call them cheap calories. So we need to diversify production. We need to help companies restructure their supply chains. I'll give you an example. I was talking to a food company the other day that sources two types of potatoes from Peru. I mean, imagine the number of types of potato varieties everywhere in Latin America. And for a major food company to source two types is really shocking. And the question I asked was why it's because they structured the company structured its supply chain around those two types of potatoes with size its suppliers and all of that. So we need really to transform business models. If we are going to have an uptake of agro more agro biodiverse foods. And the reason also why there is very little market demand for what we call the forgotten crops or the orphan crops is because it becomes too costly to ship them everywhere in the global trade system. So they tend to be very relevant locally helping to establish very short supply chains that provides food variety for people. So we do need to do a better job, including the food system summit we do have a cluster that looks into skating out agro biodiversity. Let me stop here. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Maybe maybe we need to start forming a coalition to rescue these these crops as a response to what is coming into the summit because I really believe there is a lot of rich. That's just my personal advice. Thank you for being a moderator. I should not put my bias on the conversation but thank you for that. There are some other questions for Dr. Garibaldi. Dr. Garibaldi, they're asking us if you can comment on the current area based targets in the post 2020 agenda and the needs to also consider working in landscapes. Yes, this is something that has not been considered before, because we paid a lot of attention to natural reserves outside working landscapes. We call working landscape to those landscapes that perform a recruiter forestry or animal breeding, which is most of our planet, but natural habitats also play an important role within working landscape. We need to protect them to protect ourselves. So, as I mentioned, they are habitat for white pollinators, but they also prevent a food in the regulate climate. They prevent a solar ocean. They have many, many benefits to the production system itself. And this is a key, a key new aspect that should be taken into account. Thank you. Thank you, Lucas. In Mexico, we have discovered that also some bats are important pollinators. And one of our biggest industry tequila depends on bats. So, when we talk about conservation of pollinators, we had to talk about conservation of other species that are unique to our region. So, thank you for bringing that subject. I have received a message that Dr. Boyd wants to make comments probably on the forgotten varieties. Is that correct? Yes, thank you, Mr. Somebody wants to make other comments, please just raise your hand and I look into them. I just wanted to say that I think this goes back to our earlier conversation about implementation and money. You know, this is this is the thing in terms of both production and consumption. Right now we have a system where the overwhelming amount of money that government provides in terms of subsidies is going to the production of the small handful of crops and and breeds that Joao and you have mentioned. We need to redirect some of that government subsidy to the production of these forgotten forgotten varieties and more importantly to the vast majority of subsidies today goes to a handful of large producers and if we shift those subsidies to small producers, then we will will we be directly encouraging the production of a more diverse set of food foodstuffs. And the same thing can be said on the on the consumer side consumption wise, you know, when governments produce their national nutritional guidelines. That's an opportunity to promote these forgotten species. When governments use their money to do procurement programs whether that's through school meal programs through food and hospitals. That's another opportunity to promote these local forgotten variety. So I think that there are ways that we can use the both the push and the pull of production and consumption to boost agro agro biodiversity and really powerful ways. Thank you, sir. Thank you. Okay, we have two more questions that I would like to pause. But before I pause the questions and in order to provide transparency we have in our chat and the questions and answers. Thank you very much Mr. Juan Pablo partiera. And I'm going to read it just for the records and said that I, Juan Pablo partiera says I will disagree with Professor Gilbert on the most effective way to protect marine biodiversity is by fisheries management. Partiera suggests the marine ecosystems are also suffering of other pressures for which area based methods guarantee better protection in a specific hotspots, especially is when the offshore energy is developing fast. Every time transport is more intense and deep sea mining is also adding more pressure. I have to put this in the conversation because I think there are some topics and show the complexity of the oceans for a lot of things are happening. There is a question for all the panelists that the next two questions are for all the panelists. The first question is, what kind of investments we need to address the issues that you just described. What is this investment is going to come from, and how do we apply the investment in the country, especially because less developed countries or middle income countries are the ones who are in the eye of the storm. What is your, your ideas on investment. Who wants to start. Luis, everybody you raise your hand, please go ahead and then Dr. Sherrod and then Dr. Boy. And then we go probably with y'all. But, Luis, I love it. Yes, so I work in agriculture for the past more than 20 years. And in many cases is not the problem of its investment is a problem of lack of knowledge, because some of these practices that promote pollinators and native pollinators, they pay by their own. We are now suffering in many places in the world, the loss of agricultural land because of land degradation, because of floodings, and we are facing a lot of problems also with with resistance to herbicides. So the current conventional agricultural system in many places is not so profitable anymore. So, and when you talk with the farmers, they are, they see these kind of problems and they want to change in many places. But it's not clear how to implement these new archaeological or ecological intensification practices so they, they don't know how to do it, and we need also to emphasize this aspect of knowledge so ecological practices are less intensive in the use of agrochemical and external inputs in general, but they are more intensive in the use of knowledge and in particular economic knowledge. So we, we should pay attention also a lot to that to call generate that knowledge with the farmers and to share and to create the structure so this can, this knowledge can spread all over the world. Thank you. Thank you. Sarah, thank you. You were second please. Sure. I actually think the financing piece is one of the most interesting and exciting parts of this puzzle. If we think about these, all the landscape descriptions that have been already shared here. We've talked about recreate sort of shifting those systems of land use the systems of markets, the systems of production within a landscape. And that means that and they're interconnected. If you want to reduce their risk if you want to improve the profitability of the commercial activities. If you want to reduce the average cost so that each actor doesn't have to invest separately in things that are actually collective goods and services. We need financial systems that match those needs. And what we're starting to see is some pretty creative innovative stuff going on by financial institutions partnering with groups who have real commitments to these kinds of of issues, where we're looking at the complementarity of investments, enabling investments asset investments working together to make those investments more viable. And if they're not yet fully commercial viable, other actors can come in with complimentary kinds of resources by, by working together. And there's some extremely interesting innovations out there and we'll go into all the details but just a couple of examples, where large landscape or multi landscape funds are being put together, in which flows of investment from public sector in different sectors, climate funding, health funding can go into these funds and then redeployed for a lot of smaller projects within the landscape that create these synergies. Another is the idea of a landscape bank, just like we have community development banks have landscape development banks that are staffed by people with both financial expertise, and an understanding of agriculture and environment within the landscape that can develop that portfolio and pull in financial resources that at a large scale from lots of different sources and make them locally viable, locally productive and locally profitable for the commercial components of the work. So I'll stop there. I think there's, we're at the cusp of some pretty cool innovations and financial institutions around the world are actually becoming much more interested in this as a result of the obligations on them around climate and the new ones that are coming up around biodiversity. Thank you. I think, Dr. Boyd, and Joao, Joao, go ahead. And then Dr. Boyd, and I don't know if I'm missing someone. Thank you. Thank you very much. I'd like to pick up where Sarah left and hinge on her response. Investors pursue two things, right? They pursue, they maximize, investments pursue the maximization of return and the minimization of risk. And risk is, there is a lot, there's a huge component of risk that has to do with information. So let's look at how much research, and this goes back to what Mr. Garibaldi was saying, how much research money goes into the traditional agricultural and traditional crops, if you will, and how much goes into researching the benefits and the returns of agroecology, for example. I mean, you know, no wonder why investors choose the status quo, because there's not much information out there. So I would argue that if we want to maximize alternative or more sustainable approaches to food production, we need to invest heavily on research, you know, on the opportunities that we have, identify what are the benefits of investing in regenerative practices, in regenerative agriculture, in agroecology, and show the benefit of this. It's only by having information out there on solid research that we can scale out these practices and put them where they belong, which is at the front and center of the transformation that we aim to achieve. So let's invest on research and developing on agroecology, regenerative practices, so that we can put them, you know, make them have the protagonism that they do have already on food system transformation. Thank you. Thank you. Dr. Boyd. Thank you, Chair. And I just like to start by saying, let's let's consider the scale of the investments required, we're talking about hundreds of billions of dollars every year. That's the cost, but the that's the investment required but the potential benefits, as Joe mentioned earlier, are literally in the trillions of dollars in terms of health and environmental benefits. So we're going to need some substantial sources of revenue here. And one part that I've already mentioned is the subsidies we know that wealthy countries are already spending over $500 billion a year on agricultural subsidies and fisheries subsidies to do things like subsidizing the industrial trawler fleets. I mean that just simply is doesn't make sense for us to do. So redirecting subsidies to sustainable practice number one, number two, shifting taxes, we need to use the polluter pays principle. That would be putting a tax on things like water pollution, carbon pollution, and other things that that could raise billions of dollars. We need international assistance to low income states. And I think that it's interesting to draw an analogy with climate change where in Paris in 2015, the wealthy nations committed to mobilizing at least $100 billion a year in climate finance for low and low income countries and small island developing states. There should be a similar commitment to biodiversity conservation from the high income states. And the fourth source of revenue, I think we need to reevaluate our priorities as societies, the trillions of dollars that are being spent every year on the arms race on on military spending that could be repurposed to that could and should be repurposed in pursuit of the sustainable development goals. You look at a country like Costa Rica and the success they've had, since they eliminated eliminated military spending in the 1940s. They, they have spent money on healthcare and education as you know, as a close neighbor of Costa Rica and Mexico, they have the highest literacy rates in the Americas they have the longest life expectancy. They have a terrific environmental record. They're not perfect, but I think they're an illustration of what kind of radical changes can actually lead to more sustainable societies. Thank you I wonder if the secretary and cash on the screen the results of our poll before I post the last question. Unfortunately, unfortunately, we have to move for the next panel that these topics are so exciting that will probably keep us busy for the next 10 years, or something. The other panel, the poll questions is that 55% of our respondents said that 20% of the terrestrial planet is intact. The reality of the questions, the answer of the question, excuse me, is that 40%. Of course, when it's 40% we have to be considering the dry land, the deserts and forest, so we have an important piece of earth that has been remained intact. The percentage of emerging infectious human diseases originate in animals. Everybody I think is was correct. At least 70% of our diseases are related to animals. That's the last question. And I just going to pull the last question to to move forward, I don't expect this to be answered by anyone. But the question is, with everything that we have heard today, and we heard this morning, how do we move the agenda forward. How do we compromise between the needs of the low income countries, the middle income countries, and the developed countries. The proposal solutions look very nice from the developed countries perspective by the low income countries do not have the resources to do it. The question is, how do we move this agenda forward, and how do we protect biodiversity and make a moderate, more a better place for the future generation. Thank you to all the panelists for your contributions. I came to FEO for first time in two months since I arrived to Rome. Let me tell you after listening to you are going to get out more energetic to continue to advance the transformation of agriculture. And our food systems for for a better future. Thank you so much and I pass the moderation to my to my colleague for the next for the next session. Thank you. Thank you, Ambassador McNell and I'm supposed to then begin with the next panel discussion, but I hear that the official question was not answered by Ray. Ray, do you want to come in. Yes, yeah, well, sorry. Yeah. Yes, thanks. Thanks, thanks very much. I just wanted to point out that. That the aquatic world seems to always be forgotten in the food world and the diversity of food that comes from the ocean both from capture fisheries and aquaculture is much more diverse than and much less specialized around a few, a few species. And I think as you all know, aquaculture is the fastest growing form of food production so we shouldn't we shouldn't forget about it and also let's not forget that there's intimate connection between the two so much of aquaculture depends upon food grown on on land and if you look at where the environmental impacts of some forms of aquaculture are they're actually not in the ocean or in the water they're actually where the crops are grown. So, don't don't forget about the oceans and the important of importance of aquatic foods in the global food system. Certainly thank you very much. We, we appreciate your comment and fundamentally. And it is true that without the ocean and the aquatic environment. There is no life on us. Certainly, that's a good reminder. I would like to now call on the next panel, which will focus our attention to the restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems with a particular emphasis on landscapes and seascapes that are used for production. Firstly, we have, we have four speakers that will participate in during this panel session. And the first speaker is Mr. Percy Somers, who is a senior director of science and development for conservation international in Peru. He leads the sustainable landscapes, a partnership for Peru and grows native fruits using sustainable methods in foothills of the Chemilini National Park. You have the floor and Mr. Somers, five minutes please. Thank you. Let me share my screen. My sharing. Yes, we can see your screen. Certainly, you can proceed. Thank you. Thank you. Percy Somers from conservation international and I'm going to be talking about food production in the Amazon. I want to be focusing on the Peruvian Amazon and in systems with small landholders. That have has been historically ecosystems and for the livelihoods of human well-being. However, increasing demand for food and land is putting a lot of pressure over these natural systems and the capacity of the systems to continue contributing to sustainable food production. Deforestation and forest degradation are major drivers of biodiversity loss. And in Peru, and in a lot of parts of the Amazon, small holder systems, small holder farming is responsible for a large proportion of deforestation. Less than five hectares opening in the forest are a major drive of deforestation in these areas. And so how do we address the increasing demand for food and resources, while at the same time conserving the biodiversity and ecosystem services necessary for this production to be sustainable. And so I'm going to touch on a case study, which is in Alto Mayo. This case study showcases how we can increase the production and the how investing sustainable production systems can also help reduce deforestation and increase the resilience of small farming systems. Alto Mayo is in the foothill of the Andes flowing into the Amazon basin, and it's a rich in biodiversity and endemic species. However, as in many other places of the Andean Amazon, it's highly threatened, especially by migration deforestation and sustainable agricultural practices. In this particular landscape coffee is a main driver of deforestation. However, coffee can also be an opportunity. And if we grow coffee sustainably, we can transition from sun agriculture to and monoculture systems to shade grown and diversified system. We can actually contribute to the same ecosystem services that or to many of the ecosystem services that natural forest ecosystems provide. And our strategy has been for the last 10 years and we work under a landscape approach, as Sarah mentioned before, a lot of what we do is conserve but at the same time work with the drivers of deforestation to transform from conventional to sustainable agricultural practices. And we signed con we promote conservation agreements that are signed between government officials and farmers, where they commit to not the forest in exchange for a benefits and incentives to promote sustainable agricultural practices including technical assistance, the equipment and the inputs that they need to not only promote more coffee in this case, but also produce much better quality coffee and get much higher prices, start to tap into export markets for specialty coffees that can pay those higher prices for the extra work that they're doing for conserving forests, but not only that reducing pressure over forest has also allow us to register this as carbon credits commercialize and reinvest or use those those carbon those benefits for carbon to invest in the farming systems itself. This is a system that that is completely integrated financing the farmers with the carbon credits for the extra work that they're doing and their commitments for conserving forest. Now we're currently using this approach and replicating this in the broader landscape working also with indigenous people using their knowledge of medicinal plants to for example tap into herbal teas that can access also added value markets for their products with cocoa there's also opportunity since cocoa is a native as a variety and we're transitioning cocoa farmer systems from high volumes to specialty crops that chocolate producers are searching for when they are expanding their markets. So how do we scale this beyond the landscape approach and this goes into the financing systems that has been mentioned before, we're promoting this adela platform which is a private public platform to invest in sustainable forest models and not just and taking this to other biodiversity priority landscapes in the Peruvian Amazon. That's what I wanted to share with you today and thanks so much for the opportunity. Thank you very much. I missed the summers. That was a pointed and clear. Thank you. I would like now to call on our next speaker, Mr. Joseph Gavi. Mr. Joseph grew up in Niger, where as a young, at a young age he became passionate about re-greening trillions through food bearing, naturally drought, naturally using drought resistant plants. He's an executive director of Sahara in Sahel Foods in Niger and a social entrepreneur that supports re-greening efforts in the Sahel. Mr. Gavi, you can take the floor and he will talk to us about forest restoration and the great green wall. Five minutes. And as most of you, thank you very much. As the chair said, we're a social enterprise based in Niger Republic in the middle of the Sahel. And as most of the people of you know, the green wall of the Sahara and the Sahel is a huge expanse of land. And this expanse, very often, looks like something like this. We see that we like that this area looks more like the living image, which is also the same land as the previous photo, but 15 years later. So how to bring this change to a large scale, especially that we want it to happen with indigenous species, especially with our Sahel indigenous flower. What destroyed our indigenous flower, our trees and our live plants, was agriculture, where the deforestation of the land and the monoculture of the cereal brought a great loss of biodiversity. So the reintroduction of the polyculture can help us bring back our trees and our live plants. This can already help a lot with the yield of cereal. You can see here on the left side of the cereal that has been protected by live plants, and on the right, in the same field, but in a zone where the protection of live plants was no longer effective. You can see that the impact is very direct through the reduction in the wind, the fertility of the soil, etc. But this generally leads to the reintroduction of trees with a low biodiversity. We focus on two or three species that reinforce the fertility of the soil, and we neglect the rest of the natural potential. So we see that in Sahel, we have 12 different kinds of food, which give fruits, which give grains, which give edible leaves, which give gums, and which are very good sources of food, and which give really delicious food, which have been consumed and exploited by our mothers, our grandmothers, since the night of time. We find, for example, the dates of the desert, where the Balanite has been cultivated, which gives a very good quality food oil. We find the Bosca Cinegalensis, or the Hansa, which is practically the soja of Sahel. We find the Sclerocaria birria, or the Marula, a very rich vitamin C fruit. We find, we discover that with just a small association of different natural tree fruits, natural tree leaves, we can cover the majority of the nutritional needs of the human body. And we discover that these are fruits and leaves that are very often easy to store to make reserves to be able to protect us against difficult years. What is interesting, too, is that the productivity of these trees is often higher than that of the classic and most valuable trees. On the left, on this photo, you see an Arbus of Hansa, whose production in grain dried per year is more than twice as much as the serial average of the Republic of Niger. And this can promote a model of really exploitation in biodiversity mode. Because each of these trees, each of these linear plants has a season of harvest, a little different from the other. And when they are put together, they can cover all the months of the year and create activity at any time of the year for the rural population. To achieve this potential and to exploit these plants at a large scale, we manufacture in our social industry, which transform us from quality food products, from fruits and leaves of these trees. We make them both traditional and entirely innovative products. For example, on the bottom left here, you see the vegetables from the desert, and on the left, you see the Popcorn from Hansa. These are perfectly innovative products. While on the right, you will find vegetable salt extracted from the bay leaf, which is a very traditional product exploited by the millenials in the Sahel. These trees, of course, give you more than food, they also give us cosmetic products, artisanal products and many other things which also have important values for the rural population. What is very important for us is also to be able to integrate these trees' products in rural markets, because in the past, they have often been stigmatized due to a derogatory look, as being products for people living in mixed situations. And by being able to integrate them in luxury brands and luxury places, we help to restore their reputation as quality food products good for everyone to consume. And this allows us to create value chains that are very inclusive for the rural population, especially for rural women, often in remote villages where there are almost no other opportunities. Mr. Gaby, please, wrap up. Please. These women also engage in rejuvenation. They love trees, partners like Action Against Disartification, which clarifies the trees to allow for better water penetration. And we can see that the trees that have been degraded are being filled with small trees that are regenerating the environment. And this knowledge has gone through the women who use their children and their little children, like this woman here with her little son, who planted a tree when he was very little. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you once again, Mr. Gaby. And I would like now to invite Ms. Catherine Lovelock, who is a professor at the University of Queensland in Australia. Ms. Lovelock's intervention will focus on coastal and mangrove restoration. Good evening, Ms. Lovelock. Thank you very much for joining us at this late hour in Australia. You have five minutes to take the floor. Thank you. Thank you very much. It's a pleasure to be here. Tonight I'm coming from the land of the Kwandamuka people, and so I pay my respects to their elders, past and present. Now, this year we entered the UN decade of restoration. And so my intervention is to recommend that conservation and restoration of coastal ecosystems, which include mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass are beneficial for the productivity of the landscape and also for securing the livelihoods and lives of coastal communities. So I'm going to share my screen. So one of the reasons why we want to restore coastal wetlands is because around 30 to 50% of them have been removed globally, and they've been largely removed for agriculture and aquaculture. For example, they've been removed in Myanmar for the production of rice. They've been removed in Australia for sugarcane production, shown by the image here on the left, and also throughout Southeast Asia to support aquaculture, particularly shrimp aquaculture. So these pressures mean that we have reduced the ecosystem services that these ecosystems provide, which include the support of biodiversity, fisheries, the provision of fiber, and also coastal protection and carbon sequestration. With climate change, sea level rise and extreme events are contributing to the salinization and flooding of coastal agricultural lands, reducing yields and incomes of coastal people. So coastal wetlands, mangrove, seagrasses and salt marshes, if we can restore them, can protect the land from these extreme events by providing physical protection from storms and other extreme events, for example, tsunamis, and also by limiting flooding. Sorry, Ms. Lovelock. Sorry, Katherine. Can you please just hold on a bit and understand this problem with translation so that Secretariat can fix that and then we will allow you to continue. Thank you. Sure. Can Secretariat confirm his translation back? No response. Hello, Monica, or who else is online? Can you please confirm if translation is back? Yes. But I checked just one minute. I will confirm. Okay. All right. Okay. All right. Looks like a back, Ms. Lovelock, we can continue the Spanish interpretation works. And if there is any further hassle, please, let's just raise your hand. We will then notice. For now, we allow you to continue and maybe raise your voice a little bit so that the interpreters maybe do not have to struggle. Thank you. Okay. So I think where we were up to was that coastal wetlands can protect coastal land by attenuating white waves and also by attenuating tidal flows. So they can actually provide a range of coastal protection for coastal agriculture. They also, as I said before, support a wide range of biodiversity. They're fisheries nurseries, and they also support biodiversity of terrestrial animals that frequently use mangroves for foraging and for additional habitat. Finally, they contribute to carbon sequestration, removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. They are very powerful carbon sinks, which has been called blue carbon. So these are all of the reasons why we should support the restoration of coastal wetlands because of their value to coastal communities and that they can actually support the agriculture and aquaculture in those landscapes. So how do we increase incentives for coastal wetland restoration? And blue carbon could provide the incentives that are required. So blue carbon are words that are used to describe the carbon that's sequestered, that is held within the biomass and also the soils of coastal wetlands. So these, the carbon levels are very high because these ecosystems are flooded and soils have very low oxygen. So the productivity of the ecosystems is held within those soils for very long periods of time. So blue carbon projects, if they are monetised in some way or they're used to generate carbon credits for their, that can be generated through restoration, could be sold or swapped or in some other mechanism used to provide income streams as well as providing fuel, fiber and support for biodiversity. So in my short presentation, I've hoped to convince you that the restoration of these coastal ecosystems can contribute to achieving climate change mitigation because of their impacts on removing CO2 from the atmosphere. They provide adaptation because they are increasing coastal protection for coastal communities and they can also help us achieve our biodiversity goal. And with that, I'm finished with my presentation. Thank you very much for having me. Thank you. Thank you very much once again for taking their time in the evening, this love lock and the message is clear and I hope that you'll be able to stay on when it's time for questions in case there are people interested in aspects of your presentation and respect of coastal and mangrove restorations and what the benefits are if we continue to protect those ecosystems. Thank you very much. If I may just to remind you as participants there is a section where you have on your screen where you either have a chat box you would have a section there for language interpretation and then you select that language interpretation and choose the language of your choice and we have interpretation in six languages. Thank you very much. I would like now to move on and invite the next speaker. It is my pleasure to introduce Mr. Gustav Barioni who is an agronomist and an animal scientist from Embrapa in Brazil. He will speak for five minutes on pasture restoration and sustainable grazing practices. Mr. Barioni, you have the floor. Five minutes please say. Thank you. Thank you very much for the opportunity. Well, I would like to start by saying and remind you that pasture degradation is a process and it's a process of loss of productivity and loss of soil health. And this starts usually by losing nutrients that are not replaced in the grassland and then it makes the grassland to lose carbon and so organic matter which then leads to lower soil water holding capacity and as the farmer does not notice the decreasing productivity of the grassland then it leads to over grazing and then to more drastic loss of soil capacity of production and health in general. And when it gets into the loss of soil cover and more erosion loss of infiltration the restoration costs of those areas become very high either for agriculture or restoration of forests. We now have technology for re-gut-sensing the determination of levels of degradation on pasture and this while this website shows online the levels of degradation of pasture land in Brazil. So we can target now like public policies for restore pasture of target regions. Also there is here a constraint for restoration that is okay you need large investments that can be provided sometimes by the government but still need to have demand for grassland products to maintain the pasture productivity levels high. So I want to remind you also that soil can be a great thing of carbon and we probably underestimate the potential for carbon sequestration and tropical acidic soils and deep rooted grasses because most of the inventories and model estimations they are used for up to 20 to 30 centimeters soil depth while half of the carbon stock changes happen below 30 centimeters in this case of pasture restoration. There is also a lack of knowledge about non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation in those grasslands. We know that there is quite a bit of nitrogen fixation in non-symbiotic microorganisms but we do not know how to model that fixation and relate that to soil degradation. Pusher land is not increasing in the world anymore and that seems to be good because we can now have like a know the first station or reduce the first station but we need to with this area to provide living for 1.7 billion people that depends on those areas and now economic activities for those people depends on also design of public policies if they are going still to be on farming and growing crops or growing bioenergy or we are doing a reforestation and then relocate those people to urban areas by immigration. So if it's people out to stay there and there is the competition for land as it's increasing we need to provide a higher productivity of land on pastures and there is like pasture restoration is a very important part of the solution so that's what I would like to say thank you very much. Thank you, thank you very much Mr. Parioni for that illuminating outline of pasture land that is not increasing and the pressures that are associated with that and certainly it's a food for thought in terms of what are the best solutions and practices that we look to adopt into the future. Now before I call on the last speaker I just would like to remind participants that the questions are open so you can start writing and submitting your short questions in order for us to then begin to make those questions put across to the presenters and then you have the conversation in terms of responses just to confirm Miss Lovelock you will stay on we already have questions in respect of the coastal areas or the coastal habitat and maybe you can start thinking about the first question which is how do coastal habitats compared to terrestrial forests in terms of carbon sequestration per unit area I would like to request that we take a final keynote speech from Mr. Schengen Fan who is a Dean of Global Food Economics and a policy professor at China Agricultural University is also a member of the Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition and the Council of Advisors of the World Food Prize in 2014 Mr. Fan received Hanger Hero Award from the World Food Program in recognition for his commitment and leadership in fighting hunger and the common thread in terms of what he is going to address is the issue of valuing biodiversity and economic costs of biodiversity loss and degradation and this is the presentation that we'll get and Mr. Fan you have the floor for a period of 10 minutes so you can take the floor and soon after you've spoken I would hand over to my coach to facilitate the responses to the questions over to you sir Thank you chair or thank you co-chair this is a wonderful opportunity for me to give you some of the thoughts on the policy and economics related issues of biodiversity I do think the economists had not paid enough attention to this issue but they begin to wake up and one of them so for the last five to ten years I begin to zoom in to look at the economics and the policy issues of biodiversity so what I'm going to do is to look at three issues one is whether biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation how serious they are the second is valuing the biodiversity can we put a cost can we put a benefit of preserving biodiversity and finally so what are the policies what are the strategies that we can transform our food system to make sure that our biodiversity is kept protected so we know that the biodiversity and ecosystem have declined for the last several decades and it has accelerated probably since the nationalization so major reasons include climate change, pollution the direct exploitation of organisms change in land and sea sea use and invasion of non-native species by the way I'm a member of the Gosta review of the agro-biodiversity initiative so clearly we are losing the biodiversity quite a bit so around 1 million animals and plant species are not threatened with extinction so I think many probably within decades and the current rate of extinction tends to hundreds of times higher than the average over the past 10 million years so that loss is really accelerating because of human activities and biodiversity loss is one of the top five risks perceived by WEF World Economic Forum CEOs so it's a serious issue now the okay the biodiversity loss has huge economic cost that we have not paid enough attention before so for example it is estimated that the worth of biodiversity is at 33 trillion dollars per year so it's a bigger than combined US and China's GDP could you imagine the worth of the biodiversity value of biodiversity is huge and land degradation costs more than 10 percent of the annual global GDP in lost ecosystem services you can see the cost is high and between 1992 and 2014 which we have the data so produced capital per person double and a human capital per person increased by about 13 percent globally but the stock of natural capital per person declined by nearly 40 percent so we have seen the increased human capital physical capital but rapidly declined in natural capital so the six sources of biodiversity value so how we are going to value the biodiversity it came from six sources human existence contribution to health amenity intrinsic value use value existence value and so on so so the agro-biodiversity is a foundation of the food system so here we right now we are in a process of preparing the global food system summit I think agro-biodiversity is part of that dialogue it is a foundation of our food system and a biodiversity is essential to ensure the provision of ecosystem services and to maintain a very high and a stable agricultural production now some of the figures some of the data from CGIR you will see that there is a strong relationship between standardized past control natural enemy richness and a standardized the pollination and a standardized pollinators richness so that shows that biodiversity benefits the crop production and agricultural fields with greater biodiversity are better protected from harmful insects pollination and produce high yields strong evidence has shown that 50% of negative effects of landscape simplification on ecosystem services was due to the richness of service providing organisms with negative consequences for crop yields and maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystem services providers is vital to sustain the flow of key agro-system benefits to the society and hoarding and a reserving of demand could generate up to 1.4 trillion US dollars per year of economic benefits now the biodiversity for food and nutrition CGIR biodiversity international together with SEAD are working very hard to protect our biodiversity to make sure that our food system future food system will continue to be productive and continue to produce healthy nutritious and diverse foods for everybody so now the problem yes do exist so we see the persistence of nutrition and poverty we see the homogeneous diets and lots of calories and lots of meat and lots of stable crops but not enough fruits, vegetables or high quality proteins limited access to foods and markets so all this have contributed to persistence of nutrition and poverty now how are we going to transit to a sustainable path so I came back to China after serving after working for CGIR for 30 years and as a director general of international food policy research institute for 10 years so right after I came back I worked with some of my colleagues NEPRE colleagues, CGIR colleagues to look at how can we rebuild or transform the food system after the COVID-19 so through the data connection through the modeling through the analysis and we propose seven strategic transitions for our food systems to be sustainable to produce healthy new churches foods and to protect our biodiversity to make sure in the future we continue to have access to this diversity so number one transition is technological innovations but today the innovations should not be just one win, there's one win on yield but we also must win on nutrition must win on protecting our biodiversity and our environment so multiple wind technologies there are a lot of them in Brazil, in China, in India in Africa and number two is to repurpose subsidies there is the OECD reports tells us that right now the countries are subsidizing are using $700 billion to subsidize our food production water, subsidy input subsidy like food and others machinery subsidies, pesticides subsidies and so on so these subsidies do not produce healthy nutrition foods and they are not sustainable definitely not kind of reasoning they are not very economic efficient so how can we repurpose these subsidies, keep the money in food and agriculture sector and to use that money to promote more nutritious healthy food production or developing value chains or protecting natural resources, protecting biodiversity to make sure that our future food production will be sustainable so number three is to invest in new infrastructure it's not just the traditional infrastructure like roads, telecommunications irrigation, new infrastructure means digital infrastructure, broader bands access to internet and so on and the protection of biodiversity is a gym bank in many countries so new infrastructure and number three is institutional innovations to bring everybody to work for our food system then we need to change our governance at a national level, do we have a coordination mechanism to bring different actors from agriculture environment health and even finance to promote the food system transformation the way we like to have and the number five is to respect nature and the huge nothing in the past so the distance between humans and nature has become very close so lots of diseases can jump to humans very easily so we have seen the exponential increase in zoonotic diseases for the last several decades so how can we design certain policy to protect our nature to keep some distance between human and nature is very critical so if we tried a knife biodiversity we had to be protected and number six is open and resilient trade we know that trade is still very critical trade is very critical to make sure that our food production is efficient and our resources are used more efficiently because different parts of the world have different efficiency of converting natural resources to food even the climate greenhouse gas emissions trade must make sure that the farmers the poor consumers are protected and nature is protected can we make sure that next WTO negotiation taking to consideration of natural resources management and nutrition and health and finally to change our behavior so we must know that that is for our health but also to our environment so let's change our behavior by ourselves thank you very much Dr. Fan it's a pleasure seeing you last time we saw each other once in Washington but I'm nice to see you and thank you for your conversation now this is Miguel Garcia from Mexico again and I have the pleasure to conduct the next 30-40 minutes of this session that has produced very interesting comments has generated a lot of interest for what we can see in the question and answer and in the chat look we see a lot a lot of very interesting conversations before we go into the general discussion I would like to add the secretariat they can share with us the next post that we would like for you to consider and these questions are questions that we hope can be used to sensitize the importance of the topic and to make it and to make us more aware of the challenges and needs that we have one of the we all agree that these pollinators in general these are not the only ones who pollinate these crops but pollinators in general are an essential component on the food systems however we just want to know what is your opinion of how much of global crop production volume comes from pollinators dependent crops it will be interesting to know your answer then the second question is probably complex and it was already pointing us into a very complex issue that was already brought by the previous panel when they were asking about investments the investments cannot be separated from the issue of subsidies but many countries give direct subsidies to agriculture fisheries, water use and to the production of inputs such as energy fertilizers which amount between 4 to 6 trillion USD globally per year how much is this in relation to biodiversity conservation and restoration I think this is a very very interesting question which we can tie to some of the previous comments that we had on the issues of investments in science and technology one of our previous speakers suggested that we should invest in science and technology and research for eco agriculture or new sustainable practices but he was probably very much aware the amount of research and the amount of funding that was into public research for agriculture today at a very very low level so let's put this on the discussions hopefully we can get your comments as soon as possible in the meantime I would like to go into the questions to promote a conversation for at least the next 30 35 40 minutes let me start with a question that was posed by one of our youngest participants in the previous session and this is to everyone who wants to respond she is one of a younger participants in this forum and she wants to consider what is your opinion of relocalization of the food production as a possible way to tackle biodiversity laws and environmental damage if not sustainable that is to be probably looking into more local markets regional integration what is your opinion of you I know you did not address this issue precisely but since you are experts and you have more experience than many of us what is your opinion on this anyone who wants to take you can use the chat to raise your hand if not just jump into the conversation maybe we can ask Dr. Fani if he wants to address this issue what is the role of the fund that you see for relocalizing markets and be looking into more localized markets and food systems as a way to protect biodiversity what is your opinion I think it is a balance between efficiency and the resilience that we needed to use a global market to access to our food cheaply so we can have healthy diets and affordable diets on the other hand COVID-19 taught us that if the supply chain global chain is very long then it is very vulnerable very vulnerable to health shocks and could also contribute to the loss of biodiversity so it is a balance so I think we need to rethink about the local food production systems the system I use the S here it is just not one or two many community food systems where they can use their natural resources around themselves to promote regenerative circular food production and to eat seasonal not necessarily all year round I have to eat everything I do think we need to change that now obviously I do think the trade is still very critical for example here in China I don't have access to any tropical fruits the trader will be able to help me sitting here I don't have a certain seafood from deep sea and then obviously the trader will be able to help me to access to that so I think we need to rethink about the roles of trade as well as local food production and using the different indicators efficiency nutrition and health and the protection of natural resources including biodiversity as indicated to evaluate this food system thank you Miguel thank you hello Vlok my colleague had already presented to you one question that came and we just want to thank you that you have remained with us it's really happy to have you I know down on there is a little bit late but thank you for staying with us the question is a very interesting question because I think people do not realize how important coastal and what the role of these coastal habitats does these coastal habitats have in term of carbon sequestration the question is how do you compare although we may be comparing apples and oranges because they are different in ecosystems and they have different roles but how do you compare these coastal ecosystems these are these terrestrial forests per unit of area if that's a possible comparison oh it is it is the data would say that the mangroves and seagrasses and salt marshes have about somewhere between two and five times the per unit per hectare carbon sequestration and that's largely because of the carbon sequestration within soils which is greater in the coastal ecosystems than it usually is in terrestrial systems it could be much higher than five depending on which ecosystem you are comparing so some of the large mangrove forests of Indonesia have got very high carbon sequestration compared to a forest in the arid zone for example it depends on what you are going to compare but it is higher somewhere between two and five is a good round figure thank you so much but can I add one more thing though is that everybody has to remember that coastal ecosystems have a much smaller global extent than terrestrial forests so they tend to be more important locally and in countries that have a lot of ecosystem resources or had a lot right so I think different countries have different opportunities in the blue carbon space thank you, thank you so much I think it also points out that we still in many parts of the world need to increase our knowledge of these coastal areas I think these coastal areas have been kind of forgotten by many people for many years and I think we are coming to realize the importance of buffers for all sorts of climatic events and storms Dr. Barioni, there are quite a bit of questions there are about two or three questions related to your topic and let me see if I can put them together I think Brazil together with Colombia and other regions in Mesoamerica have developed a huge amount of knowledge on silvopastoral systems and I think that those systems will probably become useful for and the knowledge that you have developed will become very useful for the future of livestock production around the world the question is how can ecological sound management of these systems particularly the grazing system can be best incentivized via public policies and how do you help the market structure the market how can the market help to develop interventions for sustainable management of silvopastoral systems what is your opinion after 30 years of working in Brazil in these areas it's amazing what you and Colombia have been able to achieve I think both public and market kind of actions towards these kind of systems one is now related to low-carbon or carbon neutral beef for instance or milk and you have like several companies doing that at the moment I think they will have to look at not only to carbon but also to water footprint and to biodiversity as well but well it's a start so they are incentivizing like integrated systems like prop livestock systems or silvopastoral systems and that's the market part of that those also for the government and the the national the contributions for carbon and for reducing emissions and those are also included and one of the the main bottlenecks for that is the investment to stop that kind of business like to recover pastures, planting trees developing machinery to having crops together with pasture and a lot of knowledge that's needed too so I think those are great bottlenecks and I think market and governments working together they can help to make it possible that's feasible Thank you Dr. Barbie I think your presentation is very eye-opening presentation in the previous session this afternoon one of the questions that was brought was the forgotten crops and you came and presented those with a very exciting future of these forgotten crops in your opinion what we should do to bring these forgotten what we call forgotten crops and for the sake of a better world into mainstreaming consuming these food will require a change in our social norms in our traditions it will require to bring the industry to accept that some of these products are in reality very important products for nutrition to see the future of these crops and the future of your work and what do you need to make it more meaningful Well, thank you very much I think that these crops actually have a very bright future I think that what we need the most is to encourage the pioneers and the ones who are doing the ground work in getting these crops known because it's they all have a kind of snowball effect first they're not known by anybody they're not wanted by anybody and the first centimeters moving them forward are the toughest and once you start to kind of break the ice a little bit everything starts moving better by itself so I think the first thing is to encourage and to support those who are trying to make them better known and put them to better use and second of all I think we need a lot of support in terms of scientific research because in today's world we have very high expectations on the food it should have been tested it should have been analyzed it should have been this and that and we want certificates for seven different things and all of these things can be very overwhelming to produce for a new food so if there are research institutions that get involved that help that are able to finance and do some of those studies it will help going a long way in creating the acceptance in the more formal markets for these types of foods and I think the last thing that we need to do is we need to be to keep being creative when it comes to marketing we need to to be able to show that these are foods that have a history these are foods that have a connection to assess human beings put that forward put that forward in a creative and a fun way and remind people of the pleasure of diversity not just the beauty of seeing diversity but the diversity of tastes we can experience the diversity of ways we can eat and keep on encouraging that in the way we market and show these foods to the world let me if you allow me and the audience allow me let me bring a part of the puzzle and maybe Dr. Somers can correct me a few years back Kinoa was an unknown product Kinoa was consumed by the natives of the Andeans it's a product of tremendous value, nutritional value and the people who produce Kinoa and someone went into the marketing of Kinoa and Kinoa become so popular and so successful that commanded very high prices and then what we discover at least that's what some of my friends in Latin America told me is that the indigenous people who consumed Kinoa could not afford Kinoa and could not find Kinoa because it was going to the market let me ask you a question how do we solve this problem of somebody discovering these beautiful products that are and then suddenly the people that normally consume cannot afford them how do we find the balance between them that is a very relevant question and the parallel between for example what we do in Niger at Sarah's Health Foods and the Kinoa story are manifold so it's a very good example that you brought up what we try to do is we try to tell the real rural population we don't want you to produce to sell we want you to produce for yourselves your own needs consume and then bring us a surplus that you have so we try to work on also developing their food culture and making them enjoy and integrate these foods more into their own food habits but it will of course remain a delicate question what you put forward and I believe also that national policies will be important in keeping the balance between creating markets for the rural people and avoiding that the products become so exclusive that the ones who are eating it and enjoy it the most no longer have access to it one of the beauties of this type of meetings is that we bring South to South and triangular cooperation and I think you probably can have some conversation with our friends in the andeans who did this work and they probably you can probably enrich both regions with these experiences and talking about the andeans the andeans is a very rich ecological region in many aspects but as Dr. Sommer said coffee is a crop of challenges and opportunities I wonder if you Mr. Sommer can tell us a little bit what are the challenges that you have found and how you have confronted and solved it to integrate the value change of these particular high-end products I know coffee is a commodity that has a lot of producers and a lot of producers are looking for better prices but being commoditized in certain parts of the world have made it difficult for these small farmers to really integrate themselves into the value change and get a higher percentage of the benefits what can you tell us what are the challenges of integrating these value changes for high-end commodity products like coffee Dr. Sommer Yes, thanks and I'll try to link it to the previous conversation about balancing for local needs and for export markets of course and it's a value change that's already well defined and it's a commodity and our interest in coffee was because it was a big driver of deforestation and we knew that techniques for transitioning to a sustainable coffee model was not was there but the incentives for farmers to do that transition the market was not playing in that favor it was favoring sun grown high volumes so we had to to experiment with a lot of different strategies and tools and the nice thing about the sustainable landscape model is that it allows you to not see silos but see the complete picture right so what we try to do was okay there's different markets there's different niches but there's also different opportunities for farmers to reach different kind of markets that we aimed for bringing the demand side and start asking the demand side what was what they were looking for and what was what they could pay higher prices for and try to bring that knowledge to the farmer we need to produce this kind of coffee if we want to reach this kind of prices that will pay the extra cost of conservation so that was one of the big challenges that we found that works with agriculture so the other challenge was how do we bring the agricultural experience to the conservation side and that balance is what has been interested in this learning process and bringing those partnerships not with the agricultural development sector with the conservation sector together to bring in these new models bringing in the private sector as well into developing these new business models and together being able to tap into those markets and being able to prove that we were actually gaining reducing deforestation and then ending that circle with the ecosystem services market for carbon to pay for the extra cost of conserving forests the other part of the equation and linking it to the previous discussion was that at the landscape scale we're not only looking we're also trying to see there is such rich cultural heritage in these landscapes and indigenous knowledge that we can also tap into. That's why we also brought this experience of these partnerships between private sector, agricultural development research centers conservation NGOs into other kind of products like I mentioned briefly the herbal teas which are based on medicinal knowledge medicinal plants and the knowledge of indigenous people and tapping into those products to access other kind of markets which are more local but are as important and as an opportunity as coffee for export markets and finally the other part of the equation is food security and how we create resilient communities that when the bridge the big hits like they're not left stranded with a lot of coffee and no alternatives so we actually went through that process and learned to also diversify coffee systems to include native plants and food crops that are also important for their own livelihoods and for example in indigenous communities they were only using four or five types of manioc but there's like 30 types that we were able to tap into when we speak to elders and start promoting those as part of the system so basically it's a lot about balance it's a lot about not going to just export markets or just one opportunity but looking at the whole picture Thank you I think people also probably need to remember that the first trade movement started in coffee and coffee was the first crop that started after the first trade movement and eventually went out into the world so we have a good Dr. Fan there is a question on policymaking I know you want to answer the question on biotech but that's a question that I live in to the end for everyone how important is for policymaking the independence reports that appear on scientific literature such as that's good to review on biodiversity what is your opinion on these reports and how do you suggest and advise governments to incorporate this in their policymaking Yeah, here in China the China will host the COP 15 on biodiversity I think doing this summit some of the clear way forward policies strategies will have to be developed right now we don't it's not clear for example at the national level how can they really mainstream the protection of biodiversity into their food system transformation how can they mainstream protecting biodiversity in reforming subsidies how to mainstream biodiversity in future technological innovations, institutional development I think there's not work to do but to me the first is the campaign or the awareness simply the citizens the policy makers including researchers, economists they are not aware how dangerous we are in terms of losing the crop or animal biodiversity so much work to do and I think we got to work to be frank policy makers just to begin to wake up they need to continue to do more thank you, when you say there is more work to do I wish I can have a time machine and tell me back when I was 20 to be an agronomist again because the challenges that we face today are so exciting that we need good agronomists, good biologists good ecologists and people who understand this so I think challenges for the young generation and this is the last three questions I have but before I go to the last three questions I want to ask the secretariat if they can share with us the results of the poll question can you share it with us here here you have the question of how much global crop production volume comes from pollination dependent dependent crops and the question here you can tell hold on a second I'm getting old and I need my notes basically you can 35% of the people say that 35% of the food production came from pollinators and that's the correct answer the correct answer is that not all the crops really require the pollinators in the way we think only 35% but those 35% are extremely important crops the the second question regarding how much money is invested I think most of the people here is about 100 times more money is invested in other types of subsidies for different types of subsidies than what is invested on biodiversity so that tells you that if we can do some sort of magic and use our resources we can probably balance better subsidies with investment in biodiversity there are at least two questions there are three but I just want to save the time because I really would like everyone to make a contribution to these two questions the first question is the same question that we asked in the previous panel, what about investment for everything that you suggested what are your views on the investments what is the investment going to come from what type of investments we need and the second question is probably more more difficult more probably cause more discussions around the question is what is the role of the new technologies in all this of biotechnology what is the role of CRISPR-Cas what is the role of the new science on this issue of biodiversity are we totally adults between biodiversity and the use of new technologies for example for drought resistance and I would like to hear everyone of our panelists opinion on these two topics as long as you want to speak that will be really enlightening for me so if you want we can start in the same order that we made the presentations that's the case I would like to hear from percy what do you think of these two issues percy what is investment coming from and what is the role of biotech that you have we can dream about biotech coffee for combating rust leaf or rust production so what are your opinion guys go ahead thanks with regards to investment I think more and more we're seeing and we're being able to tap into the private sector and I think we need to do that more intensively and the private sector also has to make more bolder commitments because that's where the bigger availability of funds are going to be so the more we can engage the private sector into sustainable food production the better the more possibilities we are to make that transition which is much needed because we can keep tapping into public funds or development agencies but that's we know those are limited funds and the scale that we need to make this transition is going to be only going to be able if we're going to be engage the private sector into investment into those kind of technologies into those kind of production systems and towards the second my thoughts are that there's no silver bullet I think we need to be creative we need to be innovative and we need all sectors to contribute to this innovation and biotech also has a role to play as much as that's traditional knowledge and all these other approaches have to converge have to create these kind of dialogues are critical to creating those bridges that we need to for those more interdisciplinary approaches more integrated approaches to push forward and yes I think those are my quick reactions to those questions thank you thank you so much I think your answers really reflect the complexity of all this the challenges that we're having from thank you Dr. Garby what are your opinions on this topic well I have slightly different opinions there first of all on the financing thing I'm rather worried about bringing in the big players of the private sector to the financing of biodiversity I have the impression that it will be hard many times to make them compatible and then make them move in the way that we want and often when we work with biodiversity we also work with diversity of people in terms of many small holders people who are weak players in the value chains and trying to strengthen them and give them a place and I believe that perhaps also when it comes to financing we need to think more in terms of diversity thinking being creative and seeing here how can we raise the capital needed or the funds needed from new or creative sources to make supernatural multinational corporations for funding is not necessarily likely to bring us where we need to go it's going to focus a lot on how to make profits and focusing a lot on how to make profits will have to make shortcuts on how to protect biodiversity and how to integrate the people that need to be included in the value chains when it comes to biotech I personally am of the opinion that biodiversity is the antidote to the needs that biotech tries to portray as needing if you take drought resistance here in the Sahel we have drought resistance in the natural biodiversity the problem we have is we've spent decades to humanity trying to grow crops where they weren't meant to be so we're trying to force them into growing into different settings different situations where they're not naturally adapted what we can do and need to do is the exact opposite look at what are the plants the species that are naturally adapted to these environments and use them and grow them and look at how do we use them instead of saying how do we grow the things we use that are not suited for here and in that sense we don't really need transgenic interventions and so forth because we have the components we need in the environment we just need to understand the ecology and use the right components for the right things thank you this I think is a reflection of the world we live thank you so much Dr. Lovelock what is your opinion on these two issues I think for blue carbon at least there is immense enthusiasm and in fact I don't think there's a shortage of people or organisations that want to invest what I see is a problem of matching that investment with the kind of projects and I have similar kind of misgivings almost as Dr. Garvey and investors want to invest a lot and we want to do for blue carbon we want to do community based projects and so sort of matching those two together I think really needs new institutions or for I think one of the other panellists talked about institutions that could basically aggregate money and then disperse it or finance and then disperse it at an appropriate scale so I think that's a really important thing for blue carbon which is we want communities to be empowered we don't want huge corporations planting mono specific stands of rhizophora all over the place so I think if I had to talk about the technological innovations I think there is a really big need for innovations around monitoring I think they're growing monitoring and evaluating the impacts of restoration being able to see whether restoration is successful or not you know so I think there's innovations to be made not only in the biotech space but in many other kinds of areas thank you Luis what are your views on these two issues how much is investment needed and the biotech in terms which by the way we haven't talked about biotech in animals which could make them more efficient in the use of pastures and reduce methane emissions at least what some people claim your views on this okay I'm not an expert on biotech so my view is I would say maybe biased I know that there is a lot of research on that particularly here on the resilience of some plant species and I think there is probably a role for modified to actually bring genes that are already in the biodiversity that we have to help us to handle the climate change challenge but I would like to talk about of something that I know better that's about the technology for information and communication and I think that's very important if you want people to know to be aware of what the production systems are doing to the environment and where they are where they come from whether the food come from what the characteristics of them and we can have now satellite we have like a interconnected world and this is very important there is quite a bit of technology available for people to know and then to make value out of it being political value for pressuring the governments or to have like a financial or economic value in relation to the markets the companies so that the companies need to change the way that they do business in order to supply for more aware people of this kind of issues of biodiversity and climate change thank you thank you very much Dr. Funn as I said before there is a huge subsidy right now $700 million it's a big griller I mean this subsidy is actually really destroyed by diversity they are promoting monocrops several stable crops and probably livestock so can we repurpose this subsidy and use this money to invest in building jean banks or someone asked me how we are going to preserve the plant biodiversity or diversity there are two ways one is so called insid 2 and exit 2 so exit 2 means you connect all the genes and put them in jean banks we need much more investment to do that even the local jean banks community jean banks regional jean banks provincial jean banks national jean banks, global jean banks so we can save this seed somewhere for future use as climate change will destroy some biodiversity we need to preserve that's number one the second, the investment in let's say in alternative proteins if we can produce proteins both plant and animal proteins through bioreactor then we don't need to destroy all this land, pastures and so on I think this is another game changing solution a game changing investment now on biotechnology I do think the biotechnology can help us to identify different traits different characteristics of certain crops or certain species so we can save them we can optimize our savings to maximize the diversity in our jean banks or the institute I forgot the institute smallholders play a huge role in preserving our natural seeds, our land races but right now they don't have any incentives you know can we pay them to compensate them if they save our treasures like seeds I think part of investment can be used to support smallholders to preserve our seeds on their fields thank you Miguel thank you to everyone and before I pass the microphone to my good co-host Ambassador Nozifu I just want to make some final comments if you allow me I think during the afternoon and the morning hours and certainly tomorrow this may be confirmed the issue that we are dealing requires the intervention of governments, the intervention of the communities, the intervention of every one of us, the government need to start updating, modernizing and innovating in their public policies and investments and obviously develop new innovative instruments for development the scientific community has a very important role to play we need to increase knowledge several of our speakers suggested that we need solid research solid understanding investment is needed but it may not be enough we need knowledge and the co-creation of knowledge with the participation of the communities by definition are the owners are the keepers and are the sharepas in a good way for the future of biodiversity so I bring this from the conversation the conversation also made me realize that we need to create a new vision the traditional vision of silos that we established back in the 1940s and 50s is not enough today we have to deal with the issues of sustainability, economic growth nutrition, well-being and that will require a transformative way of thinking and I think the international organization can help us on that we have a great opportunity to recover from our original basic foods that ancient people grew up and we have a tremendous opportunity and I just want to finish with two comments one is that I really believe that the youth hopefully they are many of you listening to us although you add my definition of youth I define a young people everyone that is one day younger than me so there is plenty of young people around but I think the young people have a tremendous role to play we all people are getting have a big burden of knowledge and prejudices and we need your view and your tremendous opportunity the world to yours and I really truly believe in your leadership for the future and then the final comment is that I don't live here with an apocalyptic vision of catastrophe I'm living here with a vision of hope listening to everyone of you speaking today and reading most of the questions on the two almost 300 participants and I really hope for a better future with this Madam Ambassador thank you and thank you everyone thank you coach thank you very much Ambassador Miguel and I certainly agree with you that we have had a session where we've been enlightened we've been ensues we have every reason to be hopeful and certainly I agree that we live with a vision of hope and upbeat for the future and our future generations will definitely take the pattern and now as we conclude the session just to summarize our first one to check whether Terry Sack and Tanawa are you colleagues available to start with a summary or should I begin? I'm available to start okay is that Terry? thank you so much you're welcome well thank you very much I've just seen Tanawa come on screen I'm just looking for him to nod and say he's happy for me to continue with the summary yes okay great thank you and thank you again to everybody for such a rich day of discussions I've really valued it as you heard this morning I tried imperfectly to summarize our discussions this morning and I'm going to have another go this evening hopefully it'll be a little bit better but it still won't be perfect and certainly we'll aim to have a more polished version for you tomorrow but so our chairs at summary is going to be essentially two pages long the first page I'm not going to read out in detail because essentially it just documents the process that we've used today I think the substantive part of our summary are the key messages and I'm proposing that I'll read through those now for everybody on the call and then of course I know that the rest of the coaches may well indeed want to edit and update them overnight but here we go here is our my second attempt but really it's the first full attempt at summarizing the key messages from our dialogue today so first of all as I said this morning the meat challenge there are real concerns we've heard real concerns in this dialogue about the impact of livestock production and wild meat consumption on biodiversity and climate but we've also heard real concerns about the future of small scale farmers and other producers who rely on livestock for their livelihoods or wild meat for their livelihoods and we've also heard real concerns about how some people actually need to eat more meat or more protein and others need to eat less for their nutrition so it's a really it's a challenge as I've said and we need to find a balance I think that was one of the main messages coming out of the discussion this morning secondly and a key message we need collective action to find that balance and of course that's why we're having this dialogue today and we know the dialogue will continue in COP 15 in COP26 the food system summit nutrition for growth and we've got plenty of opportunities to have that dialogue third key message human rights depend on a healthy biosphere and human rights to life health food healthy environment water and adequate standard of living and culture are threatened and violated by biodiversity loss when the rights of indigenous peoples local communities and family farmers are recognised and protected they can make enormous contributions to the set sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity conversely under the key underlying factors driving deforestation include rising inequality and lack of clear tenure and brown rights force key message is around the value of biodiversity in food and agriculture systems and these values include contributions to food security to nutrition to livelihoods through sustainable use supporting the resilient production and culture cultural and economic value fifthly sustainable solutions and biodiversity practices biodiversity friendly practices exist all around the world in all sectors and those are based on forgotten varieties of food sources and agro ecological and regenerative practices they're also based on sustainable fisheries management and there are solutions to be identified that will need to be tailored to local and regional circumstances and there was a real recognition that is scope innovation but a key point coming from this morning was that there needs to be a market for the products that respond to biodiversity and climate challenges our next key message number six is that improved on farm practices are not enough to achieve transformation at scale we need partnerships that bring together actors all the actors from with a wide range of landscapes our seventh key message is action on production alone is not enough we need a transition on the consumption side to more sustainable and healthy diets to create windmills and national nutrition guidelines will have a key role to play here moving on to talk about transformative interventions to scale up biodiverse production systems so our eighth key message is that policies and markets are needed to support the transition to more biodiverse production including interventions that push and pull such as incentives payments for ecosystems services and public procurement nine financing is a key believer and the scale of investment is required to transform landscapes and small scale biodiverse production is large but the returns will be many times greater and options and this is one that's received quite a lot of attention certainly this morning and I heard some of it this afternoon as well is redirecting existing public support to agriculture which can be harmful to biodiversity blue carbon is another potential option to incentivize the restoration and protection of mangrove systems our tenth key message is that we need to make the hidden costs of biodiversity loss and degradation visible within the food system and we heard this morning about how we really need metrics to measure biodiversity and monitor progress and our final message from today is that we need to find a balance between efficiency and resilience in our food systems efficiency means affordable diets but if global value chains are long they can be vulnerable to shocks so those are key messages as I said they're not perfect and we're going to be working on improving them overnight but thank you very much and a huge thanks to which I forgot to say this morning a huge thanks to all the team at FAO have been supporting this dialogue which has been a really productive and really useful I'm not sure who I should hand over to now should I hand back to our coaches alright thank you very much for that and again one would like to appreciate the summary is reflective of all the coaches now I would like to give an opportunity to Tanawa to make one comment in less than 5 minutes if possible and then I will make my comment and hand over to my final coach thank you thank you very much ambassadors actually I would like to say that Therese did a great job to summarize the issues that we discussed in the morning but anyway I would like to emphasize some particular issues that we know that the loss of biodiversity is considered as one of the main global threats and our well-being is highly dependent on biodiversity and we need your commitment and actions and in the capacities of the chairperson of the committee on welfare security I would like to encourage you to read the recent endorse policy recommendation on acro-ecological and other innovative approaches and also the voluntary guideline on food system and nutrition both policy products that CFS endorse this year also mentions about the role of biodiversity and important of biodiversity in our food system and also the acro-ecological and other innovative approach it will be another instruments to help us preserve and secure our well-being over diversity and the other CFS policy products on principle for responsible investment in agriculture and food system and other policy products that we need to ensure that the investment in agriculture and food system need to address the issues of conservations of our biodiversity at the national level and global level and this message that I would like to share with all of you, thank you very much for joining us today thank you ambassador thank you thank you Tanawa certainly colleagues you have covered the summary and we just want to make a small addition from the observations this afternoon in particular if I may I wanted to thank again this opportunity to co-facilitate the session on the topics that are close to my interest and as a South African coming from a country which has got both a vast hinterland and a long coastal line I've had during this afternoon session inspiring case studies and reports from experts and which also included reflections from practitioners that highlighted the importance of the interplay or interface between agriculture cultural practices and natural ecosystems that interplay is also was further elucidated with aspects of terrestrial and fresh aquatic and coastal ecosystems in a manner that underlined or underscored the need for joint and integrated planning that is one aspect that I think in summary we need to lift because there was a recognition that both in terms of agricultural planning and as well as conservation planning we tend to have silos and there is no real integration in respect of that of planning for sustainability the role underpinning production processes in agriculture and food systems and the practical approaches were utilized in terms of making a case for ecosystem based approaches I'm more enlightened after today's session and in essence I think one of the key messages was taking care and respecting nature we have an opportunity to frame transitions for food production systems that would achieve food security with less consumption and less wastage again these were aspects that one is making a reflection in the context of impacts of climate change the outlined loss of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience so I take this opportunity again to say thank you and what has come out of today would begin to inform an ambitious program that would inform both the UN food systems summit as well as the COP26 input on adaptation mitigation for climate change and the CBD COP COP15 and other forms of the UN bodies whether it's the UN governing council these are the messages that we need to take out there and make sure that we really mainstream the outcomes of the dialogue in the context of the role of food and agriculture in global biodiversity framework. Thank you very much and I would like to hand over to my co-chair to conclude Thank you very much I wonder if you can hear me because when you depend on technology the batteries go out of your microphones and that happened to me but thank you so much before I finish I just want first to attend and spread my sincere appreciation to all our interpreters our interpreters are in the back room and we don't know them but without their work this could not be possible so a big hand to you and also to the secretariat for helping us we have a lot of people working in FAO that we don't see them but without their work this could not be possible as I mentioned at my last remark I believe that the challenges of today will require new ideas and I strongly believe we have the possibility to create a new a new world and a better world eventually I will review these comments but overall I agree I think we need to be more intelligent we need to work together and I think the main challenge is how do we bridge the differences as I tell my colleagues here in Rome I think if we find one common issue that brings us together we will be able to create a better world if we look at what divides us then we will make this world probably worse so thank you so much for giving me this opportunity this is a good welcome for me at FAO and I appreciate my co-host my co-chair and thanks again thank you Ambassador and again good afternoon to all I would like to thank our co-chairs I think they have done a tremendous job to bringing us together to facilitate the debate and helping us to come up with which they present it now but it will be as I said refine it and present it tomorrow I just wanted to give you some outline what will be our session and our day tomorrow but let me thank the co-chairs, thank our panelists our FAO colleagues who behind the scenes they organize these two days of discussion and also our interpreters who facilitate this dialogue putting us all together and understanding each other the tomorrow we have let me say three main moments the first one will be with the keynote speakers we have the Shuntala Thielstedt who is the world food price winner 2021 we have also the former president of Mauritius who is a biodiversity scientist Mrs. Bibi Amina Guri Fakim and then will the co-chairs will present the interim report on the outcomes of the global dialogue today then we have a second moment which will be the status of the development of the post 2020 global biodiversity framework will be a contribution to the third meeting of the open-ended working group for the post 2020 I think it will be a good contribution and there will be having FAO governing bodies in a panel we have the chair of the different committees agriculture forest and fisheries also the treaty on plant genetic resources and international plant protection convention this will be our morning session then in the afternoon we will be having more political and high-level dialogue where we will be having the current chair of COP14 will be having the deputy ministers from Mexico and Colombia Mexico organized the COP13 Colombia will be organizing the open-ended group will be having the two commissioners from agriculture from African Union and European commission will be having representative from the UN and also from World Bank and IFAD where then the co-chairs again will present the final summary where we will be integrating the contribution coming from the high-level discussions and with that we will be closing our today's meeting I think we have been very ambitious but we have been able to make it as it has been said I think is a turning point for us in FAO it will be a great contribution how we will see the contribution of biodiversity in better producing in better consuming but also to bring up the economics of biodiversity and I think this will help us to make smarter choices where we will see what kind of production systems will be chosen but with this I would like again to thank you all I would like to thank all our participants who has been with us since this morning we still have more than 200 participants with us see you tomorrow morning at 10 30 and have a restful evening thank you again bye bye to all